During the Sui dynasty

Li Daliang was from Jingyang, close to Daxing, the Sui dynasty capital (which would become Chang'an, the Tang dynasty capital after 618). His great-grandfather Li Yan (李琰) had been a Minister of Revenue (度支尚書) during Northern Wei, and his father Li Chongjie (李充節) was a local commander-in-chief (總管) in the Sui dynasty. Li Daliang was talented in both the books and martial arts at an early age. In 617, he was serving under general Pang Yu (龐玉) near the eastern capital Luoyang, when he was defeated and captured by rebels under Li Mi. The other 100 plus captives were all executed, but Li Daliang was somehow spared by the rebel general Zhang Bi, who befriended him.

Under Emperor Gaozu of Tang (Li Yuan)

In 618, Li Daliang joined Li Yuan (posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu) who founded the Tang dynasty. He was appointed county magistrate of Tumen (土門, roughly modern Fuping County, Shaanxi), which was then ravished by famine and bandits. Li Daliang sold his horses to aid the poor and needy, encouraged farming, and led his soldiers to eradicate bandits. When Li Yuan's son Li Shimin passed through the area, he was very impressed with what he saw and heard, so he rewarded Li Daliang with horses and fabrics. Once, knowing that he couldn't resist an incursion by a large Göktürks force numbering more than 1,000 men, Li Daliang went to the enemy camp by himself on a horse. He spoke at length about the risks and rewards, and persuaded the Göktürks to submit. He slaughtered his horse, feasted with the tribesmen, and returned to Tumen on foot. The Tang emperor was very pleased by his accomplishment, and promoted Li Daliang to Adjutant of Area Command in Jin Prefecture.

In 620, Li Daliang participated in the campaign against warlord Wang Shichong, leading an army towards Xiangyang defended by Wang Shichong's nephew Wang Honglie (王弘烈). He captured over 10 cities, and killed Wang Shichong's general Guo Da'an. For his success, Li Yuan appointed him governor of An Prefecture.

In 623, Li Daliang was named Pacification Commissioner (安撫使) and sent with an army to Guǎng Prefecture to pacify the area. On his way, he was in Jiujiang when Fu Gongshi rebelled against Tang. Li Daliang immediately led his men towards Hong Prefecture, defended by Fu Gongshi's general Zhang Shan'an. With their armies on opposite sides of the Gan River, Li Daliang talked to Zhang Shan'an and tried to induce him to surrender. Zhang Shan'an said he was pressured by his soldiers into rebelling, and he wasn't sure whether he would be punished if he surrendered. Li Daliang said, "Commander-in-Chief Zhang, if you plan to surrender, then we are family." He alone crossed the river on his horse, took Zhang Shan'an's hands and gained his trust. Zhang Shan'an agreed to surrender, and went to Li Daliang's camp with more than 10 cavalrymen. Li Daliang asked the cavalrymen to stay outside while he led Zhang Shan'an inside. After chatting for a while, Li Daliang ordered his soldiers to detain Zhang Shan'an, as the cavalrymen outside fled.

After a while, Zhang Shan'an's soldiers arrived and demanded Li Daliang return their general. Li Daliang had someone tell them that Zhang Shan'an didn't want to return because he was serious about surrendering. Zhang Shan'an's soldiers thought they were betrayed and deserted, so they all scattered. Li Daliang led his men to capture many of them. Zhang Shan'an was delivered to Chang'an (and eventually killed). In February 624, Li Daliang led his soldiers to You Prefecture (猷州; around modern Xuancheng), where Fu Gongshi had laid a siege. He defeated Fu Gongshi to save You Prefecture. After Fu Gongshi was killed soon after, the emperor rewarded Li Daliang with hundreds of maidservants, but Li Daliang set them all free, saying:

When Li Yuan heard of this, he gasped in admiration, but resent him another 20 girls. Afterwards Li Daling served as Commander-in-Chief (都督) of Yue Prefecture.

