,! ,PRACTICAL ,M>X 

#aigi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,FIF? ,E/ATE ,9TRODUCTION 

,! FOLL[+ >TICLE1 AN ATTEMPT TO COME TO GRIPS ) ! IMPLICATIONS ( ,K>L ,M>X'S EV]YDAY LIFE BY LONG-TIME ,F,E CONTRIBUTOR ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN1 HAS /IRR$ CONSID]ABLE CONTROV]SY AMONG ?OSE ( US PRES5TLY WORK+ ON ! PAP] & NECESSITATES1 WE FEEL1 A FEW BRIEF 9TRODUCTORY OBS]VATIONS4 

,= SOME TIME1 ! ISSUE ( CONFLU5CE 7OR LACK ( IT7 BETWE5 ! IDEAS WE ESP\SE & ! ACTIVITIES ( \R DAILY LIVES HAS OCCUPI$ A POSITION ( C5TRAL IMPORTANCE ) MANY ( US4 ,9 ADDITION TO \R DESIRES TO LIVE LIVES AS COH]5T AS POSSIBLE ) \R PR9CIPLES1 WE HAVE BE5 CONC]N$ ) ! OBVI\S L9K BETWE5 ! WAYS 9 :I* WE RELATE TO O!RS & ! WORLD >\ND US & ! K9D ( VISION ( A LIB]AT$ EXI/5CE :I* WE EMBRACE4 ,?US WE SEE! IMPORTANCE ( ,JOHN'S >TICLE 9 ! FACT ?AT IT MAKES EXPLICIT ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! WAY 9 :I* ,M>X LIV$1 ! !ORIES ?AT HIS LIFE PRODUC$ & ! WAY 9 :I* ?OSE !ORIES HAVE F\ND APPLICATION 9 ! WORLD4 ,= ?OSE ( US :O SEE A CONT9UUM FROM ,M>X TO ,L59 TO ,/AL91 IT CANNOT BE CO9CID5TAL ?AT A MAN :O OP]AT$ 9 SO AU?ORIT>IAN & MANIPULATIVE A MANN] 9 HIS [N POLITICAL LIFE %\LD PRODUCE A BODY ( !ORY SO RIFE ) IDEAS ( ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE & ! SECOND>Y 7OR EV5 DISP5SABLE7 /ATUS ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 RELATION TO ! GREAT] 0=CES ( HI/ORY10 :I* PLACES SO MU* FAI? 9 ! P[] ( ! /ATE & :I* HAS BE5 SUCCESSFULLY US$ TO JU/IFY SOME ( ! BLOODIE/ TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES ! WORLD HAS EV] SE54 

,! LIMITS ( ! APPROPRIAT5ESS ( SU* A ME?ODOLOGY AS ,JOHN'S1 H[EV]1 HAVE H>DLY BE5 ! SUBJECT ( UNANIM\S AGREEM5T AMONG ?OSE ( US :O READ ! >TICLE = ?IS ISSUE4 

,ONE ( US FELT1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT AN AT BE/ SKET*Y ANALYSIS ( ,M>X'S *ILD-RE>+ HABITS L5T LITTLE TO AN UND]/&+ ( HIS WORK & C\LD ULTIMATELY BECOME NO MORE ?AN AN EXCUSE = ?R[+ \T HIS IDEAS 7AS IT HAS BE5 = MANY YE>S AMONG RI<T-W+ CRITICS ( ,M>XISM74 ,MOREOV]1 ?\< ?IS IS NOT A *>GE WE W\LD EV] LAY AT ,JOHN'S FEET1 WE'VE ALL HAD 5\< BAD EXP]I5CES ) ULTRA-LEFT MORALI/S WRIT+ 0POLICE REPORTS0 ON \R ACTIVITIES TO BE AT ! V]Y LEA/ SKEPTICAL ( ! GREAT] IMPLICATIONS ( HIS ME?ODOLOGY1 S9CE IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO MAKE A CASE = ! PRES5T-DAY 0PE]-GR\P TYRANNY0 ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES LIKE ,*9A'S AS BE+ ! LOGICAL EXTREME ( ?IS K9D ( SCRUT9Y ( P]SONAL LIVES 7AT :AT PO9T DOES ! 9SI/5CE ON MORAL_/E?ICAL CONSI/5CY BECOME ! DEM& = IDEOLOGICAL CON=MITY874 

,= MO/ ( US ! ISSUE IS F> FROM RESOLV$ & 9CLUSION ( ! >TICLE WILL PROBABLY RAISE MORE QUE/IONS ?AN IT ANSW]S4 ,9 SOME S5SE1 ,M>X IS ALMO/ ! 0IDEAL0 SUBJECT = SU* AN >TICLE1 S9CE HIS EXTRAORD9>Y IMPACT ON ! WORLD HAS MADE HIM A 0WORLD-HI/ORICAL0 FIGURE REG>DLESS ( HIS 9T5TIONS OR \RS1 & AS A RESULT1 ALL ( ! 9=MATION ?AT ,Z]ZAN CITES AB\T HIS LIFE IS READILY AVAILABLE TO ANYONE 9T]E/$1 HAV+ HAD WIDE CURR5CY 9 RADICAL CIRCLES = MANY YE>S4 ,BUT :AT IF SOMEONE1 HAV+ READ ! >TICLE1 9SI/S ON HAV+ ! SAME K9D ( 9TIMATE KN[L$GE ( ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN'S P]SONAL LIFE ON :I* TO BASE !IR JUDGM5T ( HIS IDEAS8 ,OR \RS8 

,ONE FUR!R NOTE3 MO/ ( US FELT ?AT C]TA9 ( ,JOHN'S CONT5TIONS AB\T ,M>X'S PRIVATE LIFE1 9 P>TICUL> ! IMPACT ( HIS ACTIVITIES ON ! LIVES 7& DEA?S7 ( HIS WIFE & *ILDR51 REQUIR$ AT LEA/ MORE S]I\S SUB/ANTIATION ?AN APPE>S 9 ! PRES5T >TICLE2 ,JOHN WAS MORE ?AN WILL+ TO PROVIDE ?IS & IT WAS ONLY A LA/-M9UTE MIX-UP FROM \R 5D ( ! PO/AL SY/EM ?AT PREV5T$ ?IS FROM HAPP5+4 

,! PRACTICAL ,M>X BY ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,K>L ,M>X IS ALWAYS APPROA*$ AS SO MANY ?\<TS1 SO MANY WORDS4 ,:AT CONNECTION IS !RE BETWE5 LIV$ *OICES--ONE'S WILLFUL LIFETIME--& ! PRES5TATION ( ONE'S IDEAS8 

