History

Shanqi was born on 5 October 1866 (27 August on the Chinese Lunar Calendar) in Beijing. He was the tenth-generation Prince Su and a descendant of Hooge. Hooge was the eldest son of Hong Taiji, and was supported by the Yellow Banners in his bid to become emperor after his death. However, after a decision by an assembly of Manchu nobles and authorities, Fulin, the ninth brother, was chosen as emperor (becoming the Shunzhi Emperor, while Hooge kept his position of Prince Su.

Shanqi served as the tax supervisor of Chongwenmen, as a commander in the Army, as a member of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and as an early leader within the Beijing gendarmerie and Qing police system. During the late Qing dynasty, there was a movement for a constitution. With the later years of the Guangxu Emperor, Shanqi was known to be sympathetic to revolutionaries. During the early days of the Xuantong Emperor (Puyi), when plans to assassinate the regent, Zaifeng, by Wang Zhaoming were revealed, Shanqi was questioned by Zaifeng.

In 1908, Shanqi joined a group supervising the Admiralty (haijun yamen). He was an acquaintance of the Manchu Jinliang. He served terms at the Ministry of the Interior, when he developed the gendarmerie, and the Ministry of Dependencies. These terms overlapped. He held the position of Bujun tongling (Head of the Gendarmerie). In early 1909, Shanqi, as the head of civilian affairs, drew up a plan to cut down administrative spending and focus more on police personnel as a way to reduce police spending as a whole. This led to the removal and replacement of the positions of Guichang and Qiyuan within the police force.

After the Xinhai Revolution, Shanqi formed the backbone of the Royalist Party, proclaiming his "official duty to the lord" (junchen dayi). Shanqi refused to accept the abdication of Xuantong and was smuggled to the Japanese concession of Port Arthur in the Kwantung Leased Territory. In 1912, Shanqi gained Japanese support to create an independent Manchu state under Puyi along with his 14th daughter, Jin Bihui, whom he had allowed to be adopted by Kawashima Naniwa (Jin Bihui changed her name to Yoshiko Kawashima to reflect this). However, this plan failed when the Japanese withdrew their support in favor of working with Yuan Shikai.

Before and after the Manchu Restoration by Zhang Xun in 1917, two Manchu-Mongol independence movements were launched, both of which ended in failure. Shanqi was involved in the first one. The 1916 Manchu-Mongol Independence Movement, supported by businessman Okura Kihachiro, involved a one million yen investment to the Royalist Party, who held an army in Manchuria, composed of restorationists and Mongolian bandits. These funds were used to buy and transport arms. General Tanaka Giichi was to assist him in capturing Mukden and setting up a Manchurian state North of the Great Wall, eventually striking Beijing. This uprising was to be started on 15 April 1916, and timed to be at the same time as the National Protection War. However, as Tanaka was unable to receive arms in time, he suspended the operations on 4 April. After Yuan Shikai's death, the Japanese decided that if the new President of China, Li Yuanhong, was responsive to the Japanese, Japan would give their support to the Chinese government. The Japanese Foreign Ministry, who wanted to dismantle the Manchu-Mongol Independence Movement, reached an agreement with Kawashima Naniwa. Shanqi's men were to be disbanded in 16 days from the agreement. The loans given to him were to be continued, but the 215,000 yen used by Kawashima would be deducted. On 7 September, the movement was officially disbanded.

In 1922, Shanqi died in Lüshun. His body was transported to the Prince Su Cemetery in Beijing. During his lifetime, Shanqi never reconciled with the Republic of China. Due to his loyalty (zhong) to Puyi, he was posthumously named Prince Su Zhong (c=肅忠親王|labels=no, Su Zhong Qinwang).

Family

Shanqi was married to Lady Hešeri (the Princess Consort), and had four other concubines. He had 21 sons, the most notable being his eldest son, Xianzhang, and 7th son, Jin Bidong. He also had 17 daughters, the most notable being his 14th daughter, Jin Bihui, and his 17th daughter, Jin Moyu.

