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-> 袁世凱

袁世凱[View] [Edit] [History]
ctext:442446

RelationTargetTextual basis
typeperson
name袁世凱
born1859
died1916
authority-cbdb63546
authority-ddbc24117
authority-sinica6937
authority-viaf114038059
authority-wikidataQ210329
link-wikipedia_zh袁世凯
link-wikipedia_enYuan_Shikai
held-officeoffice:直隸總督
    from-date 光緒辛丑年九月己酉
1901/11/27
清史稿·本紀二十四 德宗本紀二》:命王文韶署全權大臣,袁世凱署直隸總督兼北洋大臣。
held-officeoffice:直隸總督
    from-date 光緒壬寅年五月壬戌
1902/6/8
清史稿·本紀二十四 德宗本紀二》:五月壬戌,授袁世凱直隸總督兼北洋大臣。
held-officeoffice:軍機大臣
    from-date 光緒丁未年七月丙辰
1907/9/4
清史稿·本紀二十四 德宗本紀二》:丙辰,命張之洞、袁世凱並為軍機大臣,以袁世凱為外務部尚書。
held-officeoffice:湖廣總督
    from-date 宣統辛亥年八月丁巳
1911/10/14
清史稿·本紀二十五 宣統皇帝本紀》:丁巳,起袁世凱為湖廣總督,岑春煊為四川總督,俱督辦剿撫事宜。
held-officeoffice:欽差大臣
    from-date 宣統辛亥年九月庚午
1911/10/27
清史稿·本紀二十五 宣統皇帝本紀》:召蔭昌還,授袁世凱欽差大臣,督辦湖北剿撫事宜,節制諸軍。
held-officeoffice:內閣總理大臣
    from-date 宣統辛亥年九月乙亥
1911/11/1
清史稿·本紀二十五 宣統皇帝本紀》:乙亥,授袁世凱內閣總理大臣,命組織完全內閣。
Yuan Shikai (袁世凱 Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese general and statesman who served as the second provisional president and the first official president of the Republic of China, head of the Beiyang government from 1912 to 1916 and Emperor of China from 1915 to 1916. A major political figure during the late Qing dynasty, he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in 1912, which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China.

Born to an affluent Han family in Henan, Yuan began his career in the Huai Army. He was sent to Joseon to head a Qing garrison in Seoul and was appointed imperial resident and supreme adviser to the Korean government after thwarting the Gapsin Coup in 1885. He was recalled to China shortly before the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, and received command of the first New Army, which paved the way for his rise to power. In 1898, Yuan formed an alliance with Empress Dowager Cixi and helped bring an end to the Guangxu Emperor's Hundred Days' Reform. Promoted to Viceroy of Zhili in 1902, Yuan quickly expanded the Beiyang Army into the best trained and most effective military force in China. He played an active role in the Late Qing reforms, which included the abolition of the imperial examination. Upon the death of Cixi in 1908 he fell from power and was forced into exile, but retained the loyalty of the Beiyang Army and as such remained an influential figure.

Following the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, the Qing court, desperate to maintain control as revolutionary forces seized key provinces, recalled Yuan from retirement and appointed him Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet. Leveraging his position as commander of the Beiyang Army, Yuan engaged in brief fighting with Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries before opening negotiations, brokering a deal that led to the abdication of the child emperor Puyi in early 1912, effectively ending over two thousand years of imperial rule. In return, Yuan was chosen as the first official president of the Republic of China after Sun voluntarily stepped aside in his favor.

Yuan's desire for dictatorial power brought him into conflict with the National Assembly and the Kuomintang (KMT), provoking a second revolution which was decisively crushed. He then outlawed the KMT and dissolved the National Assembly. In December 1915, in an attempt to further secure his rule, Yuan restored the monarchy and proclaimed himself as the Hongxian Emperor. The move was met with widespread opposition from the general populace, many of his closest supporters in the Beiyang Army, as well as foreign governments. Several military governors and provinces rose in open rebellion. In March 1916, Yuan formally abdicated and restored the Republic, having been emperor for only 83 days. He died of uraemia in June at the age of 56, leaving behind a significantly weakened Beiyang government and a fragmented political landscape, which soon plunged China into a period of warlordism.

Read more...: Early life   Years in Joseon Korea   Late Qing dynasty   Wuchang Uprising and Republic   Abdication of child emperor   Democratic elections   Becoming emperor   Second revolution   Japans 21 demands   Revival of hereditary monarchy   Public and international reactions to dynastic monarchys revival   Abandonment of monarchy and death   Evaluation and legacy   Names   Awards and honours   Family  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.
袁世凱(1859年9月16日 - 1916年),字慰廷慰庭慰亭,號容庵,又被稱作袁宮保袁大炮袁老四袁大帥,另因出身河南項城亦被稱為袁項城,曾任清朝軍機大臣、內閣總理大臣、中華民國第一任大總統、第二任臨時大總統等,曾擬任中華帝國皇帝(未正式登基),北洋政府最高領導人、北洋軍創始人兼領導者。

1884年,他率領清軍平定朝鮮王國的甲申政變,因而開始受清政府重用並參與其中。隨後,他獲清廷授權建立新軍,同時協助於洋務運動及清末新政等政策之推行。他曾任清政府總理大臣等職位,具有相當大的影響力。

1911年,武昌新軍聯合革命黨起義導致辛亥革命爆發並擴散至中國各地後,他被清朝政府再次重用以鎮壓革命黨勢力,但之後他在與革命黨的談判中威脅、利誘,驅使革命黨人支持自己擔任新成之民國的領導人。1912年,他讓手下段祺瑞迫使宣統皇帝遜位,接手組建政府並獲臨時參議院選為臨時大總統,隨後正式擔任大總統,成為當時中國權力地位最高的人。他藉由自己先前培養的武裝勢力,以及清廷遺留下的官僚系統,以專制手段成功接管清朝政權。他一度試圖將中國已建成的共和國體改回世襲君主制,但遭到來自全國各地的強烈抵抗,被迫倉促取消該體制變更的計劃,並失去原先掌握的政治權力。不久後他過世,中國境內的政治勢力隨之陷入分裂狀態。

因他意圖恢復帝制等行為,中國國民黨以及大多數中國學者長期對他持以相對負面的評價,但亦有研究者肯定他對中國現代化的諸多貢獻。

Read more...: 生平   早年生涯   嶄露頭角   小站練兵   清末政局   戊戌變法   庚子拳亂   鎮壓景廷賓起義   清末新政   東山再起   鎮壓革命   南北議和   大清帝國覆滅   中華民國總統   臨時大總統   鎮壓二次革命   正式大總統   與日條約   背景   經過   籌建中華帝國   理論鋪路   偽造民意   擬定製度   結束   身後   任內施政   黨獄方面   社會方面   文化方面   軍事方面   經濟方面   教育方面   政治方面   禁毒禁賭   著作   軼聞   評價   家族   袁世凱相關書籍   影視形象   註釋  

The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the original article.

TextCount
清史稿103
清史紀事本末34
庚子國變記8
清稗類鈔4
清皇室四譜1
URI: https://data.ctext.org/entity/442446 [RDF]

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