,M>X 9 HIS DEAL+S ) FAMILY & ASSOCIATES1 HIS IMM$IATE RELATIONS TO CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICS & TO SURVIVAL1 ! PRACTICAL PATT]N & DECISIONS ( A LIFE3 ?IS IS P]HAPS WOR? A LOOK4 ,DESPITE MY REJECTION ( BASIC CONCEPTIONS HE =MULAT$1 ,I AIM NOT AT *>ACT] ASSASS9ATION 9 LIEU ( TACKL+ ?OSE IDEAS1 BUT AS A REM9D] TO MYSELF & O!RS ?AT \R MANY COMPROMISES & ACCOMMODATIONS ) A GRISLY WORLD >E ! REAL FIELD ( \R EF=T TO BREAK FREE1 MORE SO ?AN /AT+ \R IDEAS4 

,IT IS 9 DISREG>D+ AB/RACTIONS = A MOM5T ?AT WE SEE \R ACTUAL EQUALITY1 9 ! PROSAIC C\RSES ( \R COMMON NI<TM>E4 ,A BRIEF SKET* ( ! 0EV]YDAY0 ,M>X1 9TRODUC+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HIS PRIVATE & PUBLIC LIVES AS A PO9T ( 5TRY MAY S]VE TO UND]L9E ?IS 

,BY #ahdc ,M>X HAD BECOME A HUSB& & FA!R1 ROLES PR$AT+ ?AT ( ,GREAT ,?9K]4 ,9 ?IS CAPACITY1 HE WAS TO SEE ?REE ( HIS SIX *ILDR5 DIE1 ESS5TIALLY ( PRIVATION4 ,GUIDO 9 #a#h#e1 ,FRANCESCA 9 #a#h#e#b1 & ,$G> 9 #ahee P]I%$ NOT BECAUSE ( POV]TY ITSELF1 SO MU* AS FROM HIS DESIRE TO MA9TA9 B\RGEOIS APPE>ANCES4 ,DAVID ,MC,LELLAN'S ,M>X3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,?\<T1 G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ AS ! DEF9ITIVE BIOGRAPHY1 MAKES ?IS PO9T REPEAT$LY4 

,DESPITE ! FAIRLY CON/ANT DOME/IC DEFICI5CIES1 ,M>X EMPLOY$ ,HEL5E ,DEMU? AS MAID FROM #ahde UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#h#c1 & A SECOND S]VANT WAS ADD$ AS ( #a#h#e#g4 ,BEYOND ANY QUE/ION ( CR$IBILITY1 IT WAS ,DEMU? :O BORE ,M>X'S ILLEGITIMATE SON ,FR$]ICK 9 #a#h#e#a4 ,TO SAVE ,M>X FROM SC&AL1 & 0A DIFFICULT DOME/IC CONFLICT0 ACCORD+ TO ,L\IS ,FREYB]G]1 ,5GELS ACCEPT$ PAT]NITY ( ! *ILD4 

,FROM ! 5D ( ! #a#h#d'S ONW>D1 ! ,M>X H\SEHOLD LIV$ 9 ,LONDON & 5DUR$ A LONG CYCLE ( H>D%IP :I* QUICKLY DISSIPAT$ ! PHYSICAL & EMOTIONAL RES\RCES ( ,J5NY ,M>X4 ,! WEI<T ( ! CONFLICT+ PRESSURES 9VOLV$ 9 BE+ ,MRS4 ,M>X WAS A DIRECT CAUSE ( H] /EADILY FAIL+ HEAL?1 AS W]E ! DEA?S ( ! ?REE *ILDR5 9 ! '#eS4 ,BY ,JULY #aheh ,M>X WAS ACCURATE 9 CONC$+ TO ,5GELS ?AT 0,MY WIFE'S N]VES >E QUITE RU9$4440 

,9 FACT1 H] SPIRIT HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY #ahef :5 %E GAVE BIR? TO A /ILLBORN 9FANT1 H] SEV5? PREGNANCY4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ?AT YE> %E SPOKE ( ! 0MIS]Y0 ( F9ANCIAL DISA/]S1 ( HAV+ NO MONEY = ,*RI/MAS FE/IVITIES1 AS %E COMPLET$ COPY+ \T WORK ON ,M>X'S ,! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 

,DESPITE SEV]AL 9H]ITANCES1 ! BEGG+ LETT]S TO ,5GELS REMA9$ VIRTUALLY NON/OP2 BY #ahf AT ! LATE/1 ,J5NY'S ONCE V]Y H&SOME APPE>ANCE HAD BE5 TURN$ TO GRAY HAIR1 BAD TEE?1 & OBESITY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?AT YE> ?AT SMALL POX1 CONTRACT$ AFT] TRANSCRIB+ ! V]Y L5G?Y & TRIVIAL ,H]R ,VOGT DIATRIBE1 LEFT H] DEAF & POCKM>K$4 

,AS SECRET>Y TO ,M>X & UND] ! /EADY /RA9 ( CR$ITORS1 CAUS$ PREEM95TLY BY ! PRIORITY ( MA9TA9+ APPE>ANCES1 ,J5NY'S LIFE WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT4 ,M>X TO ,5GELS1 #a#h#f#b3 0,9 ORD] TO PRES]VE A C]TA9 FACADE1 MY WIFE HAD TO TAKE TO ! PAWNBROK]'S EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS NOT ACTUALLY NAIL$ D[N40 

,! MID-'#fS SAW MONEY SP5T ON PRIVATE LESSONS = ! ELDE/ ( ! ?REE DAU<T]S & TUITION AT A 0LADIES SEM9>Y0 OR F9I%+ S*OOL1 AS ,M>X ESCAP$ ! BILL-COLLECTORS BY SP5D+ HIS DAYS AT ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4 ,HE ADMITT$ 9 #a#h#f#f1 9 A LETT] TO HIS FUTURE SON-9-LAW1 ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE1 ?AT HIS WIFE'S 0LIFE HAD BE5 WRECK$40 

0,WOM5 ,NE$ ,TO ,BE ,CONTROLL$0 

,DEAL+ ) N]V\S BREAKD[NS & *RONIC *E/ AILM5TS1 ,J5NY WAS H>RI$ BY EV]-PRES5T H\SEHOLD DEBT4 ,ONE P>TIAL SOLUTION WAS TO )HOLD A SMALL P>T ( H] WEEKLY ALL[ANCE 9 ORD] TO DEAL ) !IR >RE>S1 ! EXT5T ( :I* %E T5D$ TO HIDE FROM ,M>X4 ,9 ,JULY #ahfi ! ,GREAT ,MAN EXPLOD$ UPON LE>N+ ( ?IS FRUGAL EF=T2 TO ,5GELS HE WROTE1 0,:5 ,I ASK$ :Y1 %E REPLI$ ?AT %E WAS FRI<T5$ TO COME \T ) ! VA/ TOTAL 7[$74 ,WOM5 PLA9LY ALWAYS NE$ TO BE CONTROLL$60 