Under Emperor Taizong of Tang (Li Shimin)

Li Shimin (posthumously known as Emperor Taizong) became the Tang emperor in 626. The following year Li Daliang was assigned to Jiaozhou. When he left his post in Yue Prefecture, he left behind hundreds of volumes of his writing as he felt they would help his successors. Later he returned to the capital to serve as Chief Minister of the Court of the Imperial Treasury (太府卿), before being sent out to Liang Prefecture in the western parts of the empire as Commander-in-Chief. In 629, an emperor's messenger arrived and noticed a magnificent eagle in Li's possession. To ingratiate himself to Li, he advised Li to present it to the emperor as a gift. Li Daliang then secretly wrote a letter to the emperor, which said:

The emperor praised Li Daguang's loyalty and honesty, and wrote this reply: "What is there for me to worry about if I have ministers like you!" He also endowed Li Daliang with a foreign vase in his personal possession, as well as the historical text Annals of Han (漢紀) written by Xun Yue in the Han dynasty.

In 630, Illig Qaghan was captured as the Göktürk tribesmen scattered in the Yiwu region (around modern Hami City, Xinjiang). Li Shimin appointed Li Daliang Pacification Commissioner of the Xibei Circuit (西北道) to induce the surrenders of the Turkic chieftains. Li Shimin had wanted to win over chieftains by providing them with food, cloth and titles, with the plan of resettling them south of the Yellow River. Li Daliang opposed the idea, and wrote a memorial in which he said,

Li Shimin listened to his advice and left the Göktürks outside of Tang's border.

In 634, Li Daliang was sent to Jiannan Circuit as an Inspection Commissioner (巡省大使). He attacked corruption and promoted good government, earning the approval of the common people.

Later that year, Li Shimin decided to carry out a major campaign against the hostile western neighbor Tuyuhun. Li Daliang was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Hedong Circuit under general Li Jing. The force led by Li Jing, Li Daliang, and general Xue Wanjun (薛萬均) which headed northwest defeated the Tuyuhun main army the following year, as Li Daliang captured more than 20 nobles and more than 50,000 livestock animals in a battle near Mount Shuhun (蜀渾山; probably around modern Gonghe County, Qinghai). The Tuyuhun khan Murong Fuyun fled (and was killed in flight), and his son Murong Shun surrendered. Li Shimin created Murong Shun a khan to succeed his father and pulled the main Tang army out of Tuyuhun, but Li Daliang with a few thousand men were temporarily left behind to support Murong Shun—who was unpopular with his people—until Murong Shun's assassination a few months after. For his merits in this campaign, Li Daliang received a sumptuous gift including 150 maidservants from the emperor, but he gave everything to his relatives.

At some point Li Daliang was appointed General-in-Chief of the Right Guard in the capital Chang'an. In winter 641, the Göktürks under Qilibi Khan (a vassal of the Tang resettled in the Ordos Loop) were attacked by Xueyantuo people under Zhenzhu Khan, and Li Shimin sent Li Daliang and other generals to aid Qilibi Khan, with Li Shiji in overall command. A few months later, the Tang army dealt a major blow to the Xueyantuo troops, which fled back to their territory.

In May 643, Li Shimin created his son Li Zhi his crown prince, and Li Daliang was appointed Right Defense Guard Commander for the Crown Prince (太子右衛率) while retaining his post with the Imperial Guards. In September 643, Li Daliang was also appointed Minister of Works (工部尚書). With three concurrent appointments, Li Daliang worked even harder to guard both the emperor's and the crown prince's palaces, often sleeping upright for entire nights when his soldiers were on duty. Li Shimin would say: 「When you, sir, are on duty, I can sleep soundly through the night.」 Fang Xuanling, the grand councilor, also praised Li Daliang greatly, even comparing him to the virtuous Han dynasty ministers Wang Ling (王陵) and Zhou Bo.