Father: Longqin, Prince Sulian of the First Rank (肃良亲王 隆勤)

• Paternal grandfather: Huafeng, Prince Suke of the First Rank (肃恪亲王 华丰)

• Paternal grandmother: Lady Wugiya (吴佳氏), daughter of Delin (得林)

Mother: Lady Ligiya (李佳氏), secondary consort

• Maternal grandfather: Changlin (常林)

Consorts and issue:

----

• Primary consort, of the Hešeri clan

　• Xianzhang (先章; 1885–1947), first son

　　• Issue: One daughter, Lianlu who married Yong'en in 1940 and had issue (4 sons, 3 daughters)

　• Xiande (先德), second son

　• Xianzhen (先真), eighth son

　• Xianxuan (显瑄), first daughter

　• Xian'er (显珥), second daughter

　• Xianshan (显珊), third daughter adopted by lady Cenggiya

• Secondary consort, of the Cenggiya clan (程佳氏)

　• Xianping (先平), third son

　• Xianchang (先常), fourth son

　• Xianyi (先宜), fifth son

　• Jin Bidong, seventh son

　• Fourth daughter

　• Fifth daughter

　• Sixth daughter

• Secondary consort, of the Tunggiya clan

　• Xianying, sixth son

　• Xiangui, ninth son

　• Xianyuan, eleventh son

　• Xianjun, twelfth son

　• Xian'e (显珴), twelfth daughter

　• Xianshi (显瑡), tenth daughter

　• Xianxun (显珣), fifteenth daughter

• Secondary consort, of the Janggiya clan (姜佳氏)

　• Xianyun (先允), thirteenth son

　• Xianjiu (先久), fifteenth son

　• Xianqi (显琪), seventh daughter

　• Xianjiu (显玖), ninth daughter

　• Xiancong (显琮), thirteenth daughter

• Secondary consort, of the Zhanggiya clan (张佳氏)

　• Xianli (先立), fourteenth son

　• Xianfang (先方),sixteenth son

　• Xianji (先基), seventeenth son

　• Xiankai (先开), eighteenth son

　• Xianrong (先容), nineteenth son

　• Twentieth son

　• Xiandong (先东), twenty-first son

　• Yoshiko Kawashima, fourteenth daughter

　• Xianliu (显瑠), sixteenth daughter

　• Jin Moyu, seventeenth daughter

• Mistress, of the Ligiya clan (李佳氏)

　• Eighth daughter

• Mistress, of the Zhanggiya clan (张佳氏)

　• Eleventh daughter

　　•

生平

法國攝影師Firmin Laribe拍攝的善耆，著冬季裘袍裝

同治五年（1866年）農曆八月二十七日生於北京，第十代肅親王，豪格後裔。

光緒十九年（1893），以鎮國將軍、乾清門侍衛、正白旗漢軍副都統職銜出任光緒十九年順天鄉試左翼督察（載《順天鄉試同年齒錄: (光緖19年癸巳恩科)》，1893）。善耆歷任崇文門稅監、步軍統領、民政部尚書。是中國現代警察制度的締造者之一。清末贊成立憲運動，光緒帝之末將發而未動，內心同情革命。宣統初年，親訊謀刺監國攝政王的汪兆銘之後免除其死刑（其間默許陳璧君探監），被攝政王質問。辛亥革命後，為宗社黨骨幹，1912年拒絕在袁世凱要求的清帝退位詔書上簽字，後逃至日本租借地關東州旅順（今大連市）。1917年張勳復闢前後，兩次發起滿蒙獨立運動，均以失敗告終。

1922年病逝於旅順，運回北京肅親王墓地安葬（據載，善耆之墓在其先祖顯謹親王衍璜墓旁，位于今潘家園東里3號樓東側，那裡共有四座肅親王系墳，衍璜（又衍潢）墓是這中唯一有地面建築保存的）。遜帝追諡為忠，史稱肅忠親王。愛好京劇。

妻妾

• 嫡福晉赫舍里氏，正藍旗滿洲、寧夏將軍富爾嵩阿之孫女，直隸通永兵備道英良之女；姑母赫舍里氏，嫁正藍旗滿洲、嘉慶庚辰科進士費莫氏文蔚（胞兄道光癸未科進士文懿），其子咸豐二年壬子科進士志和。

