Early life

Dorgon was born in the Manchu Aisin-Gioro clan as the 14th son of Nurhaci, the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty (the precursor to the Qing dynasty). His mother was Nurhaci's primary consort, Lady Abahai. Ajige and Dodo were his full brothers, and Hong Taiji was one of his half-brothers. Dorgon was one of the most influential among Nurhaci's sons, and his role was instrumental to the Qing occupation of Beijing, the capital of the fallen Ming dynasty, in 1644. During Hong Taiji's reign, Dorgon participated in many military campaigns, including the conquests of Mongolia and Korea. He fought against the Chahar Mongols in 1628 and 1635.

Rise to power

After Hong Taiji died in 1643, Dorgon became involved in a power struggle with Hong Taiji's eldest son, Hooge, over the succession to the throne. The conflict was resolved with a compromise – both backed out, and Hong Taiji's ninth son, Fulin, ascended the throne as the Shunzhi Emperor. Since the Shunzhi Emperor was only six years old at that time, Dorgon and his cousin Jirgalang were appointed co-regents. In 1645, Dorgon was conferred the title "Emperor's Uncle and Prince-Regent" (皇叔父摄政王). Later, in 1649, the title was changed to "Emperor's Father and Prince-Regent" (皇父摄政王). It was rumoured that Dorgon had a romantic affair with the Shunzhi Emperor's mother, Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, and even secretly married her, but there are also refutations. Whether they secretly married, had a secret affair or kept their distance remains a controversy in Chinese history.

Dorgons regency (1643–1650)

A quasi-emperor

On 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but appeared uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon. After an alleged plot by Hooge to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year, Hooge was stripped of his princely title and his co-conspirators were executed. Dorgon soon replaced Hooge's supporters (mostly from the Yellow Banners) with his own, thus gaining closer control of two more banners. By early June 1644, he was in firm control of the Qing government and its military.

In early 1644, just as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the Ming Empire, peasant rebellions were dangerously approaching Beijing. On 24 April of that year, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng breached the walls of the Ming capital. The last Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, hanged himself at a hill behind the Forbidden City. Hearing the news, Dorgon's Han Chinese advisors Hong Chengchou and Fan Wencheng (范文程; 1597–1666) urged the prince to seize this opportunity to present themselves as avengers of the fallen Ming Empire and claim the Mandate of Heaven for the Qing Empire. The last obstacle between Dorgon and Beijing was Wu Sangui, a former Ming general guarding the Shanhai Pass at the eastern end of the Great Wall.

Wu Sangui was caught between the Manchus and Li Zicheng's forces. He requested Dorgon's help in ousting the rebels and restoring the Ming Empire. When Dorgon asked Wu Sangui to work for the Qing Empire instead, Wu had little choice but to accept. Aided by Wu Sangui's elite soldiers, who fought the rebel army for hours before Dorgon finally chose to intervene with his cavalry, the Qing army won a decisive victory against Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass on 27 May. Li Zicheng and his defeated troops looted Beijing for several days until they left the capital on 4 June with all the wealth they could carry.

Settling in the capital

After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the residents of Beijing sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June. They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horse-riding Manchu with the front half of his head shaved, present himself as the Prince-Regent. In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself as Prince-Regent in Wuying Palace (武英殿), the only building that remained more or less intact after Li Zicheng had set fire to the Forbidden City on 3 June. Banner troops were ordered not to loot; their discipline made the transition to Qing rule "remarkably smooth." Yet, at the same time, as he claimed to have come to avenge the Ming Empire, Dorgon ordered that all claimants to the Ming throne (including descendants of the last Ming emperor) should be executed along with their supporters.

On 7 June, just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population surrendered, the officials would be allowed to stay at their posts. Besides, all the men had to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in queues. He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.

Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644. On 30 October the six-year-old monarch performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the Altar of Heaven. The southern cadet branch of Confucius's descendants who held the title wujing boshi and the northern branch 65th generation descendant of Confucius to hold the title Duke Yansheng had their titles confirmed by the Shunzhi Emperor on 31 October. A formal ritual of enthronement for the Shunzhi Emperor was held on 8 November, during which the young emperor compared Dorgon's achievements to those of the Duke of Zhou, a revered regent of the Zhou dynasty. During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle and Prince Regent" (叔父摄政王), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" (ecike) represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince. Three days later Dorgon's co-regent, Jirgalang, was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (辅政叔王). In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (皇叔父摄政王), leaving him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.

Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han Chinese official Feng Quan, who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu queue hairstyle was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the Manchu language.

To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the Qing dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. The decree was formulated by Dorgon.

One of Dorgon's first orders in the new Qing capital was to vacate the entire northern part of Beijing and give it to Bannermen, including Han Chinese Bannermen. The Yellow Banners were given the place of honor north of the palace, followed by the White Banners to the east, the Red Banners to the west, and the Blue Banners to the south. This distribution complied with the order established in the Manchu homeland before the conquest and under which "each of the banners was given a fixed geographical ___location according to the points of the compass." Despite tax remissions and large-scale building programmes designed to facilitate the transition, in 1648 many Chinese civilians still lived among the newly arrived Banner population and there was still animosity between the two groups. Agricultural land outside the capital was also delineated (quan 圈) and given to Qing troops. Former landowners now became tenants who had to pay rent to their absentee Bannermen landlords. This transition in land use caused "several decades of disruption and hardship."

In 1646, Dorgon also ordered that the imperial civil service examinations for selecting government officials be reinstated. From then on, examinations were held every three years as under the Ming Empire. In the very first imperial examination held under Qing rule in 1646, candidates, most of whom were northern Chinese, were asked how the Manchus and Han Chinese could work together for a common purpose. The 1649 examination asked "how Manchus and Han Chinese could be unified so that their hearts were the same and they worked together without division." Under the Shunzhi Emperor's reign, the average number of graduates of the metropolitan examination per session was the highest of the Qing dynasty ("to win more Chinese support"), continuing until 1660 when lower quotas were established.

Conquest of the Ming

Under the reign of Dorgon – whom historians have called "the mastermind of the Qing conquest" and "the principal architect of the great Manchu enterprise" – the Qing subdued almost all of China and pushed loyalist "Southern Ming" resistance into the far southwestern reaches of China. After repressing anti-Qing revolts in Hebei and Shandong in the summer and fall of 1644, Dorgon sent armies to root out Li Zicheng from the important city of Xi'an (Shaanxi province), where Li had reestablished his headquarters after fleeing Beijing in early June 1644. Under the pressure of Qing armies, Li was forced to leave Xi'an in February 1645. He was killed – either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organised for self-defence during this time of rampant banditry – in September 1645 after fleeing though several provinces.

From newly captured Xi'an, in early April 1645, the Qing forces mounted a campaign against the rich commercial and agricultural region of Jiangnan south of the lower Yangtze River, where in June 1644 the Prince of Fu had established a regime loyal to the Ming. Factional bickering and numerous defections prevented the Southern Ming from mounting an efficient resistance. Several Qing armies swept south, taking the key city of Xuzhou north of the Huai River in early May 1645 and soon converging on Yangzhou, the main city on the Southern Ming's northern line of defence. Bravely defended by Shi Kefa, who refused to surrender, Yangzhou fell to Qing artillery on 20 May after a one-week siege. Dorgon's brother, Dodo, then ordered the slaughter of Yangzhou's entire population. As intended, this massacre terrorised other Jiangnan cities into surrendering to the Qing Empire. Indeed, Nanjing surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders made Dodo promise he would not harm the population. The Qing forces soon captured the Ming emperor (who died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including Suzhou and Hangzhou; by early July 1645, the frontier between the Qing Empire and the Southern Ming regime had been pushed south to the Qiantang River.

