History of compilation

During the Fourth Chinese domination, many valuable books of Đại Việt were taken away by the Ming dynasty including Lê Văn Hưu's Đại Việt sử ký (大越史記, Annals of Đại Việt), the official history of the Trần dynasty and the most comprehensive source of the history of Vietnam up to that era. However, the contents of the Đại Việt sử ký and Lê Văn Hưu's comments about various historical events was fully collected by the historian Phan Phu Tiên in writing the first official annals of the Lê dynasty after the order of the Emperor Lê Nhân Tông in 1455. The new Đại Việt sử ký of Phan Phu Tiên was supplemented the period from 1223 with the coronation of Trần Thái Tông to 1427 with the retreat of the Ming dynasty after the victory of Lê Lợi. Phan Phu Tiên's ten-volume work had other names such as Đại Việt sử ký tục biên (大越史記續編序, Supplementary Edition of the Annals of Đại Việt) or Quốc sử biên lục.

During the reign of Lê Thánh Tông, who was an emperor famous for his interest in learning and knowledge, the scholar and historian Ngô Sĩ Liên was appointed to the Bureau of History in 1473. Under the order of Thánh Tông, he based on the works of Lê Văn Hưu and Phan Phu Tiên to write the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư which was compiled in 15 volumes (quyển) and finished in 1479. In compiling the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên also drew elements from other books such as Việt điện u linh tập (Compilation of the potent spirits in the Realm of Việt) or Lĩnh Nam chích quái (Extraordinary stories of Lĩnh Nam) which were collections of folk legend and myth but still considered by Ngô Sĩ Liên good sources for history because of their reliable system of citation. This was the first time such sources were used in historiography by a Vietnamese historian. Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư was finally completed in 1479 with the accounts that stopped by the coronation of Lê Thái Tổ in 1428. According to Lê Quý Đôn, Ngô Sĩ Liên also compiled an historical text about the reigns of Thái Tổ, Thái Tông and Nhân Tông named Tam triều bản ký (Records of the Three Reigns).

In 1511, the royal historian Vũ Quỳnh reorganized Ngô Sĩ Liên's work in his Việt giám thông khảo by adding the account about Thánh Tông, Hiển Tông, Túc Tông and Uy Mục, which was called Tứ triều bản ký (Records of the Four Reigns). Other historians continued to revise Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and also add the supplemental information about the reign of the Lê dynasty, notably the 23-volume Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư tục biên (Continued Compilation of the Complete Annals of Đại Việt) was published under the supervision of Phạm Công Trứ in 1665 while the "Nội các quan bản" edition, the most comprehensive and popular version of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, was printed in 1697 during the Chính Hòa era by efforts of the historian Lê Hi.

Edition

The original 15-volume version of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư or the Hồng Đức edition (1479), that was named after the era name of Lê Thánh Tông, only existed in form of handwritten manuscript and hence is only partially preserved to this day. The Đại Việt sử ký tục biên or the Cảnh Trị edition (1665), that was the era name of Lê Huyền Tông has a better status of conservation but the most popular and fully preserved version of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư until now is the Chính Hòa edition (1697) which was the only woodblock printed version of this work. Therefore, the Chính Hòa version is considered the most important historical text about the history of Vietnam from its beginning to the period of the Lê dynasty and has been often reduced, revised and corrected by later historians for contemporary needs. Today, a complete set of the "Nội các quan bản" edition is kept in the archives of the École française d'Extrême-Orient in Paris, France. This edition was translated into Vietnamese in 1993 by the Institute of Hán Nôm in Hanoi.

Contents

The format of Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư was modeled after the famous Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑/Tư trị thông giám, Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government) of the Song scholar Sima Guang, which means historical events were redacted in chronological order like annals. Ngô Sĩ Liên separated his book and the history of Vietnam into Ngoại kỷ (Peripheral Records) and Bản kỷ (Basic Records) by the 938 victory of Ngô Quyền in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. This chronological method of compilation is different from the official historical texts of Chinese dynasties which had the layout divided in biographies of each historical figures, an approach which was initiated by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian. In record of each Vietnamese emperor, Ngô Sĩ Liên always started with a brief introduction of the emperor which provided an overview about the reigning ruler of the record. In listing the events, the historian sometimes noted an additional story about the historical figure who was mentioned in the event, some had extensive and detailed stories, notably Trần Quốc Tuấn or Trần Thủ Độ. Some important texts were also included in the original form by Ngô Sĩ Liên such as Hịch tướng sĩ or Bình Ngô đại cáo.