,SPEAK+ ( ,5GELS1 WE MAY TURN FROM ,M>X ! 0FAMILY MAN0 TO A FAIRLY *RONOLOGICAL TREATM5T ( ,M>X 9 HIS IMM$IATE CONNECTIONS ) CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICS4 ,IT MAY BE NOT$ H]E ?AT ,5GELS1 HIS CLOSE/ FRI5D1 WAS1 FROM #ah* ON1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! FIRM ( ,5GELS & ,]M52 9 FACT1 ?R\<\T ! #a#h#eS & '#fS HE WAS A FULL-TIME CAPITALI/ 9 ,MAN*E/]4 ,?US HIS ,CONDITION ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 9 ,5GL& WAS ! FRUIT ( A PRACTICAL BUS9ESSMAN1 A MAN ( PRECISELY ?AT CLASS RESPONSIBLE = ! T]RIBLE MIS]Y HE SO CLE>LY *RONICL$4 

,BY #ahdf ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD WRITT5 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 :I* MADE A DEF9ITIVE BREAK ) ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS & CONTA9S ! FULL & MATURE IDEAS ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPT ( ! PROGRESS ( HI/ORY4 ,ALONG ) ?IS TOME W]E ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES 9 POLITICS1 ALSO BY N[ RECEIV+ !IR *>ACT]I/IC /AMP4 ,9 T]MS ( HIS ,COMMUNI/ ,CORRESPOND5CE ,COMMITTEE & ITS PROPAG&A WORK1 ,M>X 7ALSO 9 #a#h#d#f7 /AT$3 0,!RE CAN BE NO TALK AT PRES5T ( A*IEV+ COMMUNISM2 ! B\RGEOISIE MU/ FIR/ COME TO ! HELM40 ,9 ,JUNE ( ! SAME YE> HE S5T 9/RUCTIONS TO SUPPORT]S TO ACT 0JESUITICALLY10 TO NOT HAVE 0ANY TIRESOME MORAL SCRUPLES0 AB\T ACT+ = B\RGEOIS HEGEMONY4 

,! 9EXORABLE LAWS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 NECESS>ILY 9VOLV+ ! SACRIFICE ( G5]ATIONS ( 09SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$0 PROLET>IANS1 W\LD BR+ CAPITAL TO ITS FULL PL5ITUDE--& ! WORK]S TO ! DEP?S ( 5SLAVEM5T4 ,?US 9 #a#h#d#g1 FOLL[+ A CONGRESS ( PR(ESSIONAL ECONOMI/S 9 ,BRUSSELS TO :I* HE WAS 9VIT$1 ,M>X PUBLICLY NOT$ ! DISA/R\S EFFECT ( FREE TRADE UPON ! WORK+ CLASS1 & EMBRAC$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 A SUBSEQU5T NEWSPAP] >TICLE1 HE LIKEWISE F\ND COLONIALISM1 ) ITS C\RSE ( MIS]Y & DEA? TO BE1 ON ! :OLE1 A GOOD ?+3 LIKE ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ITSELF1 9EVITABLE & PROGRESSIVE1 WORK+ T[>D EV5TUAL REVOLUTION4 

,UNPREP>$ = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,UPHEAVALS 

,9 #ahdg ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE WAS =M$ 9 ,LONDON1 & AT ITS SECOND ,CONGRESS LAT] 9 ! YE> ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E GIV5 ! TASK ( DRAFT+ ITS MANIFE/O4 ,DESPITE A FEW R++ ANTI-CAPITALI/ PHRASES 9 ITS G5]AL OP5+ SECTIONS1 ! CONCRETE DEM&S BY WAY ( CONCLUSIONS >E GRADUALI/1 COLLABORATIONI/1 & HI<LY /ATI/ 7E4G4 = AN 9H]ITANCE TAX1 GRADUAT$ 9COME TAX1 C5TRALIZATION ( CR$IT & COMMUNICATIONS74 ,IGNOR+ ! 9CESSANT FI<T WAG$ S9CE ! MID-#a#h? C5TURY & CULM9AT+ ) ! ,LUDDITES1 & UNPREP>$ = ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ?AT W]E TO %AKE ,EUROPE 9 LESS ?AN A YE>1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O SEES1 AGA91 ONLY AN 09SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$0 PROLET>IAT4 

,FROM ?IS POLICY DOCUM5T >ISES ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL TACTICAL MY/]IES ( ,M>X1 ?AT ( ! CONCOMITANT RISE ( BO? CAPITALISM & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL IS CLE>LY PORTRAY$ AS ! ACCUMULATION ( HUMAN MIS]Y1 DEGRADATION & BRUTALITY1 BUT ALONG ) IT GR[S1 BY ?IS PROCESS ITSELF1 A WORK+ CLASS /EADILY MORE 0C5TRALIZ$1 UNIT$1 DISCIPL9$1 & ORGANIZ$40 ,H[ IS IT ?AT FROM ! EXTREME DEP?S ( PHYSICAL & CULTURAL OPPRESSION ISSUES ANY?+ BUT A /EADILY MORE ROBOTIZ$1 P[]LESS1 DE-9DIVIDUALIZ$ PROLET>IAT8 ,9 FACT1 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLTS & MILITANCE ( ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES %[S ?AT ! MAJORITY DO NOT COME FROM ?OSE MO/ H]DLIKE & DEPRIV$1 BUT FROM ?OSE LEA/ DISCIPL9$ & ) SOME?+ TO LOSE4 

,9 ,APRIL ( #a#h#d#h1 ,M>X W5T TO ,G]MANY ) ! ,MANIFE/O PLUS ! UTT]LY RE=MI/ 0,DEM&S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY40 ,! 0,DEM&S10 ALSO BY ,M>X & ,5GELS1 W]E CON/ITU5T ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 NOT A SOCIALI/ ONE1 APPEAL+ TO MANY ( ! ELEM5TS ?AT DIRECTLY F\<T ! ,M>* \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,CONSID]+ ,M>X' POSITION AS VISE-PRESID5T ( ! NON-RADICAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,BRUSSELS DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>1 &1 NATURALLY1 HIS SUPPORT ( A PR]EQUISITE B\RGEOIS ASC5DANCY1 HE QUICKLY CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ( #ahdh & ) MU* ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE4 

