During Liang Dynasty

Chen Qian was born in 522, as the oldest son of Chen Daotan (陳道譚), a commander of the Liang Dynasty palace guards. His mother's name is not recorded in history. When the rebel general Hou Jing attacked the capital Jiankang in 548 and put it under siege, Chen Daotan participated in the defense of Jiankang against Hou's siege, commanding archers, and he was killed by a stray arrow during the siege. (As the palace did not fall to Hou until 549, it is not clear whether Chen Daotan died in 548 or 549.) It appeared that during the disturbance, in order to avoid the banditry that was common in the countryside, Chen Qian went to the Chens' home commandery of Wuxing (吳興, roughly modern Huzhou, Zhejiang). After his uncle Chen Baxian joined the campaign of Xiao Yi the Prince of Xiangdong (later Emperor Yuan) against Hou, Hou arrested both Chen Qian and Chen Baxian's son Chen Chang and imprisoned them. Only after the victory of Emperor Yuan's forces (commanded by Wang Sengbian with Chen Baxian as Wang's lieutenant) over Hou were Chen Qian and Chen Chang freed, and Chen Qian joined Chen Baxian's army. He quickly distinguished himself in minor campaigns against local bandits, and he became one of Chen Baxian's trusted generals.

In 554, Western Wei forces attacked Emperor Yuan's new capital Jiangling (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) and captured it, putting Emperor Yuan to death around new year 555. