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-> 隋

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ctext:630334

RelationTargetTextual basis
typedynasty
namedefault
authority-wikidataQ7405
link-wikipedia_zh隋朝
link-wikipedia_enSui_dynasty
The Sui dynasty ( ) was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close, ending a prolonged period of political division since the War of the Eight Princes. The Sui endeavoured to rebuild the country, re-establishing and reforming many imperial institutions; in so doing, the Sui laid much of the foundation for the subsequent Tang dynasty, who after toppling the Sui would ultimately preside over a new golden age in Chinese history. Often compared to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), the Sui likewise unified China after a prolonged period of division, undertook wide-ranging reforms and construction projects to consolidate state power, and collapsed after a brief period.

The dynasty was founded by Yang Jian (Emperor Wen), who had been a member of the military aristocracy that had developed in the northwest during the prolonged period of division. The Sui capital was initially based in Daxing (Chang'an, modern Xi'an), but later moved to Luoyang in 605, which had been re-founded as a planned city. Wen and his successor Emperor Yang undertook various centralising reforms, most notably among them the equal-field system that aimed to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity, the system, which preceded the Three Departments and Six Ministries system, and the standardisation and re-unification of the coinage. The Sui also encouraged the spread of Buddhism throughout the empire. By the dynasty's mid-point, the state experienced considerable prosperity, enjoying a vast agricultural surplus that supported rapid population growth.

The Sui engaged in many construction mega-projects, including the Grand Canal, the extension of the Great Wall, and the reconstruction of Luoyang. The canal linked Luoyang in the east with Chang'an in the west, with the eastern economic and agricultural centres towards Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and Yuhang (now Hangzhou), and with the northern frontiers (near modern Beijing). While the initial motivations of the canal were improving grain shipments to the capital and military logistics—including the transportation of troops—the new, reliable inland route would ultimately facilitate domestic trade, the flow of people, and cultural exchange for centuries. These mega-projects were led by an efficient centralised bureaucracy, but forcibly conscripted millions of workers at a heavy human cost.

After a series of military campaigns against Goguryeo on the Korean peninsula, ended in defeat by 614, the dynasty disintegrated amid popular revolts that culminated in the assassination of Emperor Yang by a minister named Yuwen Huaji in 618. The dynasty, which lasted only 37 years, was undermined by ambitious wars and construction projects, which overstretched its resources. Particularly, under Emperor Yang, heavy taxation and compulsory labour duties would eventually induce widespread revolts and brief civil war following the fall of the dynasty.

Read more...: History   Foundation and Emperor Wen   Emperor Yang and re-conquest of Vietnam   War with Goguryeo   Collapse   Culture   Taoism   Buddhism   Confucianism   Poetry   Family tree  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.
隋朝(581年3月4日-619年5月23日)是中国历史之中,上承南北朝、下启唐朝的一个重要的朝代,史学家常把它和唐朝合称隋唐。581年隋文帝杨坚受禅建立隋朝,至619年王世充废隋恭帝杨侗为止,国祚仅38年。杨坚属于北周的关陇集团,于北周宣帝继位后,权势渐增,甚至威胁皇权。幼年的北周静帝即位后,由身为皇帝外祖父的杨坚担任摄政大臣,让外戚势力逐渐控制北周朝廷。杨家掌权后,先后平定尉迟迥司马消难等反杨叛军。581年,杨坚命静帝禅位,北周灭亡。杨坚即位后,定国号为「隋」。依据五行相生的顺序,北周的「木」德之后为「火」德,因此隋朝以火为德运并选取与火德对应的红色为正色。隋文帝于587年废除后梁,于589年隋灭陈之战攻灭陈朝,俘虏陈后主。隔年9月,控制岭南地区的冼夫人归附隋朝。至此,天下一统,隋朝结束了中国自魏晋南北朝以来的分裂局面,重新建立大一统的国家。