It was around this time Li Daliang reencountered Zhang Bi, the general who spared his life in the Sui dynasty, by chance on the street. With tears in his eyes, he held Zhang Bi's hands and humbly offered him all his money. Zhang Bi refused. Li Daliang then told the emperor how indebted he was to Zhang Bi, and the emperor promoted Zhang Bi from a Palace Construction Aide (將作丞) to Commander-in-Chief of Dai Prefecture as a result. Li Daliang was praised for remembering and repaying the kindness he had received.

In November 644, as Li Shimin prepared to lead an army against Goguryeo, he went to Luoyang and appointed Li Daliang vice-governor of the capital Chang'an, under governor Fang Xuanling who had spoken highly of him. But soon Li Daming fell ill. When Li Shimin heard of it, he personally prepared medicine and ordered it delivered to him by the relay system, but Li Daliang's symptoms did not improve. On his deathbed, Li Daliang wrote a petition to the emperor, advising him to abandon the campaign against Goguryeo and instead focus on properly managing the Chang'an area. (The first campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War in 645 turned out to be a failure.)

When news of his death reached Li Shimin, the emperor broke down and cried. Imperial sessions were suspended for three days, and Li Daliang received the posthumous name "Yi" (懿; meaning "virtuous") as well as many posthumous titles. Li Daliang had lived simply so that when he died there was no jade or pearl at home to put in his coffin as was the tradition. Instead, he was buried with only rice and cloth. In fact, Li Daliang had spent a lot of money giving proper burials to relatives without offspring. He had also helped raise so many orphans, that 15 people not his own children mourned him like their father during the funeral. Li Daliang was buried in Zhao Mausoleum, where Li Shimin would later also be buried.

Notes and references

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生平

李大亮是北魏度支尚書李琰之的曾孫， 祖先本居于隴西郡狄道縣，世代為著名族姓，祖父李綱是西魏南岐州刺史。父親李充節是隋朝朔州總管、武陽公。李大亮有文武才幹，隋朝末年為隋將龐玉部下行軍兵曹。李密率領瓦崗軍攻打東都洛陽，龐玉與瓦崗軍作戰，兵敗被俘。瓦崗軍將領張弼釋放李大亮，與其結交。時任唐王的李淵兵進長安，李大亮投歸輔助高祖，授士門令。勸降胡人有功，唐高祖拜李大亮為金州總管司馬，旋擢遷安州（今湖北安陸）刺史。

玄武門之變後，李淵禪讓帝位予秦王李世民。世民即唐太宗，改元貞觀。在貞觀年間，李大亮出任過交州都督、涼州都督、西北道安撫大使、劍南道巡省大使、左衛大將軍、靈州大總管、工部尚書，晉封武陽縣公。貞觀八年（公元634年）李大亮領兵征伐從吐谷渾進犯而來的番兵番將，貞觀十五年（641年）任靈州總管，與李靖協作擊敗薛延陀十萬來犯之敵，受封為行軍總管。

貞觀十七年（643年），晉王李治被立為皇太子，李大亮兼任太子右衛率，又兼工部尚書，身兼三職，宿衛兩宮。李大亮每當宿值宮中，必盡忠職守、通宵假寐，太宗稱讚「有大亮宿值宮中，可通夜安臥」。梁國公房玄齡也十分器重李大亮，「每稱大亮有王陵、周勃之節，可以當大位」。

李大亮投唐以來，從金州總管晉升到行軍總管，對唐朝初年穩定政局貢獻極多。在朝中日益位高權重、聲望顯赫，但「居處卑陋，衣服儉率」，生活作風十分儉樸。尤其李大亮時刻牢記昔日張弼的救命之恩而備受稱頌。史載張弼投唐後，官至將作監丞，但生活低調、絕口不提當年，直到某一天，李大亮與張弼在路上重逢、更擁抱張弼而泣，只恨重逢太晚，並打算將大量家產送給張弼以報恩情，但張弼堅持推辭不受。日後大亮將張弼引薦御前，太宗擢升張弼為中郎將、後再升任代州都督。大亮不忘恩情，與張弼不自誇當年，兩人的經歷為當世所稱頌。

