Life

Yintang was born in the Aisin Gioro clan as the ninth son of the Kangxi Emperor. His mother was Consort Yi (宜妃) from the Gorolo clan. He was not one of the Kangxi Emperor's favourite sons, but nonetheless managed to gain substantial wealth and influence among his brothers.

The Kangxi Emperor had designated his second oldest surviving son, Yinreng, as Crown Prince, but had also stripped Yinreng from his position twice due to Yinreng's arrogance and violent behaviour. During that two periods of time when the position of Crown Prince was vacant, Yintang supported his eighth brother, Yinsi, in his bid to secure that position, but Yinsi did not succeed both times. The Kangxi Emperor eventually decided to secretly designate an heir apparent, whose identity would only be revealed after his death.

In 1722, after the Kangxi Emperor died, his fourth son, Yinzhen, was revealed to be his chosen successor. Yinzhen ascended the throne and became historically known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Yintang and all his brothers had to change the character Yin (胤) in their names to Yun (允) to avoid naming taboo, because the reigning emperor's name also contained the character Yin. In the same year, Yuntang was sent to the military garrison at Xining and placed under the supervision of the general Nian Gengyao.

Three years later, in 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor stripped Yuntang off his beizi title, banished him from the Aisin Gioro clan, and forced him to change his name to "Seshe" (Manchu: ; 塞思黑 Sàisīhēi). His eight sons were forced to change their name to Fusihūn, Facuhūn, Ubiyada, Eimede, Hairakan, Dungki, Dusihiyen and Eihun respectively.

Yuntang reportedly pleaded with the emperor to send him to a Buddhist monastery and allow him to spend the rest of his life as a monk, but the emperor refused. Yuntang was later imprisoned in Baoding. He died from an unspecified "abdominal illness". However, there are speculations that Yuntang died from poisoning.

Yuntang's sons were rehabilitated by the Qianlong Emperor, who had succeeded the Yongzheng Emperor in 1735. In 1778, Yuntang was posthumously restored to the imperial clan and had his name changed back from "Seshe" to "Yuntang". However Yuntang was neither rehabilitated nor had his title restored.

Meaning of "Seshe"

"Sàisīhēi" is a Chinese transliterating words of a Manchu term which has traditionally been translated as "dog" in Chinese. However it is a false rumour. According to Hetu Dangse (Chinese: 黑圖檔), a thematic archive of historical documents from the Qing Dynasty now preserved in the Archives of Liaoning Province (辽宁省档案馆), the original term is "Seshe". There is some dispute as to whether that is an accurate translation. Some scholars suggest "Seshe" actually means "to tremble", or "annoying person".

Legacy

Yuntang has been viewed as a pioneer in the romanisation of the Manchu language. He was known to have had ties with the Portuguese missionary Joannes Mourão (穆景遠). Mourão allegedly introduced Yuntang to literature written in the Latin alphabet, which allowed Yuntang to establish a basic Manchu romanisation system around 1723, supposedly as a secret code for communication between himself and other supporters of Yunsi.

While Paul Georg von Möllendorff's Möllendorff system is often seen as the first Manchu transliteration system, Yuntang's system predates Möllendorff's by over 150 years.

Family

Primary Consort

• Primary consort, of the Donggo clan (嫡福晉 董鄂氏)

　• Fourth daughter (12 September 1705 – December 1726 or January 1727)

　　• Married Zhao Shiyang (趙世揚) in 1721

Concubine

• Mistress, of the Wanggiya clan (完顏氏)

　• First daughter (10 December 1701 – 16 August 1725)

　　• Married Sevdenvanbu (Сэвдэнванбу, 色卜騰旺布) of the Oirat Choros clan in August/September 1718

　• Lady of the First Rank (郡君; 14 July 1704 – February/March 1727), third daughter

　　• Married Yongfu (永福) of the Manchu Yehe Nara clan in March/April 1720

　• Hongding (弘鼎; 19 December 1711 – 28 November 1782), fifth son

• Mistress, of the Zhao clan (兆氏)

　• Second daughter (20 January 1703 – May/June 1741)

　　• Married Khambu (Хамбу, 侃布) of the Barin Borjigit clan in June/July 1719

　• Fifth daughter (21 August 1706 – 6 October 1742)

　　• Married Sevden (Сэвдэн, 色卜騰) in August/September 1739

　• Hongxiang (弘相; 20 February 1710 – 21 April 1739), third son

• Mistress, of the Liu clan (劉氏)

　• Hongzheng (弘晸; 12 December 1706 – 26 December 1787), first son

　• Hongzhang (弘暲; 29 March 1709 – 4 July 1756), second son

• Mistress, of the Lang clan (郎氏)

　• Hongkuang (弘曠; 15 December 1711 – 20 February 1737), fourth son

• Mistress, of the Chen clan (陳氏)

　• Sixth daughter (8 July 1719 – 10 December 1767)

• Mistress, of the Zhu clan (朱氏)