On 21 July 1645, after Jiangnan had been superficially pacified, Dorgon issued a most inopportune edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave the front half of their heads and wear the rest of their hair in queues identical to those of the Manchus. The punishment for non-compliance was death. This policy of symbolic submission helped the Manchus distinguish friend from foe. For Han officials and literati, however, the new hairstyle was shameful and demeaning (because it breached a common Confucian directive to preserve one's body intact), whereas for common folk cutting their hair was the same as losing their virility. Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest. The defiant population of Jiading and Songjiang was massacred by former Ming general Li Chengdong (李成东; d. 1649), respectively on 24 August and 22 September. Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Qing troops for 83 days. When the city walls were finally breached on 9 October 1645, the Qing army led by the previous Ming defector Liu Liangzuo (刘良佐; d. 1667) massacred the entire population, killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people. These massacres ended armed resistance against the Qing Empire in the Lower Yangtze. A few committed loyalists became hermits, hoping that for lack of military success, their withdrawal from the world would at least symbolise their continued defiance against Qing rule.

After the fall of Nanjing, two more members of the Ming imperial household created new Southern Ming regimes: one centred in coastal Fujian around the 「Longwu Emperor」 Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang, – a ninth-generation descendant of the Hongwu Emperor, the Ming dynasty's founder – and one in Zhejiang around "Regent" Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu. But the two loyalist groups failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were. In July 1646, a new southern campaign led by Bolo sent Prince Lu's Zhejiang court into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian. Zhu Yujian was caught and summarily executed in Tingzhou (western Fujian) on 6 October. His adoptive son Zheng Chenggong fled to the island of Taiwan with his fleet. Finally in November, the remaining centers of Ming resistance in Jiangxi province fell to the Qing.

In late 1646, two more Southern Ming monarchs emerged in the southern province of Guangzhou, reigning under the era names of Shaowu and Yongli. Short of official robes, the Shaowu court had to purchase from local theatre troupes. The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by Li Chengdong captured Guangzhou, killed the Shaowu Emperor, and sent the Yongli court fleeing to Nanning in Guangxi. In May 1648, however, Li mutinied against the Qing Empire, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli Emperor to retake most of south China. Li's loyalist resurgence failed. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang (present-day Hubei and Hunan), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650. The Yongli Emperor had to flee again. Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by Shang Kexi captured Guangzhou and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people. Although Dutch traveler Johan Nieuhof who witnessed the event happened claimed only 8000 people were slaughtered

Meanwhile, in October 1646, Qing armies led by Hooge reached Sichuan, where their mission was to destroy the regime of bandit chief Zhang Xianzhong. Zhang was killed in a battle against Qing forces near Xichong in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647. Also late in 1646 but further north, forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin (米喇印) revolted against Qing rule in Ganzhou (Gansu). He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong (丁国栋). Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the Ming, they occupied a number of towns in Gansu, including the provincial capital Lanzhou. These rebels' willingness to collaborate with non-Muslim Chinese suggests that they were not only driven by religion. Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed by Meng Qiaofang (孟乔芳; 1595–1654) in 1648, and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties.·

Death

Dorgon died on 31 December 1650, during a hunting trip in Kharahotun (present-day Chengde, Hebei), after sustaining injuries despite the presence of imperial doctors. He was posthumously granted the title "Emperor Yi" (义皇帝) and the temple name "Chengzong" (成宗), even though he was never emperor during his lifetime, which is unique in all history of feudal China when only direct ancestors and deceased heirs of a higher degree to an emperor (such as one's own older brothers, one's father's older brothers, or one's cousins born into such uncles) were posthumously granted the title of Emperor. The Shunzhi Emperor even bowed thrice in front of Dorgon's coffin during the funeral.