隋文帝总结历朝兴亡的原因,维护与农民的关系,调和统治集团内部的关系。这些措施使社会矛盾趋于缓和,经济、文化得以迅速成长并呈现繁华景象,开创出开皇之治。然而隋文帝晚年刚愎自用,提倡严苛重刑,因猜忌而大杀功臣,国力开始衰退。隋文帝的次子杨广争夺长子杨勇的太子位获胜。604年隋文帝去世,杨广继位,即隋炀帝。隋炀帝为了巩固隋朝发展,兴建许多大型建设,又东征西讨,隋朝发展到极盛。然而隋炀帝好大喜功,忽视民众感受,严重耗费隋朝国力,其中又以三次东征高句丽为最甚,最后引发隋末民变。616年隋炀帝离开东都,前往江都(即今江苏扬州)。617年,军阀李渊杀入都城长安,立留守长安的炀帝嫡孙代王杨侑为帝,遥尊隋炀帝为太上皇,隋炀帝对此并不知情,仍以皇帝自居。618年宇文化及等人发动兵变,杀死隋炀帝,立炀帝侄秦王杨浩为帝;隋恭帝杨侑禅让李渊,李渊正式称帝,建立唐朝;守卫洛阳的大将王世充立留守洛阳的炀帝庶孙越王杨侗为帝;宇文化及废杀杨浩,自建许国。隔年,王世充迫使杨侗禅位,建立郑国,隋朝亡。620年,东突厥处罗可汗迎接炀帝另一孙杨政道北逃东突厥,封为隋国王。隋末群雄割据的局面,最终也为唐朝所终结。630年唐朝灭东突厥,杨政道返回中原,东突厥的隋国也就此废除。

在政治制度方面,隋朝确立了影响后世深远的三省六部制,以巩固中央集权制度;制定出完整的科举制度,以选拔优秀人才,弱化世族垄断仕官的能力。另外还建立政事堂议事制度、监察制度、考绩制度,这些都强化了政府机制,深刻影响到唐朝与后世的政治制度。在军事上,继续推行和改革府兵制;经济上,一方面实行均田制和租庸调制减轻农民生产压力,另一方面采取大索貌阅和输籍制等清差户口措施,以增加财政收入。这些政策成就了隋初的开皇之治。

为了巩固隋朝发展,隋文帝与隋炀帝还兴建了隋唐大运河、隋长城、驰道以及大兴城与东都洛阳。这些都提升了位于关中的隋廷对北方地区、关东地区与江南地区的掌控力,使隋朝各地的经济、文化与人民能顺利交流,还诞生出经济重镇江都(今扬州)。外交方面,隋朝的盛世也使得当时周边国家和境内的少数民族如高昌、倭国、高句丽新罗百济与内属的东突厥等国都受隋朝文化与典章制度的影响,外交交流以日本的遣隋使最为著名。

隋朝结束自魏晋南北朝以来的分裂局面,奠定日后大唐盛世的基础,对中国历史的意义重大。隋朝对于外族文化的接受度高,并与汉文化融合,与唐朝合为在中国历史上比较开放的朝代。

Read more...: 国号   历史   崛起与大一统   开皇之治   盈满之国   隋末民变   疆域及行政区划   政治制度   外交   军事制度   人口   经济   农业   手工业   商业   建设   大运河   大兴城   东京城   隋长城   文化   学术思想   文学、史学与音韵学   宗教   艺术   科技   君主年表   隋末地方割据势力   相关条目   注释  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.

SourceRelationfrom-dateto-date
萧吉associated-dynasty
颜之推associated-dynasty
隋文帝ruled581/3/4开皇元年二月甲子604/8/13仁寿四年七月丁未
隋炀帝ruled604/8/14仁寿四年七月戊申617/12/17大业十三年十一月辛酉
隋恭帝ruled617/12/18义宁元年十一月壬戌618/6/12义宁二年五月戊午
北史work-subject
隋书work-subject

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四库未收书提要1
旧唐书1
四库全书总目提要2
南史1
通典1
四库全书简明目录1
海国图志7
URI: https://data.ctext.org/entity/630334 [RDF]

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