Historical perspectives

Comparison with Lê Văn Hưu

While Lê Văn Hưu set the starting point for the history of Vietnam by the foundation of the Kingdom of Nam Việt, Ngô Sĩ Liên took a further step by identifying the mythical and historical figures Kinh Dương Vương and his son Lạc Long Quân as the progenitor of the Vietnamese people. Because of the lack of historical resources about Kinh Dương Vương and Lạc Long Quân, some suggests that Ngô Sĩ Liên's explanation of the Vietnamese people's origin was a measure to extend the longevity of the Vietnamese civilization rather than a literal point of departure. From the very beginning of his work, Ngô Sĩ Liên had another difference to Trần scholars in regard to the Hồng Bàng dynasty, that was while the Trần dynasty scholars only mentioned the Hồng Bàng dynasty as a symbol of excellence in the history of Vietnam, Ngô Sĩ Liên defined it the first Vietnamese dynasty which reigned the country from 2879 BC to 258 BC and thus predated the Xia dynasty, the first dynasty of China, for more than 600 years. However, Ngô Sĩ Liên's account for that long period was so brief that several modern historians challenged the authenticity of his chronology for the Hùng Vương, kings of the Hồng Bàng dynasty, and speculated that Ngô Sĩ Liên created this specific chronology mainly for the political purpose of the Lê dynasty.

Like Lê Văn Hưu, Ngô Sĩ Liên treated the Kingdom of Nam Việt as a Vietnamese entity, an opinion which was challenged by several Vietnamese historians from Ngô Thì Sĩ in eighteenth century to modern historians because the kings of Nam Việt were of Chinese origin.

In their comments on the defeat of Lý Nam Đế by Chen Baxian which led to the Third Chinese domination in Vietnam, Lê Văn Hưu criticized Lý Nam Đế for his lack of ability while Ngô Sĩ Liên remarked that the Will of Heaven was not yet favour with the Vietnamese independence.

Other arguments

Different than Lê Văn Hưu who saved his prior concern for the identity of the country from China, Ngô Sĩ Liên, according to O.W. Wolters, Ngô Sĩ Liên took the Chinese historiography as the standard in assessing historical events of the history of Vietnam. In commenting one event, the historian often cited a passage from Confucianist classics or other Chinese writings such as the Book of Song in order to rhetorically support his own statements.

From his Confucianist point of view, Ngô Sĩ Liên often made negative comments on historical figures who acted against the rule of Confucianism. For example, despite his obvious successful reign, the Emperor Lê Đại Hành was heavily criticized in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư for his marriage with Dương Vân Nga who was the empress consort of his predecessor. One researcher even speculated that since Ngô Sĩ Liên had a bias against this emperor, he decided to attribute the famous poem Nam quốc sơn hà to Lý Thường Kiệt instead of Lê Đại Hành who was considered by several sources the proper author of the Nam quốc sơn hà. Other decisions of the rulers which did not follow the moral and political code of Confucianism were also criticized by Ngô Sĩ Liên such as the coronation of six empresses by Đinh Tiên Hoàng, the marriage of Lê Long Đĩnh with four empresses or Lý Thái Tổ's lack of interest in Confucianist classics study. Especially in the case of the Trần dynasty, Ngô Sĩ Liên always made unfavourable remarks on the marriages between closely related members of the Trần clan. The only short period during the reign of the Trần dynasty that Ngô Sĩ Liên praised was from the death of Trần Thái Tông in 1277 to the death of Trần Anh Tông in 1320 while the historian denounced many actions of the Trần rulers such as the ruthless purge of Trần Thủ Độ against Lý clan or the controversial marriage between Trần Thái Tông and the Princess Thuận Thiên.

Beside its historical value, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư is also considered an important work of the literature of Vietnam because Ngô Sĩ Liên often provided more information about the mentioned historical figures by the additional stories which were well written like a literary work. From various comments of Ngô Sĩ Liên, it seems that the historian also tried to define and teach moral principles based on the concept of Confucianism. For example, Ngô Sĩ Liên mentioned for several times the definition of a Gentleman (Quân tử) who, according to the historian, had to possess both good qualities and righteous manners, Ngô Sĩ Liên also emphasized the importance of the Gentleman in the dynastic era by pointing out the difference between a Gentleman and a Mean man (Tiểu nhân) or determining what would be the effectiveness of the example of such Gentlemen.

修史過程

《大越史記全書》的編纂，可說是繼承了越南人官方修史的傳統。此一傳統，可追溯至陳朝時期黎文休編撰《大越史記》及後黎朝時期潘孚先編纂《大越史記續編》。

至於《大越史記全書》的編修，可以分成四個階段：

第一階段

黎聖宗洪德十年（1469年），聖宗皇帝下令吳士連撰修《大越史記全書》，吳士連便是在前人的基礎上，編《大越史記全書》。內容分為外紀五卷，自鴻龐氏至十二使君（公元967年）；本紀十卷，自丁先皇（公元968－979年）至黎太祖（公元1428年），共十五卷。修史的經過，據《大越史記全書·纂修大越史記全書凡例》：「是書之作，本黎文休、潘孚先《大越史記》二書，參以北史、野史、傳志諸本，及所傳授見聞，考校編輯為之。」