However, the suspicion that Dorgon was actually murdered by his political enemies while being away from the heavy protection afforded him inside the Forbidden City never went away. Dorgon had 25 years of experience of horse-riding and managed to survive, on horseback, numerous battles with the Koreans, Mongols, Han Chinese rebels, as well as regular Han Chinese armies. The official Qing history claim that he injured his leg while riding on his horse and that the injuries were so severe that he could not survive the trip back to the Forbidden City, despite the presence of imperial doctors, was dubious at best. In the dry winter of northern China, the ground was not wet. Or else, it would have easily caused horses to trip. Another cause for suspicion is that Dorgon's corpse was exhumed, flogged, and incinerated in the purge ordered by Emperor Shunzhi, a likely method camouflaged as the ultimate punishment for his alleged plot to take over the throne, in order to remove all evidence that Dorgon was murdered.

His death also took place when Emperor Shunzhi was about 13, an appropriate age for removing the regency over his head. That is, if Dorgon had died any earlier, Shunzhi would still need a regent to supervise the empire on his behalf.

Posthumous demotion and restoration

In 1651, Dorgon's political enemies, led by his former co-regent Jirgalang, submitted to the Shunzhi Emperor a long memorial listing a series of crimes committed by Dorgon, which included: possession of yellow robes, which were strictly for use only by the emperor; plotting to seize the throne from the Shunzhi Emperor by calling himself "Emperor's Father"; killing Hooge and taking Hooge's wife for himself. It is difficult to prove verbal accusations made at the time when all records were ordered to be purged by the Qianlong Emperor in 1778 when he also ordered the rehabilitation of Dorgon. The last charge that Dorgon took Hooge's wife was mostly contrived, as the Manchu tradition dating from the 12th century had allowed a male relative to marry the deceased person's wife almost as a charitable act to save her and her children from being starved to death in the minus 20, merciless winters of the northeastern tip of China, known nowadays as Manchuria.

Jirgalang was an ally of Hooge in the 1643 bitter fight against Dorgon, who allied with his biological brothers for succession to the throne. Jirgalang had been expelled by Dorgon from the joint regency in 1646. This time, Jirgalang succeeded in convincing Emperor Shunzhi that even Dorgon's descendants could become a threat to the throne. As a result, Shunzhi posthumously stripped Dorgon of his titles and even had Dorgon's corpse exhumed and flogged in public. In the February 1651 imperial edict trying to justify the ultimate punishment to a dead person as well as a key member of the imperial clan, Shunzhi ordered that not only Dorgon's name be removed from the scrolls of the imperial ancestral temple. His biological mother, Empress Xiaoliewu, got the same treatment. It was a political act to remove the legitimacy for succession to the throne by any future heir descended from Empress Xiaoliewu.

Execution of all of Dorgon's heirs was also ordered but intentionally not recorded in official Qing history. Dorgon had two biological brothers: Ajige, the 12th son of Nurhaci and Dodo, the 15th. With Dodo dying of smallpox a few months prior to the death of Dorgon in December 1650 and the death of Ajige after he was arrested by Jirgalang's forces and put in jail, the 1651 purge was meant to permanently eliminate the potential that a future prince descending from Empress Xiaolewu would repeat the two Dorgon competitions for succession to the throne happening in 1626, upon the death of Nurhaci, and 1643, upon the death of Hongtaiji.

However, Dorgon was posthumously rehabilitated during the Qianlong Emperor's reign. In 1778, the Qianlong Emperor granted Dorgon a posthumous name zhong (忠; "loyal"), so Dorgon's full posthumous title became "Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank" (和硕睿忠亲王). The word "loyal" was intentionally picked. It starkly testified that the charges made by Jirgalang in 1651 were all trumped up. The Qianlong Emperor, either intentionally or inadvertently, contradicted the records of the imperial ancestral temple left behind by Shunzhi when he ordered that the words "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) be included into official Qing history to indicate why Dorbo, a fifth generation descendant of Dodo, was designated to inherit the iron-cap princely title of Dorgon. The expression "Dorgon's heirs having been exterminated" (后嗣废绝) does not carry the same meaning as "Dorgon never had a son." Regardless, after a lapse of 128 years, the Qianlong Emperor could no longer find the heirs of Dorgon. The Qianlong Emperor also ordered that the rehabilitation of Dorgon be accompanied by a destruction of all the records related to the elimination of the heirs of Dorgon. This was an inglorious chapter not only of Qing history but also the history of the imperial clan of Aisin-Gioro.