貞觀十八年（644年），唐太宗征討高句麗時，命李大亮協助房玄齡留駐長安。然而在太宗出征、途中御駕抵達洛陽休整時，便接收到李大亮病重不起的消息，太宗十分不捨，隨即親調湯藥，命專人快馬加鞭送到長安李府。而李大亮在臨終前上書太宗「請求停止征伐高句麗」，不久便去世，享壽五十九歲。

李大亮為大唐戎馬一生、功在社稷，終其一生清廉，家無餘資，大亮去世時，李府家中只有米五石、布三十匹，甚是清貧。李大亮發喪時，有其在過去所濟養的親戚遺孤十五人為大亮守孝、服之如父。太宗收到李大亮訃聞後慟哭不已、甚為李大亮罷朝三日。追贈兵部尚書、秦州都督，謚懿、陪葬昭陵。舊唐書的撰書史臣讚曰：「大亮有王陵、周勃之節，名下無虛士矣！」。

經歷

• 武德元年（618年），李大亮被授予土門縣令。境內饑荒，盜賊眾多，李大亮召集難民、賣掉自己的坐騎，資助難民開墾荒地，李大亮亦領軍打擊盜賊，境內逐漸安定，政績受到巡行視察的秦王讚賞。又因招降胡賊，李大亮升任金州（在今陝西安康市）總管府司馬。

• 王弘烈占據襄陽，唐朝派李大亮安撫樊、鄧（在今湖北省襄樊市及河南省鄧縣一帶），進而攻下十餘城。遷任安州刺史(治所在今河北定州市)。

• 出使廣州，至九江，會輔公祏反，用計擒拿住其將張善安。輔公祏領軍包圍猷州(在今安徽涇縣城西)，猷州刺史左難當固守，李大亮率兵將輔公祏擊走。遷越州都督。

• 貞觀初年（627年），李大亮調任交州都督，封武陽縣男。

• 回長安任太府卿，不久又外任涼州都督。唐太宗擊滅突厥後，在河南之地安置投降的胡人，任李大亮為西北道安撫大使，而李大亮反對太宗優待胡人的政策，諫議停止招慰，讓邊塞漢人免去勞役，以專心務農。

• 貞觀八年（634年），為劍南道巡省大使。同年，唐軍討伐吐谷渾，李大亮為河東道行軍總管，與李靖一起入青海，在蜀渾山大破吐谷渾軍，俘虜其領軍名王，繳獲雜畜數萬，爵位進為武陽縣公，並拜為右衛大將軍。

• 貞觀十五年（641年），任靈州總管，與李靖協作擊敗薛延陀十萬來犯之敵，受封為行軍總管。

• 貞觀十七年（643年），晉王李治被立為皇太子，李大亮兼任太子右衛率，又兼工部尚書，身兼三職，宿衛兩宮。

• 貞觀十八年（644年），唐太宗征討高句麗，下詔讓李大亮作為房玄齡的副手留守京城。不久患病不起，唐太宗親自為他配藥，讓人從驛站送到長安。

• 貞觀十八年十二月初一日（645年1月4日），病逝。

傳說

後來在明末時期，一艘奉祀李王在內的五府千歲及其中軍府神像的王船，「遊地河」的漂流到了臺南北門南鯤鯓沙汕附近，被當地漁民奉請回鄉、建立草寮奉祀，後因神蹟顯赫、廣布流傳，當地信徒感念神恩、倡議建廟，於是在永曆十六年（1662年）修建「南鯤鯓廟」落成，即為南鯤鯓代天府的開基、與李王等五府千歲信仰在台灣的起點。

子女

• 李奉誡，湖州安吉縣令

• 李奉倩，華州司法參軍

• 李守一，庫部員外郎

注釋

延伸閱讀