Lu Ji (c. 261 – November 303), courtesy name
Shiheng, was a Chinese essayist, military general, politician, and writer who lived during the late Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. He was the fourth son of Lu Kang, a general of the state of
Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, and a grandson of Lu Xun, a prominent general and statesman who served as the third Imperial Chancellor of Eastern Wu.
Read more...: Life Writings
Life
Lu Ji was related to the imperial family of the state of Eastern Wu. He was the fourth son of the general Lu Kang, who was a maternal grandson of Sun Ce, the elder brother and predecessor of Eastern Wu's founding emperor, Sun Quan. His paternal grandfather, Lu Xun, was a prominent general and statesman who served as the third Imperial Chancellor of Eastern Wu. After the Jin dynasty conquered Eastern Wu in 280 and killed two of his brothers, Lu Ji and his brother Lu Yun fled to Hua Ting in exile. While in exile, Lu wrote Dialectic of Destruction on the fall of the Wu empire. In 290, Lu and his brother moved to the Jin imperial capital, Luoyang. He served as a writer under the Jin government and was appointed president of the imperial academy. In 296, he was appointed to a military position. Lu's army suffered major casualties in a battle against Sima Ai in November 303 as part of the War of the Eight Princes. Shortly thereafter, Lu, his sons, and his two brothers were charged with treason and executed.
Writings
Lu Ji wrote much lyric poetry but is better known for writing fu, a mixture of prose and poetry. He is best remembered for the Wen fu (文赋; On Literature), a piece of literary criticism that discourses on the principles of composition. Achilles Fang commented:
English translations of the Wen fu were done by E.R. Hughes and Achilles Fang. Chen Shixiang translated Wen fu into verse because, although the piece was rightly called the beginning of Chinese literary criticism, Lu Ji wrote it as poetry. Poets influenced by Wen fu include Ezra Pound, Gary Snyder, Howard Nemerov, Eleanor Wilner, Carolyn Kizer, and Olav H. Hauge.
Lu Ji is also the writer of the oldest extant work of Chinese calligraphy, a short letter to his friends that has been named the Pingfutie (Consoling Letter).
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.
陆机（261年 - 303年），部分文献写作
陆玑，字
士衡，吴郡人，
西晋政治家、文学家，
吴丞相陆逊之孙，吴大司马
陆抗之子，与其弟
陆云合称「二陆」。陆机历任晋朝
著作郎、
祭酒、
参军等职，于「八王之乱」中先后效力于司马伦、司马颖政权，在鹿苑之战大败后被指控谋反，遭夷三族。由于其曾任职平原内史，后世亦称其为
陆平原。
Read more...: 生平 作品 评价 延伸阅读 注释
生平
陆机出身吴中名门，祖父陆逊曾任东吴丞相、上大将军；父陆抗曾任东吴大司马，领兵与晋国羊祜对抗。父亲死的时候陆机十四岁，与其弟分领父兵，为牙门将。20岁时，吴亡，陆机与其弟陆云隐退故里，十年闭门勤学，期间两人经常来到由拳县郊外的华亭游玩。晋武帝太康十年（公元289年），陆机和陆云来到京城洛阳，初时由于谈吐有吴国乡音，受时人嘲弄，卢志当众羞辱陆氏兄弟，故意问陆机：「陆逊、陆抗，是君何物？」陆机答曰：「如君于卢毓、卢珽。」卢志听后不悦，双方结下仇恨。弟弟陆云听闻对话后变了脸色，从屋里出来说：「何必如此，他可能真不知道。」陆机严肃说道：「我父亲和祖父名扬四海，难道会不知道，鬼子当著我们的面直呼他们的名讳，敢如此无礼！」卢志此后寻机向司马颖进言：「陆机自比管、乐，拟君暗主，自古命将遣师，未有臣陵其君而可以济事者也。」
二陆拜访时任太常的西晋学者张华，得张华看重，使得二陆名气大振。时有「二陆入洛，三张减价」之说（「三张」指张载、张协和张亢）。
陆机曾为成都王司马颖表为平原内史，故世称「陆平原」（汉置平原郡辖十九县，晋为平原国，诸侯国不设丞相而设内史负责政务）。司马颖在讨伐长沙王司马乂的时候，任用陆机为后将军，河北大都督，率领二十多万人。陆机领兵引起了北人攻讦，同乡孙惠「忧其致祸，劝机让都督于王粹」，但陆机不听。
陆机立功心切，「列军自朝歌至于河桥，鼓声闻数百里，汉魏以来，出师之盛，未尝有也。」陆机与挟持了晋惠帝的司马乂战于鹿苑，然屡战屡败。宦人孟玖及其弟孟超等向司马颖表示陆机大败之下，必起反叛之心以免受罚，于是陆机遂为司马颖所杀，同时夷灭三族。
作品
陆机被誉为「太康之英」。流传下来的诗，共104首，大多为乐府诗和拟古诗。代表作有《猛虎行》、《君子行》、《长安有狭邪行》、《赴洛道中作》等。赋今存27篇。散文中，除了《辩亡论》，代表作还有《吊魏武帝文》。其文音律谐美，讲求对偶，典故很多，开创了骈文的先河。而在文学理论方面，陆机的著作为《俳赋》（骈赋、小赋），里面除创作论部份的论述之外，提出了「诗缘情」之说，开启了中国文学「诗言志」一派的说法。
另外陆机在史学方面也有建树，曾著《晋纪》四卷（由《三祖纪》和《武帝纪》二部分组成），《吴书》（未成）、《洛阳记》一卷等。南宋徐民臆发现遗文10卷，与陆云集合辑为《晋二俊文集》。明朝张溥《汉魏六朝百三家集》中辑有《陆平原集》。
陆机擅长草书，是章草的代表人物，著名作品为《平复帖》。
评价
• 刘勰《文心雕龙·才略篇》评其诗云：「陆机才欲窥深，辞务索广，故思能入巧，而不制繁。」
• 明朝张溥赞之：「北海以后，一人而已」。
• 南朝梁锺嵘：「余常言：『陆才如海，潘才如江。』」
延伸阅读
注释
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.