Myths about direct descendants of Dorgon

In the March 1651 purge of Dorgon, Shunzhi also ordered that the ancestral temple records be written to indicate that no woman had ever conceived a son for Dorgon (not that all of his sons had died due to infant mortality or some other reasons), to conceal this political conspiracy against Dorgon and his two biological brothers, who had conquered more than half of China for the young Qing empire since 1644. The extermination of Dorgon's heirs did not include his daughter, whose birth year of 1650, the same year when Dorgon died, was allowed to be left on records. Dorgon had married at least 10 wives and concubines over a period of 25 years or more. Records in the imperial ancestral temple indicate that none of his 10 wives and concubines was able to conceive a son for Dorgon over a period of 25 years, whereas only a daughter was born at the end of this 25-year period, in the same year when he died. These records do not suggest that Dorgon was infertile.

In the midst of the 1651 purge, a son of Dorgon managed to escape from execution. He fled Beijing with the active assistance of a key member of the White Banner under the command of Dorgon when he was alive. This heir of Dorgon ran all the way to modern-day Zhongshan, Guangdong province, the southern tip of China fronting the South China Sea, where there was no more way to maximize the distance between his hiding place and the Forbidden City. He changed his family name from Aisin-Gioro to Yuan 袁 (or Yuen in the Cantonese dialect). As a Chinese character, Yuan 袁 (Yuen) substantially resembles the word "Gon 衮" as in "Dorgon 多尔衮" in the written form. After successfully escaping execution, the camouflage to re-emerge as a Han Chinese person was considered perfect, as Yuan 袁 (Yuen) was also the family name of Yuan Chonghuan 袁崇焕 the Han Chinese general who fatally wounded Nurhaci in the 1626 Battle of Ningyuan, making it highly unlikely that pursuing forces from the Forbidden City would suspect that he and/or his descendants were members of the Dorgon clan. He named the large piece of land where he finally settled Haizhou 海洲, a combination of Haixi 海西，the tribal native place of Empress Xiaoliewu, his grandmother; and Jianzhou 建洲, the tribal native place of Nurhaci, his grandfather. The village where his descendants have sprung up since 1651 was named "Revelation of the Dragon 显龙", indicating his hope that one day someone in his line would be able to reclaim the throne, which never happened through the remaining years of the Qing dynasty.

Legacy of Dorgon

After Dorgon led Manchu and Han Chinese troops loyal to him into Beijing on 6 June 1644, he immediately ordered restoration of order, as well as penalties for extortion and corruption activities conducted by any member of the imperial clan and other officials. Later, he declared that all Ming officials would be re-employed and the restoration of the civil service system to look for talents nationwide.

Dorgon is usually considered a good, devoted politician but he is also blamed for "Six Bad Policies (六大弊政)". These were policies designed to bolster the rule of the Qing conquerors, but which caused considerable disturbance and bloodshed in China, and included:

• Forced head-shaving (剃发) and adopting Manchu clothing (易服): Chinese men were compelled to shave the front half of their heads and tie their hair in queues after the Manchu fashion, on pain of death. Massacres occurred in southern Chinese cities whose inhabitants resisted the imposition of the law.

• Land enclosure (圈地) and requisitioning of homes (占房): to provide economic bases for the Bannermen, they were allowed to enclose 'wasteland without owners' for their use; this law was however abused to take farmlands and estates which were already inhabited, with military force.

• Forced slavery (投充) and anti-escapee (逃人) laws: in the wake of the enclosure of vast agricultural estates, the manpower was provided by allowing Bannermen to seize commoners and enslave them. This in turn necessitated decrees to tackle the problem of escapees, including summary executions of people harbouring escaped slaves and hanging for repeated escapees.