,M>X HELP$ F\ND A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 9 ,COLOGNE1 :I* RAN C&IDATES = ! ,FRANKFURT ,P>LIAM5T1 & HE VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ ANY ,LEAGUE SUPPORT = >M$ 9T]V5TION 9 SUPPORT ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,US+ ! OPPORTUNI/ RATIONALE ( NOT WANT+ TO SEE ! WORK]S BECOME 0ISOLAT$10 HE W5T SO F> AS TO USE HIS 0DISCRETION>Y P[]S10 AS A ,LEAGUE (FICIAL1 TO DISSOLVE IT 9 ,MAY AS TOO RADICAL1 AN EMB>RASSM5T TO HIS SUPPORT ( B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4 

,) ! ,LEAGUE \T ( ! WAY1 ,M>X CONC5TRAT$ HIS #ahdh ACTIVITIES 9 ,G]MANY ON SUPPORT = ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY & HIS DICTATORIAL $ITOR%IP ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG4 ,9 BO? CAPACITIES HE PURSU$ A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 POLICY1 9 :I* WORK+ PEOPLE W\LD BE ALIGN$ ) ALL O!R 0DEMOCRATIC =CES0 AGA9/ ! REMNANTS ( FEUDALISM4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS >RANGEM5T W\LD AF=D ! WORK]S NO AUTONOMY1 NO FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T2 IT *OSE TO SEE NO REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES RESID+ ) !M4 ,AS $ITOR ( ! ,N,R,Z1 ,M>X GAVE ADVICE TO ,CAMPHAUS51 BUS9ESSMAN HEAD ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAN UPSURGE4 ,& FUR!R1 A/\ND+ AS IT S\NDS1 HE SUPPORT$ ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY'S NEWSPAP] DESPITE ! FACT ?AT IT CONDEMN$ ! ,JUNE #ahdh 9SURRECTION ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT4 ,AS POLITICIAN & NEWSPAP] $ITOR1 ,M>X WAS 9CREAS+LY CRITICIZ$ = HIS CONSI/5T REFUSAL TO DEAL ) ! SPECIFIC SITUATION OR 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,W>S ,AS ,! ,SP>K ,( ,REVOLUTION 

,BY ! FALL ( #a#h#d#h1 ! PUBLIC ACTIVITIES ( ,M>X BEGAN TO TAKE ON A SOME:AT MORE ACTIVI/1 PRO-WORK] COLORATION1 AS ! RIS+S ( ! WORK]S RESUM$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BY ,DECEMB]1 H[EV]1 DI/URBANCES W]E ON ! WANE1 & ! VOLATILE YE> 9 ,G]MANY APPE>$ TO BE 5D+ ) NO DECISIVE REVOLUTION>Y CONSEQU5CES4 ,N[ IT WAS1 & ONLY N[1 ?AT ,M>X 9 HIS PAP] DECL>$ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE TO DEP5D ON ITSELF1 & NOT UPON ! B\RGEOISIE = A REVOLUTION4 ,BUT BECAUSE IT WAS RA!R CLE>LY TOO LATE = ?IS1 ! S\RCE ( REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO COME1 HE DIV9$1 FROM A =EIGN EXT]NAL %OCK3 NAMELY1 W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,5GL&1 PREC$$ BY A R5EW$ ,FR5* PROLET>IAN UPRIS+4 ,?US AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#d#i1 ,M>X SAW 9 A ,FRANCO-,BRITI% W> ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS 9 E>LY #ahdh HE HAD LOCAT$ IT 9 W> BETWE5 ,PRUSSIA & ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS WAS NOT TO BE ! LA/ TIME1 BY ! WAY1 ?AT ,M>X SAW 9 ! SLAU<T] ( NATIONAL W>S ! SP>K ( REVOLUTION2 ! WORK]-AS-SUBJECT AGA9 FAILS TO OCCUR TO ,M>X1 ?AT !Y C\LD ACT--& DID ACT--ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVES )\T FIR/ HAV+ TO BE SACRIFIC$1 BY ! G5]ATION1 AS FACTORY SLAVES OR CANNON FODD]4 

,!RE W]E RADICALS :O HAD SE5 ! OP5+S TO REVOLUTION 9 #a#h#d#h1 & :O W]E %OCK$ BY ! DET]M9I/IC CONS]VATISM ( ,M>X4 ,L\IS ,GOTTS*ALK1 = EXAMPLE1 ATTACK$ HIM = POSIT+ ! *OICE = ! WORK+ CLASS AS BETWE5 B\RGEOIS OR FEUDAL RULE2 0:AT ( REVOLUTION80 HE DEM&$4 ,& SO AL?\< ,M>X SUPPORT$ B\RGEOIS C&IDATES 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y 7#a#h#d#i7 ELECTIONS1 BY ,APRIL ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 7:I* HE HAD ABOLI%$7 HAD BE5 RE-F\ND$ )\T HIM1 EFFECTIVELY =C+ HIM TO LEAVE ! MOD]ATE ,DEMOCRATIC ,ASSOCIATION4      ,BY ,MAY1 ) ITS WEEK ( /REET FI<T+ 9 ,DRESD51 REVOLTS 9 ! ,RUHR1 & EXT5SIVE 9SURG5CY 9 ,BAD51 EV5TS--AS WELL AS ! REACTIONS ( ! ,G]MAN RADICAL COMMUNITY--CONT9U$ TO LEAVE ,M>X F> BEH9D4 ,?US 9 ?AT MON?1 HE CLOS$ D[N ! ,N,R,Z ) A DEFIANT--& MANIFE/LY ABSURD--$ITORIAL CLAIM+ ?AT ! PAP] HAD BE5 REVOLUTION>Y & OP5LY SO ?R\<\T #ahdh & #a#h#d#i4 

,M>X 9 ,LONDON 

,BY #ahe ,M>X HAD JO9$ O!R ,G]MAN REFUGEES 9 ,LONDON1 UPON ! CLOSE ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y UPHEAVALS ON ! CONT95T ( ! PREVI\S TWO YE>S4 ,UND] PRESSURE FROM ! LEFT1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 HE N[ CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( AN 9DEP5D5TLY ORGANIZ$ ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT & A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE = ! 79CREAS+LY C5TRALIZ$7 WORK+ CLASS TO SEIZE & MAKE ITS [N4 ,DESPITE !     ILL-WILL CAUS$ BY HIS ANY?+-BUT-RADICAL ACTIVITIES 9 ,G]MANY1 ,M>X WAS ALL[$ TO REJO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE & EV5TUALLY RESUM$ HIS DOM9ANCE !RE94 ,9 ,LONDON1 HE F\ND SUPPORT AMONG ! ,*>TI/S & O!R ELEM5TS DEVOT$ TO ELECTORAL RE=M & TRADE UNIONISM1 %UNN+ ! MANY RADICAL ,G]MAN REFUGEES :OM HE (T5 BR&$ AS 0AGITATORS0 & 0ASSASS9S40 ,?IS BEHAVIOR GA9$ HIM ! SUPPORT ( A MAJORITY ( ?OSE PRES5T 9 ,LONDON & 5ABL$ HIM TO TRIUMPH OV] ?OSE 9 ! ,LEAGUE :O HAD CALL$ HIM A 0REACTION>Y0 = ! M9IMALISM ( ! ,MANIFE/O & = HIS DISDA9 ( A REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE 9 ,G]MANY4 