　• Dongxi (棟喜; 24 July 1719 – 19 January 1791), sixth son

• Mistress, of the Zhou clan (周氏)

　• Sibao (四保; 22 October 1719 – 12 April 1771), seventh son

　• Douxixin (都錫欣; 3 December 1720 – 25 October 1775), eighth son

Ancestry

In fiction and popular culture

• Portrayed by Cheung Wai in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1988)

• Portrayed by Miao Haizhong in Yongzheng Dynasty (1999)

• Portrayed by Ma Wenlong in Palace (2011)

• Portrayed by Han Dong in Scarlet Heart (2011)

• Portrayed by Zhu Zixiao in The Palace (2013)

• Portrayed by Derek Wong in Gilded Chopsticks (2014)

生平

康熙二十二年八月廿七出生，與允祺為同母兄弟。康熙四十八年三月，被封為貝子。允禟家財豐厚，為康熙帝諸子中最富有者，其與八阿哥允禩、十阿哥允䄉和十四阿哥允禵交好。

雍正元年，雍正帝召十四阿哥允禵回京，後命允禟出駐西寧。雍正三年，因縱容家人騷擾民間，且「僭妄非禮」，被削去貝子爵、撤銷所屬佐領，留西寧圈禁。

雍正四年二月初九日，朝廷封存十一件揭露允禟罪證的檔案，其中四件為允禟與其親戚、屬下來往的滿文信件，而另外七件檔案則為允禟所創西洋密碼字的字母表，以及允禟家人、屬下使用西洋密碼字所寫的信件，均是弘暘（後改名弘鼎）與父母、諳達之間交流家事。四月初九日，雍正帝召入諸王，交出允禟所造十九字頭書，囑咐他們在九卿齊集時一同看閱。諸王、大臣看閱這本書後，驚訝允禟竟然在清太祖欽定的十二字頭書內恣意添入七字頭，並且編纂刊刻，認為「悖謬已極，系包藏異心，擾亂國政，情殊可惡」。雍正帝命將允禟逮捕回京問罪。五月，允禟與允禩二人及其子嗣一同被革除爵位、開除宗室籍，勒令改名，所屬佐領撤回，家產籍沒。根據《黑圖檔》中的滿文文獻記載，誠親王允祉、恆親王允祺被派去傳諭正藍旗大臣楚宗，要求允禟自行改名。然而雍正帝認為允禟所擬之名「奸巧」，命令誠親王、恆親王為允禟及其八子改名，允禟遂被改名為塞思黑（ᠰᡝᠰᡥᡝ|v=Seshe）。六月，允禟被胡什禮解往保定監禁，圍築高牆，時值酷暑，蠅蚋遍地。同年八月二十七日，以「腹疾卒于幽所」，終年四十三歲。

雍正十三年（1735年）十月，剛剛繼位的乾隆帝下令恢復允禟子孫原名，加恩賜予他們紅帶子，照例連同罪由一併寫入玉牒之末。嫡福晉董鄂氏與長子弘晸為人惡劣，仍被拘禁，允禟的其餘子孫皆獲釋。乾隆四十三年（1778年）二月弘晸被釋放；允禟亦被恢復原名、宗籍，但不恢復爵位。

妻妾

宗人府紅名冊為修緝玉牒的其中一份底稿，由於很多側室侍妾的父親都是府里包衣，所以當時上報的名字及姓氏都是俗稱，並非真實名字。

• 嫡福晉董鄂氏，端莊固倫公主之玄孫女。康熙四十五年的《玉牒》記載，第九子胤禟位下已有嫡妃都統齊十（齊什、齊實、七十）之女。中國第一歷史檔案館有藏雍正二年閏四月二十日，兵部右侍郎李維鈞上奏的《奏為九貝子福晉之父原任正紅旗固山額真齊十即七十在獲鹿縣病故事》，直隸巡撫李維鈞遵旨訪查齊十之死似屬非詐事。雍正三年六月，署理川陝總督岳鍾琪遵旨察訪並跟隨九貝子福晉到陝西。

• 側福晉劉氏，劉大之女，原為妾。

• 側福晉郎氏，郎圖之女，原為妾。

• 側福晉周氏，周大之女，原為妾。

• 側福晉朱氏，朱大之女，原為妾。

• 側福晉佟氏，佟大之女。

• 侍妾兆佳氏，瑪納哈之女。根據康熙四十五年的《玉牒》記載，第九子胤禟位下有已生育侍妾卓甲氏，疑為兆佳氏。

• 侍妾完顏氏，王達之女。根據康熙四十五年的《玉牒》記載，第九子胤禟位下有侍妾王甲氏，應為已生育的完顏氏。

• 侍妾陳氏，陳大之女。

• 侍妾赫西克氏，根據康熙四十五年的《玉牒》記載，第九子胤禟位下有已生育侍妾赫西克氏，待考。

子女

• 第一子散秩大臣弘晸，康熙四十五年丙戌十一月初八日戌時生，母妾劉氏，劉大之女。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「富希渾」（Fusihūn，意為「下賤的」）。乾隆四十三年恢復原名及宗籍，授散秩大臣。乾隆五十二年丁未十一月十八日辰時卒，年八十二歲。嫡妻納喇氏，尚書盛安之女；妾楊氏，楊大之女。二子：長子碩綏。