Physical appearance

According to the account of Japanese travellers, Dorgon was a 34- or 35-year-old man with slightly dark skin complexion and sharp eyes. He was handsome, tall and slim, and had a shiny and beautiful beard.

Family

Primary Consort

• Consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (嫡福晋 博尔济吉特氏)

• First primary consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (嫡福晋 博尔济吉特氏; d. January 1650), personal name Batema (巴特玛), posthumously honoured as Empress Jingxiaoyi (敬孝义皇后)

• Second primary consort, of the Tunggiya clan (嫡福晋 佟佳氏)

• Third primary consort, of the Zha'ermang Borjigit clan (嫡福晋 博尔济吉特氏)

• Fourth primary consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (嫡福晋 博尔济吉特氏)

• Fifth primary consort, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (嫡福晋 博尔济吉特氏)

• Princess Uisun, of the Yi clan of Jeonju (义顺公主 全州李氏; 1635–1662), personal name Aesuk (爱淑)

Secondary Consort

• Secondary consort, of the Yi clan of Jeonju (侧福晋 全州李氏)

　• First daughter (b. 1638), personal name Donggo (东莪)

Ancestry

In popular culture

• Portrayed by Yoo Jong-keun in the 1981 KBS1 TV Series Daemyeong.

• Portrayed by Park Ki-woong in the 2011 film War of the Arrows.

• While he does not appear in the 2024 tvN TV Series Captivating the King, he is heavily-mentioned throughout the series as Prince Rui.

• Portrayed by Qu Chuxiao in the 2017 Chinese TV Series Rule the World

• Portryaed by Geng Le in Chinese TV Series The Legend of Xiao Zhuang.

生平

少年

明万历四十年十月二十五日（1612年11月17日），多尔衮出生于赫图阿拉城（今辽宁省新宾满族自治县永陵镇老城村），「多尔衮」满语意为獾。母亲阿巴亥是父亲努尔哈赤的大福晋，在诸位福晋中地位最高。

多尔衮15岁时，父亲努尔哈赤病逝，生母阿巴亥为父亲殉葬。父亲生前没有确立继承人，八哥皇太极被拥立为新君。学界对皇太极为何能继位有两种说法，一是被八旗旗主及诸贝勒拥立，二是夺多尔衮之位，即朝鲜方面的记载所称，努尔哈赤生前有意传位于多尔衮，在努尔哈赤逝世后，因多尔衮年幼，大哥代善「以为嫌迫」，拥立皇太极继位。后来，多尔衮摄政时宣称皇太极「即位原系夺立」。或指大福晋阿巴亥为努尔哈赤殉葬一事，亦系诸贝勒为夺位所逼。之后他以军功替自己争取到权力。

战功

• 后金天聪三年（1628年，明崇祯元年）二月，17岁的多尔衮和15岁的弟弟多铎随皇太极出征，征讨蒙古察哈尔部，初八日，多尔衮和多铎奉皇太极之令，以偏师出击，大获全胜；杀古鲁台吉，获人畜1200馀。因为军功，三月初七多尔衮被赐号「墨尔根戴青」（ᠮᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ|v=mergen daicing， 「聪明机警」之意）。

• 天聪九年（1635年，崇祯八年）二月至九月，多尔衮等率军前往收降蒙古林丹汗之子额哲。多尔衮在西拉朱尔格、托里图，巧妙招降林丹汗之妻囊囊太后、苏泰太后及其子额哲；并获得元朝传国玉玺。该玉玺成为皇太极称帝依据之一，加速了清朝的建立。

• 清崇德元年（1636年，明崇祯九年）十二月，清军攻陷李氏朝鲜南汉山城。次年正月，皇太极令多尔衮追击朝鲜王室，并限「戢其军兵，无得杀戮」。朝鲜仁祖于正月三十投降。四月初五，多尔衮押送国王家属等182口报捷。