,BUT FROM ! E>LY '#eS ,M>X HAD BEGUN TO SP5D MO/ ( HIS TIME 9 /UDIES AT ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 :]E HE C\LD POND] ! C\RSE ( WORLD REVOLUTION AWAY FROM ! NOISOME HUBBUB ( HIS PREC>I\S H\SEHOLD4 ,FROM ?IS TIME1 HE QUICKLY JETTISON$ ! RELATIVE RADICALITY ( HIS NEW-F\ND MILITANCE & =ESAW A G5]AL PROSP]ITY AHEAD1 H5CE NO PROSPECTS = REVOLUTION4 ,! CO9CID5CE ( ECONOMIC CRISIS ) PROLET>IAN REVOLT IS1 ( C\RSE1 MOCK$ BY ! REAL HI/ORY ( \R WORLD4 ,FROM ! ,LUDDITES TO ! ,COMMUNE1 ,FRANCE 9 #aifh TO ! MULTITUDE ( /RUGGLES OP5+ ON ! LA/ QU>T] ( ! #b? C5TURY1 9SURRECTION HAS BE5 ITS [N MA/]2 ! GREAT FLUCTUATIONS ( UNEMPLOYM5T OR 9FLATION HAVE (T5 S]V$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO DEFLECT CLASS /RUGGLES TO ! L[]1 SURVIVALI/ PLANE RA!R ?AN TO FUEL SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS BR\<T A DIM9I%$ VISION1 = EXAMPLE1 P]HAPS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,G]MAN ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM & ITS C\S91 ! ,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,DEAL1 NO?+ APPROA*+ ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM4 7,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 BRI<T LI<T ( ! '#cS1 HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! ,DEPRESSION GRIPP+ ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATIONS47 ,M>X'S OV]RID+ CONC]N ) EXT]NALITIES--PR9CIPALLY ECONOMIC CRISES1 ( C\RSE--WAS A TRADEM>K ( HIS PRACTICAL AS WELL AS !ORETICAL APPROA*2 IT OBVI\SLY REFLECTS HIS SLI<T REG>D = ! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE = !IR POT5TIAL AUTONOMY1 IMAG9ATION & P[]4 

,CORRECT ,B\RGEOIS ,LIFE/YLE 

,! DI/ANCIATION FROM ACTUAL SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( HIS DAY IS SEEM+LY CLOSELY L9K$ ) ! CORRECT B\RGEOIS LIFE HE L$4 ,9 T]MS ( HIS LIVELIHOOD1 ONE IS SURPRIS$ BY ! GAP BETWE5 HIS CONCRETE ACTIVITIES & HIS REPUTATION AS REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/4 ,FROM #aheb 9TO ! #a#h#fS1 HE WAS 0ONE ( ! MO/ HI<LY VALU$0 & 0BE/ PAID0 COLUMNI/S ( ! ,N4,Y4 ,DAILY ,TRIBUNE1 ACCORD+ TO ITS $ITOR4 ,9 FACT1 ONE HUNDR$ & SIXTY-FIVE ( HIS >TICLES W]E US$ AS $ITORIALS BY ?IS NOT QUITE-REVOLUTION>Y METROPOLITAN DAILY1 :I* C\LD ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT ,M>X REQUE/$ 9 #ahee ?AT HIS SUBSEQU5T PIECES BE PR9T$ ANONYM\SLY4 ,BUT IF HE WANT$ NOT TO APPE> AS ! VOICE ( A HUGE B\RGEOIS PAP]1 HE WANT$ /ILL MORE--AS WE HAVE SE5 9 HIS FAMILY ROLE--TO APPE> A G5TLEM54 ,IT WAS 0TO AVOID A SC&AL0 ?AT HE FELT COMPELL$ TO PAY ! PR9T]'S BILL 9 #ahei = ! RE=MI/ ,DAS ,VOLK NEWSPAP] 9 ,LONDON4 ,9 #ahfb HE TOLD ,5GELS ( HIS WI% TO 5GAGE 9 SOME K9D ( BUS9ESS3 0,GRAY1 DE> FRI5D1 IS ALL !ORY & ONLY BUS9ESS IS GRE54 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,I HAVE COME TOO LATE TO ?IS 9SI<T40 ,?\< HE DECL9$ ! (F]S1 ,M>X RECEIV$1 9 #ahfe & #a#h#f#g1 TWO 9VITATIONS :I* >E NOTEWOR?Y = ! M]E FACT ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 EXT5D$ TO HIM AT ALL3 

,! FIR/1 VIA A MESS5G] FROM ,BISM>CK1 TO 0PUT HIS GREAT TAL5TS TO ! S]VICE ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE10 ! SECOND1 TO WRITE F9ANCIAL >TICLES1 FROM ! ,PRUSSIAN ,GOV]NM5T'S (FICIAL J\RNAL4 ,9 #ahff HE CLAIM$ TO HAVE MADE F\R HUNDR$ P\NDS BY SPECULAT+ 9 ,AM]ICAN FUNDS1 & HIS GOOD ADVICE TO ,5GELS ON H[ TO PLAY ! ,/OCK ,M>KET IS WELL AU!NTICAT$4 

