Views and practices

General views

Controversially, Zhang attributed all sicknesses to "deviant" qi. Writing in Rumen shiqin, which was edited by his friend , Zhang recommends three methods for ridding the body of deviant qi, namely purging (for lower body qi), sweating (for "pathogenic" qi near the epidermis), and vomiting (for upper body blockages). Zhang also approved of acupuncture and moxibustion. However, he was cautious about the use of pharmaceuticals, as opposed to "dietary stratagems". While Zhang likely never met his contemporary Liu Wansu, he was influenced by his writings, particularly with regard to the treatment of "wind disorders".

Differentiated treatments

Ming dynasty medical scholar compared the distinct approaches of Zhang, who pioneered the gongxia pai (, literally "Attack and purge") school of thought, and , who advocated for wenbu pai (, literally "Warming and restoring") remedies: "How could these two gentlemen's use of drugs be opposite but equally effective?" According to Li, Zhang's approach to medicine was more aggressive because he treated poor labourers who could "withstand his drastic purgatives". By contrast, Xue treated aristocrats whose bodies were comparatively weaker and therefore needed "restoratives" to strengthen their immune systems.

Zhang himself believed that patients from different parts of the country had to be treated differently: "Because the southern frontiers are hotter, it is appropriate to use bitter and cooling prescriptions to treat. The northern region is colder, so it is appropriate to use bitter and warming prescriptions to resolve." Elsewhere, he opined that those from the "central region" were most prone to spleen and stomach disorders because of their eating habits.

Childbirth

According to his case histories, Zhang treated a woman who was in mortal danger after her three midwives had exerted too much force on her, thereby killing the baby. He reportedly conducted an emergency delivery of the dead foetus using a makeshift device comprising a hook from a steelyard balance attached to a rope. In another case, Zhang diagnosed a married woman, who had for years dreamt of "intercourse with ghosts and deities", with an "overflow of yin" in the body which was preventing her from getting pregnant.

Insanity

Zhang is credited with being the first physician to theorise that insanity was caused by fire, heat, and mucus, and could be treated with emetics and laxatives, in addition to psychotherapy. Zhang noted, for instance, that people could develop mental illnesses after "(falling) off a horse" or "(dropping) into a well", because of "mucus-saliva that is acting up in the upper body" which could only be removed with therapeutic vomiting. In one recorded example, Zhang tied a "crazy" man, who had fallen off a horse, onto a rotating wheel; the "madness stopped completely" after the man vomited and had a few litres of cold water to drink.

Personal life and legacy

Born in 1156, Zhang was based in the capital city of Daliang (; present-day Kaifeng, Henan). He was homeschooled from a young age. Because of his unorthodox approach to medicine, he did not interact much with his fellow physicians. Zhang died in 1228.

In modern histories of medicine in China, Zhang is referred to as one of the Si dajia (, literally "Four Great Masters") of the Jin-Yuan period, alongside , Liu Wansu, and Zhu Zhenheng. However, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "Four Great Masters" were understood to refer to Li, Liu, Zhu, and Zhang Ji (instead of Zhang Congzheng).

生平

自幼喜读书，经史百家无不涉猎，性格豪放，不拘细节，世代从医，对医学造诣尤深，精于《内经》、《难经》、《伤寒论》，继承了刘完素的学术思想。兴定年间为太医，但不久辞退。张先生是金元四大家的「攻下派」，所用的方子为「汗、吐、下」三法，故称之为攻下派，传麻知几、常仲明、张伯全等人。所谓的「汗、吐、下」三法，并非单纯的发汗、呕吐、泄下三种具体治法，而是三种祛邪外出的途径。他主张「治病重在驱邪，邪去则正安」，有时运用心理治疗法。著有《张氏经验方》、《伤寒心镜》、《儒门事亲》等书，仅《儒门事亲》十五卷传世。

以张从正命名的细菌

• 从正菌属 Congzhengia Liu et al. 2021

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