• 崇德三年（1638年，崇祯十一年），八月二十三日，皇太极命睿亲王多尔衮为「奉命大将军」南征明朝，这次南征，兵分两路，贝勒豪格在多尔衮亲率的左翼军中。左翼军从墙子岭、董家口入关，掠山西，破济南，杀明朝总兵卢象升；然后北掠天津、迁安，出青山关返还，往返扫荡数千里，于崇德四年（1639年，崇祯十二年）三月回到辽东；共攻陷城池36座，招降6座，克敌17阵，俘获人畜26万。

• 崇德六年（1641年，崇祯十四年）至崇德七年（1642年，崇祯十五年）松锦之战。双方各投入十多万大军会战，清军起先以多尔衮、济尔哈朗等为首，后皇太极亲自赶来增援。明军经两年激战最终惨败，洪承畴松山城破被俘投降，祖大寿举锦州城投降。松锦之战后，辽东全属大清，大明势力退入山海关。

争夺皇位

及至皇太极去世时，多尔衮兄弟掌有正白旗与镶白旗，共有65个牛彔（一牛彔为300人），占八旗全部210个牛彔的31%，足够和皇太极长子豪格争夺皇位。豪格继承了皇太极的正黄旗、镶黄旗（共40个牛彔）并自掌有正蓝旗（21个牛彔）。多尔衮利用豪格的软弱使其不能继位，又畏于两红旗的实力（代善一人独掌两红旗，共计51个牛彔；济尔哈朗领导的镶蓝旗33个牛彔），不敢自己继位，转而扶持皇太极九子福临入承大统。当时福临年仅六岁，多尔衮和郑亲王济尔哈朗共同辅政，并实际掌权。

摄政

多尔衮摄政时期，清军入关，满清入主中原，对清朝开始近300年的统治起了关键作用。顺治帝对他的称呼从「叔父摄政王」到「皇叔父摄政王」（1645年）最后演变成「皇父摄政王」（1649年）。多尔衮爱好打猎，出狩场面壮大，光是猎鹰就有一千多只。府第「翬飞鸟革，虎踞龙蟠，不惟凌空挂斗，与帝座相同，而金碧辉煌，雕镂奇异，尤有过之者」，顺治七年七月下令加派白银二百五十万两，在喀喇河屯（今河北省承德市双滦区滦河镇）修建避暑山庄喀喇河屯行宫（为历史上最早的避暑山庄，位置在今承德市双滦区滦河镇的滦河北岸，承钢医院一带）。种种奢华措施使年幼的顺治皇帝心生不满。

治国之策

• 顺治元年七月初八日，多尔衮宣布取消「三饷」，即辽饷、剿饷和练饷，从而减轻了民众的负担。

• 顺治元年十月二十一日，规定了第一个告发官吏贪污之人的奖励，赃私将分作三分，一分赏给首告之人，其馀二分入库。

• 顺治元年八月，多尔衮谕令法司官会同廷臣详绎明律。顺治四年三月大学士刚林等人以明律为蓝本修订，满汉双语颁行《大清律集解附例》，有吏律、户律、刑律、礼律等，共三十卷，乃为清朝第一部成文法典，《大清律例》的制定亦打下基础。

逝世

多尔衮自称在松锦之战中劳累过度，元气大伤，得了三种病症：一是怔忡之症，二是中风，还患有咯血症。入关后更是「机务日繁，疲于裁应，头昏目胀，体中时复不快」。顺治四年以后，风疾加重，跪拜不便，随著健康走下坡，因而身心烦燥，容易动怒，「上上下下都怕他，据说就是达官显贵往往也不能直接同他说话，要趁他外出过路时借便谒见。」顺治七年（1650年）十一月十三日，多尔衮有疾，居家烦闷，率诸王、贝勒、贝子、公等，及八旗固山额真、官兵等猎于边外。十二月九日，多尔衮因狩猎坠马，膝盖受伤，涂以凉膏，竟不治死于喀喇河屯行宫（今河北省滦平县）。顺治帝追尊多尔衮为皇帝，庙号「成宗」，全諡懋德修远广业定功安民立政诚敬义皇帝，简称「义皇帝」。但两个月后，顺治帝因多尔衮当年独断专行且迫害其兄豪格，于顺治八年二月剥夺多尔衮的封号，并掘其墓，斩其头骨，又接连处罚其党羽刚林、巴哈纳、冷僧机、谭泰、拜尹图等。直到乾隆时才恢复多尔衮的睿亲王封号，「追谥曰忠，补入玉牒」，并下令为他修复坟茔。