#ahgd SAW ,M>X & TWO P>TN]S WRANGLE 9 C\RT OV] [N]%IP ( A PAT5T TO A NEW 5GRAV+ DEVICE1 9T5D+ TO EXPLOIT ! RI<TS & REAP L>GE PR(ITS4 ,TO !SE /RIK+ SUGGE/IONS ( RUL+-CLASS M5TALITY MU/ BE ADD$ ! BEHAVIOR ( ,M>X T[>D HIS *ILDR51 ! ?REE DAU<T]S :O GREW TO MATURITY UND] HIS ?OR\<LY ,VICTORIAN AU?ORITY4 ,9 #ahff HE 9SI/$ ON ECONOMIC GU>ANTEES = ,PAUL ,LA,F>QUE'S FUTURE1 CRITICIZ+ HIS LACK ( 0DILIG5CE10 & LECTUR+ HIM 9 ! MO/ PRUDI% T]MS REG>D+ HIS 9T5TIONS T[>D ,LAURA1 :O WAS ALMO/ TW5TY-ONE4 ,REM9D+ ,LA,F>QUE ?AT HE & ,LAURA W]E NOT YET 5GAG$1 & IF !Y W]E TO BECOME SO1 ?AT IT W\LD CON/ITUTE A     0LONG-T]M AFFAIR01 HE W5T ON TO EXPRESS V]Y PURITANICAL /RUCTURES3 0,TO MY M9D1 TRUE LOVE EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! LOV]'S RE/RA9T1 MODE/ BE>+1 EV5 DIFFID5CE T[>D ! ADOR$ ONE1 & C]TA9LY NOT 9 UNCON/RA9$ PASSION & MANIFE/ATIONS ( PREMATURE FAMILI>ITY40 

,9 #ahfh HE OPPOS$ ! TAK+ ( A JOB BY ,J5NY1 :O WAS !N TW5TY-TWO2 LAT] HE =BADE ,ELEANOR FROM SEE+ ,LISSAG>AY1 A ,COMMUN>D :O HAPP5$ TO HAVE DEF5D$ S+LE-H&$ ! LA/ B>RICADE 9 ,P>IS4 

,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+MAN'S ,ASSOCIATION 

,TURN+ BACK TO POLITICS1 ! ECONOMIC CRISIS ,M>X AVIDLY AWAIT$ 9 ! '#eS HAD COME & GONE 9 #a#h#e#g1 AWAK5+ NO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,BUT BY #ahfc & ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION ( ?AT YE>1 UNRE/ WAS 9 ! AIR-PROVID+ ! BACKGR\ND = ! =MATION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+MAN'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,M>X PUT ASIDE HIS WORK ON ,CAPITAL & WAS MO/ ACTIVE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL FROM ITS ,LONDON 9CEPTION 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#f#d4 ,ODG]1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ALL ,LONDON ,TRADES ,UNIONS1 & ,CREM]1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,MASON'S ,UNION1 CALL$ ! 9AUGURAL MEET+1 & ,:EEL] & ,DELL1 TWO O!R ,BRITI% UNION (FICIALS1 =MALLY PROPOS$ AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION4 ,M>X WAS ELECT$ TO ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 7SOON TO BE CALL$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL71 & AT ITS FIR/ BUS9ESS MEET+ WAS 9/RUM5TAL.- 9 E/ABLI%+ ,ODG] & ,CRAM] AS ,PRESID5T & ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?US FROM ! />T ,M>X'S ALLIES W]E UNION BUREAUCRATS1 & HIS POLICY APPROA* WAS A COMPLETELY RE=MI/ ONE ) 0PLA9 SPEAK+0 AS TO RADICAL AIMS DISALL[$4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS ! S5D+ ( ,M>X'S SPIRIT$1 FRAT]NAL GREET+S TO ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN1 ?AT 0S+LE-M9D$ SON ( ! WORK+ CLASS40 ,O!R E>LY ACTIVITIES BY ,M>X 9CLUD$ ! =MATION1 AS P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ( ! ,RE=M ,LEAGUE D$ICAT$ TO MANHOOD SUFFRAGE4 ,HE BOA/$ TO ,5GELS ?AT ?IS A*IEVEM5T--IS \R DO+10 & WAS EQUALLY 5?USIA/IC :5 ! ,NATIONAL ,RE=M ,LEAGUE1 SOLE SURVIV+ ,*>TI/ ORGANIZATION1 APPLI$ = MEMB]%IP4 ,?IS LATT] PROV$ TOO MU* EV5 = ! FAI?FUL ,5GELS1 :O = SOME TIME AFT] REFUS$ TO EV5 S]VE AS CORRESPOND5T TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL = ,MAN*E/]1 :]E HE WAS /ILL A FULL-TIME CAPITALI/4 ,DUR+ ?IS PRACTICE ( EMBRAC+ EV]Y %ADE ( ,5GLI% GRADUALISM1 PR9CIPALLY BY PROMOT+ ! MEMB]%IP ( ,LONDON TRADE UNIONS1 HE P5N$ HIS FAM\S 0! PROLET>IAT IS REVOLUTION>Y OR IT IS NO?+0 L9E1 9 A LETT] TO ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE4 

,LASALLE & HIS ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,G]MAN ,WORK]S 7,A,D,A,V7 H>BOR$ TRANSP>5TLY S]I\S ILLUSIONS AB\T ! /ATE2 NAMELY ?AT ,BISM>CK WAS CAPABLE ( G5U9ELY SOCIALI/ POLICIES AS ,*ANCELLOR ( ,PRUSSIA4 ,YET ,M>X 9 #ahff AGRE$ TO RUN = ! PRESID5CY ( ! ,A,D,A,V 9 ! HOPES ( 9CORPORAT+ IT 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE WROTE 7TO A C\S9 ( ,5GELS73 0! ADH]5CE ( ! ,A,D,A,V WILL ONLY BE ( USE AT ! BEG9N+1 AGA9/ \R OPPON5TS H]E4 ,LAT] ! :OLE 9/ITUTION ( ?IS ,UNION1 :I* RE/S ON A FALSE BASIS1 MU/ BE DE/ROY$40 

,VOLUMES C\LD BE WRITT51 & POSSIBLY HAVE1 ON ! MANIPULATIONS ( ,M>X )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! MANEUV]+S ( PLACES1 DATES1 & L5G?S ( MEET+S1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! S]VICE ( SECUR+ & C5TRALIZ+ HIS AU?ORITY4 ,TO ! CASE ( ! ,A,D,A,V C\LD BE ADD$1 AMONG A MULTITUDE ( O!RS1 HIS CULTIVATION ( ! WEAL?Y B\RGEOIS ,LE=T1 SO AS TO KEEP HIS :OLLY NON-RADICAL FACTION )9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,BY #ahfg HIS D$ICAT$ MA*9ATIONS W]E FELT TO HAVE REAP$ !IR REW>D2 TO ,5GELS HE WROTE1 0WE 7I4E4 Y\ & ,I7 HAVE ?IS P[]FUL MA*9E 9 \R H&S40 ,W> ,PROGRESSIVE & ,9EVITABLE 