• 第二子閒散宗室弘暲，康熙四十八年己丑二月十九日丑時生，母妾劉氏，劉大之女。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「佛楚渾」（Facuhūn，意為「卑賤的」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆二十一年丙子六月初八日寅時卒，年四十八歲。乾隆四十三年追複宗籍。嫡妻郭絡羅氏，根特宜之女。一子：長子世泰。

• 第三子閒散宗室弘相，本名弘晌，康熙四十九年庚寅正月二十二日丑時生，母妾兆氏，瑪納哈之女。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「烏比雅達」（Ubiyada，意為「可惡的」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆四年己未三月十四日巳時卒，年三十歲。乾隆四十三年追複宗籍。妾張氏，張大之女。一子：長子未有名。

• 第四子閒散宗室弘曠，康熙五十年卯十一月初六日卯時生，母妾郎氏，郎圖之女。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「額依默德」（Eimede，意為「討人嫌的」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆二年丁巳正月二十一日子時卒，年二十七歲。乾隆四十三年追複宗籍。

• 第五子三等侍衛弘鼎，本名弘暘，康熙五十年辛卯十一月初十日戌時生，母妾完顏氏，王達之女。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「海拉侃」（Hairakan，意為「可惜的」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆四十三年恢復宗籍。乾隆四十七年壬寅十月二十四日丑時卒，年七十二歲。嫡妻巴林訥穆氏，察哈爾總管布坦之女；繼妻兆佳氏，騎尉唐古圖之女；妾劉氏，巴朗之女。七子：長子吉興，次子延瑞，三子延恆，四子穎福，五子庚福，六子永德，七子二等侍衛永輝。

• 第六子棟喜，康熙五十八年己亥六月初八日丑時生，母妾朱氏，朱大之女。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「棟啟」（Dungki，意為「懶惰的」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆四十三年恢復宗籍。乾隆五十五年庚戌十二月十五日卯時卒，年七十二歲。嫡妻彭佳氏，索柱之女。五子：長子宗余，次子福存泰，三子福保泰，四子福佑住，五子郎中福琛。

• 第七子已革侍衛四保，康熙五十八年己亥九月十四日未時生，母妾周氏，周大之女；康熙六十一年九月奉旨過繼尼雅哈為嗣，太祖十六子（費揚果曾孫）。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「杜希憲」（Dusihiyen，意為「糊塗人」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆三十六年辛卯二月二十八日寅時卒，年五十三歲。乾隆四十三年追複宗籍。嫡妻金氏，誠住之女。二子：長子國星阿，次子祝爾杭阿。

• 第八子閒散宗室都錫欣，康熙五十九年庚子十一月初四日丑時生。雍正四年被削去宗籍並改名「額依渾」（Eihun，意為「愚蠢的」），雍正十三年恢復原名，加恩賜紅帶子。乾隆四十年乙未十月初二日戌時卒，年五十六歲。乾隆四十三年追複宗籍。嫡妻白佳氏，常載之女；妾馬氏，馬榮之女。三子：長子宗賴，次子宗源，三子永卓。

• 第一女，康熙四十年辛巳十一月十一日巳時生，母妾完顏氏，王達之女；康熙五十七年戊戌八月，嫁厄魯特綽絡斯氏郡王色卜騰旺布；女雍正三年乙巳七月初九日卒，年二十五歲。

• 第二女，康熙四十一年壬午十二月初四日酉時生，母妾兆佳氏，瑪納哈之女；康熙五十八年己亥五月，嫁巴林博爾濟吉特氏郡王侃布；女乾隆六年辛酉四月卒，年四十歲。

• 第三女，康熙四十三年甲申六月十三日辰時生，母妾完顏氏，王達之女，與第一女同母；康熙五十九年庚子二月，嫁侍衛永福（納蘭揆敘嗣子）；女雍正五年丁未二月卒，年二十四歲。

• 第四女，康熙四十四年乙酉七月二十五日寅時生，母嫡福晉董鄂氏，齊十之女；康熙六十年辛丑，嫁趙世揚；女雍正四年丙午十二月卒，年二十二歲。

• 第五女，康熙四十五年丙戌七月十四日辰時生，母妾兆佳氏，瑪納哈之女，與第二女同母；乾隆四年己未七月，嫁色卜騰；女乾隆七年壬戌九月八日巳時卒，年三十七歲。

• 第六女，康熙五十八年己亥五月二十一日丑時生，母妾陳氏；選婿陳氏陳布，未婚；婿乾隆九年甲子十二月十四日卒，女守節；女乾隆三十二年丁亥十月二十日酉時卒，年四十九歲。

貝子允禟世系圖

影視形象

注釋

延伸閱讀