个人生活

根据日本旅人的《鞑靼漂流记》载，多尔衮「身材瘦长，留有美髯，是个皮肤微黑，面貌英俊，目光锐利的人。他是皇帝下面第一个有地位的人，其他各王和所有的臣下，都尊重他，上上下下都怕他。有什么事情都不能随便参见。趁他上街的时候，我们这些人藉机会参见。街上的行人都得匍匐在地，不许抬头仰视」。多尔衮虽然骑射了得，作战英勇，但身体素质不佳，他是一个带病之人，据传患有怔忡之症（可能类似心律不整），在战场上及狩猎时经常头晕目眩。

与孝庄文皇后的关系

《清朝野史大观》、古稀老人的《多尔衮轶事》、蒋良骐《东华录》、《张苍水全集》中张煌言的《建夷宫词》都有「太后下嫁」一说，即多尔衮按照清兵入关（建州女真）前的妻寡嫂的风俗娶了皇太极永福宫庄妃，即顺治帝生母孝庄文皇后，同时孝庄文皇后也为了稳住多尔衮，避免其权势野心膨胀危及顺治帝的皇位。此一观点在近代史学界里虽有人正面认同，也有学者如阎崇年等人认为此乃当时汉人为抹黑满清皇室而造的谣言，至今她是否下嫁于多尔衮仍是个谜。

多尔衮一生则有妻妾十人。多部文艺作品如小说或电视剧，都把多尔衮正妻博尔济吉特氏定位为孝庄文皇后之妹，但事实上两人仅是同族并非亲姊妹。

评价

多尔衮是满人征服汉人的主要功臣之一，但一般认为他有「六大弊政」，剃发、易服、圈地、占房（侵占房舍）、投充（抢掠汉人为奴隶）、逋逃（逃人法），延续时间最长的，是逃人法。顺治七年六月，广西巡抚郭肇基等人因为「擅带逃人五十三名」，被处死。顺治十年豪雨成灾，「直隶被水诸处，万民流离，扶老携幼，就食山东。但逃人法严，不敢收留，流民啼号转徙」。多尔衮血洗江南，也落下屠夫的恶名。

家族

妻子|妻妾

多尔衮一生所娶妻妾中有明确记录的共有十一人。后金时代，贵族奉行一夫多妻多妾制，可有多位福晋。所称继福晋者，并非丧妻再娶的继室。最早的纪录是多尔衮12岁时，于天命九年（1624年）五月所娶的吉桑阿尔寨之女。另外，改嫁给皇太极的林丹汗遗孀窦土门福晋所抚养的蒙古女子淑侪，被皇太极许给多尔衮。两人在崇德五年（1640年）成婚。其后关于淑侪的记载不详，是否为其中某位妻妾已无法考证。

除此之外，《世祖章皇帝实录》曾提及睿王毁坏太祖太宗定例，于八旗遴选美女，取入伊家，又遣使于新服喀尔喀处，求取有夫之妇，未知八旗美女和喀尔喀有夫之妇是哪位妻妾。

儿女

• 东莪：侧福晋李氏所生，为多尔衮唯一的亲生子女。

• 多尔博：多尔衮同父同母弟多铎第五子，过继给多尔衮为子，非多尔衮亲生。

据正史记载，多尔衮只在松锦之战前生得一女，没有男系后代。2005年，广州一名男子曾自称是多尔衮的第十世孙，并声称多尔衮被摘庙号后，家族一直不敢张扬，但满族专家及爱新觉罗族后人均公开质疑其真确性。

影视形象

注释

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