,ALSO1 9 #ahfg HE AVAIL$ HIMSELF PUBLICLY ONCE MORE ( ONE ( HIS FAVORITE NOTIONS1 ?AT A W> BETWE5 ,PRUSSIA & ,RUSSIA W\LD PROVE BO? PROGRESSIVE & 9EVITABLE4 ,SU* A W> W\LD 9VOLVE ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT V]SUS DESPOTIC ,EA/]N B>B>ISM & W\LD ?US BE SALUT>Y = ! PROSPECTS ( ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION4 ,?IS P]5NIAL 0W> GAMES0 TYPE ( M5TALITY SOMEH[ MANAGES TO EQUATE VICTIMS1 SET 9 MOTION PRECISELY AS *ATTELS ( ! /ATE1 ) PROLET>IAN SUBJECTS ACT+ = !MSELVES2 IT W\LD SEEM TO P>ALLEL ! SUB/ITUTION ( TRADE UNION (FICIALS = WORK]S1 ! HALLM>K ( HIS PREF]R$ /RATEGY AS BUREAUCRAT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,M>X NATURALLY RIDICUL$ ANYONE--SU* AS HIS FUTURE SON-9-LAW1 ,LA,F>GUE--= SUGGE/+ ?AT ! PROP] ROLE ( REVOLUTION>IES DID NOT LIE 9 SU* A CRASS GAME ( WEI<+ COMPET+ NATIONALISMS4 ,& 9 #ahfh :5 ! ,BELGIAN DELEGATION TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS PROPOS$ ! RESPONSE ( A G5]AL /RIKE TO W>1 ,M>X DISMISS$ ! IDEA AS A 0/UPIDITY10 [+ TO ! 0UND]DEVELOP$0 /ATUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! WEAKNESSES & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ADH]5TS ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 >E IRRELEVANT H]E1 BUT WE MAY OBS]VE #ahfi AS ! HI<-WAT] M>K ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>X1 DUE TO ! APPROA*+ DECL9E ( ! ,PR\DHONI/S & ! 9FANCY ( ,BAKUN9'S IMPACT 9 ?AT YE>4 ,) MID-#a#h#g & ! ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I-5G9E]$ ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 WE SEE ONCE MORE ! PRE-OCCUPATION ) 0PROGRESSIVE0 VS1 0NON-PROGRESSIVE0 MILIT>Y EXPLOITS ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,M>X TO ,5GELS3 0,! ,FR5* NE$ A DRUBB+4 IF ! ,PRUSSIANS >E VICTORI\S !N ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 444 ! SUP]IORITY ( ! ,G]MANS OV] ! ,FR5* 9 ! WORLD >5A W\LD MEAN AT ! SAME TIME ! SUP]IORITY ( \R !ORY OV] ,PR\DHON'S & SO ON40 

,BY ,JULY #a#h#g1 9 AN ,ADDRESS 5DORS$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL'S ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ,M>X ADD$ TO ?IS \TLOOK A W>N+3 0,IF ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS ALL[ ! PRES5T W> TO LOSE ITS /RICTLY DEF5SIVE *>ACT] & DEG5]ATE 9TO A W> AGA9/ ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 VICTORY OR DEFEAT WILL PROVE ALIKE DISA/R\S40 ,?US ! BUT*]Y ( ,FR5* WORK]S IS F9E & GOOD--BUT ONLY UP TO A PO9T4 ,?IS HEI<T ( CYNICAL CALCULATION APPE>S ALMO/ TOO 9CR$IBLE--& AFT] ! ,BELGIANS & O!RS W]E L\DLY D5\NC$ = IMAG9+ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT C\LD BE A FACTOR = !MSELVES1 9 ANY CASE4 ,H[ N[ C\LD ! 0,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS0 7,PRUSSIAN >MY7 DECIDE H[ F> TO C>RY \T !4 ORD]S ( ! ,PRUSSIAN RUL+ CLASS--& IF !Y C\LD1 :Y NOT 09/RUCT0 !M TO SIMPLY IGNORE ANY & ALL ( !SE CLASS ORD]S8 

,?IS K9D ( PUBLIC /ATEM5T BY ,M>X1 SO DEVOID ( REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T1 WAS NATURALLY RECEIV$ ) POPUL>ITY BY ! B\RGEOIS PRESS4 ,9 FACT1 NONE O!R ?AN ! PATRON SA9T ( ,BRITI% PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 S5T A MESSAGE ( CONGRATULATIONS TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL = ITS WISE & MOD]ATE ,ADDRESS4 

,:5 ! W> ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I HAD BEGUN TURN$ \T AS A ,PRUSSIAN VICTORY1 BY ! 5D ( SUMM] #a#h#g1 ,M>X PROTE/$1 PR$ICTABLY1 ?AT ,G]MANY HAD DROPP$ ITS APPROV$ 0DEF5SIVE0 PO/URE & WAS N[ AN AGGRESSOR DEM&+ ANNEXATION ( ! ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E PROV9CES4 ,! DEFEAT ( ,FRANCE BR\<T ! FALL ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON & HIS ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 & A PROVISIONAL ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T WAS =M$4 ,M>X DECID$ ?AT ! AIMS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E N[ TWO-FOLD3 TO SECURE ! RECOGNITION ( ! NEW1 ,REPUBLICAN REGIME BY ,5GL&1 & TO PREV5T ANY REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAK BY ! ,FR5* WORK]S4 

,HIS POLICY ADVIS$ ?AT 0ANY ATTEMPT TO UPSET ! NEW GOV]NM5T 9 ! PRES5T CRISIS1 :5 ! 7,PRUSSIAN7 >MY IS ALMO/ KNOCK+ AT ! DOORS ( ,P>IS1 W\LD BE A DESP]ATE FOLLY40 ,?IS %ABBY1 ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY WAS PUBLICLY PROMOT$ QUITE VIGOR\SLY--UNTIL ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF MADE A MO/ RUDE & 0UNSCI5TIFIC0 MOCK]Y ( IT 9 %ORT ORD]4 

,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

,WELL-KN[N1 ( C\RSE1 IS ,M>X'S NEGATIVE RECEPTION TO ! RIS+ ( ! ,P>ISIANS2 IT IS OV]-G5]\S TO SAY ?AT HE WAS M]ELY PESSIMI/IC AB\T ! FUTURE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,DAYS AFT] ! SUCCESSFUL 9SURRECTION BEGAN HE FAIL$ TO APPLAUD ITS AUDACITY1 & SATISFI$ HIMSELF ) GRUMBL+ ?AT 0IT HAD NO *ANCE = SUCCESS40 ,?\< HE F9ALLY RECOGNIZ$ ! FACT ( ! ,COMMUNE 7& WAS !REBY =C$ TO REVISE HIS RE=MI/ IDEAS REG>D+ PROLET>IAN USE ( EXI/+ /ATE MA*9]Y71 HIS LACK ( SYMPA?Y IS AMPLY REFLECT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ?R\<\T ! ,COMMUNE'S TWO-MON? EXI/5CE1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 SPOKE NOT A S+LE WORD AB\T IT4 