• 側福晉程佳氏，慶榮之女。原為媵妾，光緒二十四年晉封為側福晉。

• 側福晉佟佳氏，文玉之女。原為媵妾，光緒二十八年晉封為側福晉。

• 側福晉姜佳氏，承恩之女。原為媵妾，光緒二十八年晉封為側福晉。

• 側福晉張佳氏，福榮之女。

• 妾李佳氏，李大之女。

• 妾張佳氏，張百壽之女。

子女

兒子

• 長子：憲章（1885-1947）（嫡福晉赫舍里氏生）善耆長子，憲章將次女廉鋁過繼給川島浪速，改名川島廉子。

　• 孫女：川島廉子（原名廉鋁，1913-1994），1940年和薛永恩結婚，育有四子三女

• 次子：憲德（嫡福晉生）；妻費莫氏，其父正藍旗滿洲瑞齡（知府、大清銀行職員），祖父杭州將軍古尼音布。

• 三子：憲平（第一側妃生）

• 四子憲常早夭''（第一側妃生）

• 五子：憲宜（第一側妃生）

• 六子：憲英（第二側妃生）

• 七子：金壁東（原名憲奎，第一側妃生）

• 八子：憲真（嫡福晉生）

• 九子：憲貴（第二側妃生）

• 十子：憲邦（第三側妃生）

• 十一子：憲原（第二側妃生）；妻完顏氏，祖父內務府鑲黃旗滿洲、同治戊辰科進士嵩申。

• 十二子：憲均（第二側妃生）

• 十三子：憲雲（第三側妃生）

• 十四子：憲立（第四側妃生）；曾擔任滿洲國黑龍江省城市政局局長

• 十五子：憲久（第三側妃生）

• 十六子：憲方（第四側妃生）

　• 孫子：連經

• 十七子：憲基（第四側妃生）

• 十八子：憲開（第四側妃生）

• 十九子：憲容（第四側妃生）

• 二十子早夭''（第四側妃生）

• 二十一子：憲東（第四側妃生）；參加過中國共產黨領導的地下抗日運動，1978年退休後享受地專級待遇

女兒

　• 長女：顯宜（嫡福晉生）；夫鑲藍旗漢軍、候選知府尚久勤（其父光緒壬辰科進士尚其亨）。

　• 次女：顯珥（嫡福晉生）；夫鑲黃旗滿洲裕瑚魯氏熙庸，任職大連南滿州鐵道株式會社（其父四川布政使尹良，曾祖道光十六年（1836年）丙申恩科進士承齡）。

　• 三女：顯珊（善耆與嫡福晉侍女生，出生不久母病逝，納入第一側妃系譜）

　• 四女早夭（第一側妃生）

　• 五女早夭（第一側妃生）

　• 六女早夭（第一側妃生）

　• 七女：顯琪（第三側妃生）；夫鑲黃旗蒙古羅際駪（父陝甘總督多羅特氏升允）。

　• 八女早夭（庶妾生）

　• 九女：顯玖（第三側妃生）

　• 十女：顯瑡（第二側妃生）

　• 十一女早夭（庶妾生）

　• 十二女：顯珴（第二側妃生）

　　• 外孫女：金若靜

　• 十三女：顯琮（第三側妃生）

　• 十四女：川島芳子（原名顯玗，第四側妃生）

　• 十五女：顯玽（第二側妃生）

　• 十六女：顯瑠（第四側妃生）

　• 十七女：金默玉（原名顯琦，第四側妃生）

肅親王府

• 舊王府：順治年間建造的肅親王府位于現北京市東城區正義路東側正義路2號，歷代襲王均以此為邸府。光緒二十六年（1900年），義和團運動興起，6月24日，肅親王善耆攜家人趁混亂 逃離肅親王府。王府因地處東郊民巷溪口，駐京外國人員和中國教徒占據肅王府，修築工事，抗拒義和團。光緒二十七年（1901年）清廷被迫簽訂《辛丑條約》，根據條約擴大東交民巷使館區，肅王府淪為日本使館。

• 新王府：1901年 ，善耆隨慈禧皇太后回到北京時，在東城區北新橋南船板胡同內 （今東四十四條西頭路北）重新建造新王府，規模二百多間，由幾個大的四合院組成。院內有兩層樓房，法式客廳和花園， 安裝了發電設備和自來水。 新王府雖有二百多間，但已不是按照王府規制建造。日偽時期新肅親王府在被日本人占用。1947年被善耆十九子憲容和善耆長子憲章一起出面賣給法國天主教神學院。1949年，該處被政府沒收，一部分被改造後用來辦製造襪子工廠， 一部分成為居民住宅。

• 旅順肅親王府：民國後，善耆前往旅順居住， 1922年病死在旅順。旅順肅親王府現屬部隊駐地。

參考

• 劉小萌：《愛新覺羅家族全書·家族全史》，吉林人民出版社，1997年。