至於黎聖宗下令修史的原因，據後黎朝另一位史家范公著說，是「迨聖宗淳皇帝，稟睿智之資，厲英雄之志，拓土開疆，創法定製，尤能留意史籍。乃於洪德十年間，命禮部右侍郎兼國子監司業吳士連，纂修《大越史記全書》」。簡言之，就是黎聖宗銳意「拓土開疆，創法定製」，因而下令修史，從前代中學習。

與黎文休《大越史記》不同，吳士連把越南歷史的起點推前至鴻龐氏、蜀氏時期，將之列入「外紀」當中。對此，中國大陸學者葉少飛、陸小燕分析認為，鴻龐氏及蜀氏兩篇外紀是吳士連採集越地故事傳說集《嶺南摭怪》內容，並借鑑中國史籍《舊唐書》的編纂方法，效法司馬遷《史記·五帝本紀》，以炎帝神農氏為越南國史起源，以「體現越地文明之興」。

第二階段

黎玄宗於景治三年（公元1665年），命范公著增加本紀實錄五卷，始自黎太祖（公元1428年），至莫氏篡位（公元1532年）；另外又增本紀續編三卷，自黎莊宗（公元1533年）至黎神宗（公元1662年）。

黎玄宗這次下令修史的背景，據范公著說，是皇帝「深知夫史乃正當時之名分，示來世之勸懲。」當時鄭氏把持統治大權，皇帝明白到「夫史乃正當時之名分」，便藉助修史來強調黎氏王朝的正統性。

第三階段

黎熙宗正和十八年（公元1697年），黎僖增補本紀續編一卷，內容從黎玄宗至黎嘉宗德元二年（公元1662－1675年），共十三年事。這亦是最後一次修訂本。

這修史的時候，整個黎氏朝廷上下，已對鄭主握有大權的事實，毫無多大的異議。在黎僖等所呈上的《大越史記續編序》中，提到皇帝與鄭主「贊襄治化，振作文風，深惟史記之中，明是非而公好惡，森乎華袞斧鉞之榮嚴，寔為萬世衡鑑。乃於事幾之暇，特命臣等訂考舊史，訛者正之，純者錄之。……又蒐獵舊跡，參諸野史，類編自玄宗穆皇帝景治之初年，至嘉宗美皇帝德元之二年，凡十有三載之事實。」

第四階段

自從黎僖追加本紀續編一卷之後，後黎朝國史館再未進呈新續的本紀卷目。但是後黎朝及其以後的西山朝都未停止本紀的續編工作，只是皆未進行刻印。

景興二十八年（1767年），黎顯宗以文官阮儼、阮伯璘為總裁，續修永治元年以來的國史，俟進呈之後刻印頒行，但未能如願。景興三十六年（1775年），黎顯宗再次命阮俒、黎貴惇、武檰為總裁，續編自永治元年（1676年）以來的百年歷史。但直至後黎朝滅亡，都未能進呈付刻，僅有抄本存世。

牛軍凱根據現存的諸多續編抄本的時間節點，認為景興三十四年（1773年）可能是景興三十六年（1775年）阮俒等人續修國史的時間下限，景興三十四年之後的內容是西山朝時期的史官完成的。越南學者根據續編中沒有對西山朝侮辱性的貶低稱呼，也認為後期的續編是由西山朝史官吳時任于1797年主筆完成的。

流傳情況

正和十八年（1697年），後黎朝第一次刊刻完整的《大越史記全書》，其中包括外紀五卷，本紀十卷，實錄五卷，續編四卷，共二十四卷。史稱「內閣官板」或「內閣官本」，是《大越史記全書》最早的刻本。

西山朝時期，史官吳時任刊刻了其父吳時仕編修的《大越史記前編》，自鴻龐氏至黎太宗立國，史稱「北城學堂本」。阮朝嗣德年間，國子監依據內閣官板進行翻刻，是為「國子監本」。

日本明治十七年（1884年），日本學者引田利章在東京埴山堂主持刊印了《大越史記全書》，時間下限依然是德元二年（1675年），俗稱「引田利章本」。

1986年，陳荊和在日本東京主持點校《大越史記全書》，並刊印出版，俗稱「陳荊和校合本」。該點校本在越南漢喃研究院所藏5種續編抄本基礎上，增加了永治元年（1676年）至昭統三年（1789年）的五卷內容。

2013年，西南師範大學出版社和人民出版社聯合進行的《域外漢籍珍本文庫》項目據內閣官本影印出版，列《域外漢籍珍本文庫·第四輯·史部》第二、三冊。2015年12月，該項目又出版了標點校勘本《大越史記全書》。該點校本以法國巴黎亞洲學會藏全本越南內閣官本為底本，參考了西山朝景盛八年的北城學堂本、阮朝嗣德年間的國子監本、陳荊和校合本及其他相關版本。永治元年（1676年）以後的續編部分，則利用越南、法國等地新發現的資料，在陳荊和校合本的基礎上，進行了深入整理。

注釋