,IT (T5 ESCAPES NOTICE :5 AN ANALYSIS OR TRIBUTE IS DELIV]$ WELL AFT] ! LIV+ /RUGGLE IS SAFELY LIV+ NO LONG]4 ,! MA/]FUL POLEMICIZ+ AB\T ! TRIUMPHS ( ! ,COMMUNE & ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE CON/ITUTE AN OBITU>Y1 9 JU/ ! SAME WAY ?AT ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE DID SO AT A SIMIL>LY SAFE DI/ANCE FROM ! EV5TS HE FAIL$ TO SUPPORT AT ! TIME ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS1 #a#h#d#h4 

,AFT] A V]Y BRIEF P]IOD--AGA9 LIKE HIS PUBLIC ATTITUDE JU/ AFT] ! #ahdh ?R\< #ahdi \TBREAKS 9 ,EUROPE--( /AT$ OPTIMISM AS TO PROLET>IAN SUCCESSES 9 G5]AL1 ,M>X RETURN$ TO HIS MORE USUAL COLORS4 ,HE D5I$ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! SCATT]$ SUMM] #ahga UPRIS+S 9 ,ITALY1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,SPA9--C\NTRIES MA9LY SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! DOCTR9ES ( AN>*Y1 BY ! WAY4 ,SEPTEMB] WITNESS$ ! LA/ MEET+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BE=E ! ,M>X FACTION EFFECTIVELY DISB&$ IT1 RA!R ?AN ACCEPT ITS DOM9ATION BY MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS SU* AS ! ,BAKUN9I/S1 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,! B\RGEOIS GRADUALISM ( ,M>X WAS MU* 9 EVID5CE AT ! FALL #ahga ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE1 !N1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY SU* REM>KS AS3 0,TO GET WORK]S 9TO P>LIAM5T IS EQUIVAL5T TO A VICTORY OV] ! GOV]NM5TS1 BUT ONE MU/ *OOSE ! RI<T MAN40 

,BETWE5 ! DEMISE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & HIS [N DEA? 9 #a#h#h#c1 ,M>X LIV$ 9 A /YLE ?AT V>I$ LITTLE FROM ?AT ( PREVI\S DECADES4 ,%UNN+ ! ,COMMUN>D REFUGEES1 BY & L>GE1 AS HE HAD %UNN$ ! RADICAL ,G]MANS 9 ! '#e'S AFT] !IR EXILE FOLL[+ #ahdh ?R\< #a#h#d#i--,M>X KEPT COMPANY ) M5 LIKE ,MAXIM ,KOVALEVSKY1 A NON-SOCIALI/ ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRAT1 ! WELL-TO-DO ,DR4 ,KUGELMANN1 ! BUS9ESSMAN ,MAX ,OPP5HEIM1 ,H4,M4 ,HYNDMAN1 A V]Y WEAL?Y SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 &1 ( C\RSE1 ! N[-RETIR$ CAPITALI/1 ,5GELS4 

,) SU* A CIRCLE AS HIS *OICE ( FRI5DS1 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT HE CONT9U$ TO SEE LITTLE RADICAL CAPACITY 9 ! WORK]S1 JU/ AS HE HAD ALWAYS FAIL$ TO SEE IT4 ,9 #a#h#g#d1 HE WROTE1 0,! G5]AL SITUATION ( ,EUROPE IS SU* ?AT IT MOVES TO A G5]AL ,EUROPEAN W>4 ,WE MU/ GO ?R\< ?IS W> BE=E WE CAN ?9K ( ANY DECISIVE EXT]NAL EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS40 ,LOOK+1 AS EV]1 TO EXT]NALITIES--& ( C\RSE TO ! 0IMMUTABLE LAWS ( HI/ORY0--HE CONTRIBUTES TO ! LEGACY ( ! MILLIONS ( ,WORLD ,W> #a DEAD1 SACRIFIC$ BY ! CAPITULATION ( ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES TO ! SUPPORT ( W> 9 #a#i#a#d4 

,REFUS+ ?R\<\T HIS LIFETIME TO SEE ! POSSIBILITIES ( REAL CLASS /RUGGLE1 TO UND]/& ! REALITY ( ! LIV+ NEGATION ( CAPITALISM1 ,M>X ACTIVELY & CONCRETELY WORK$ = ! PROGRESS & FULLNESS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* PRESCRIB$ ?AT G5]ATIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE SACRIFIC$ TO IT4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! ABOVE OBS]VATIONS ( HIS REAL LIFE >E IMPORTANT & TYPICAL ONES1 & SUGGE/ A CONSI/5CY BETWE5 ?AT LIFE & HIS BODY ( IDEAS4 ,! TASK ( MOV+ ! EXPLORATION ALONG TO 5COMPASS ! 0DI/9CTLY !ORETICAL0 P>T ( ,M>X1 IS EXPRESSLY BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS EF=T2 POSSIBLY1 H[EV]1 ! PREC$+ WILL ?R[ AT LEA/ 9DIRECT LI<T ON ! MORE 0DISEMBODI$0 ,M>X4 

,PICTURE CAPTION3 ,! ,B,L,O,C ,( ,! ,?,R,E,E ,C,L,A,S,S,E,S8 ,NO1 JU/ ,FANG ,YI1 A ,DEPUTY ,VISE-,PREMI] :O ACCOMPANI$ ,D5G ,XIAOP+ ON !IR TRIP TO ! ,U4,S4 E>LI] ?IS YE> BE+ HAIL$ BY TWO CELEBRITIES AT ,DISNEYL&4 ,?IS GROSS OBEISANCE TO ! WOR/ ( ,AM]ICAN CULTURE %\LD MAKE ! ,*9A-TOADIES CR+E1 BUT 9/EAD IT IS PR9T$ ) PRIDE 9 ,NEW ,*9A MAGAZ9E4 ,!Y ALSO %\LD HAVE NO PROBLEM !N FOLL[+ ! LATE/ TWI/ 9 ! P>TY L9E :I* IS REHABILITAT+ ,LIU ,%AO ,*I AFT] YE>S ( BE+ REVIL$ AS ! CAUSE ( ALL ( ,*9A'S WOES4 ,AH1 ! LIFE ( ! P>TY FAI?FUL4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ai< 3 ,! ,PRACTICAL ,M>X -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#d1 #bb 3 ,! ,PRACTICAL ,M>X -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,PRACTICAL ,M>X -- ,UPDAT$4 

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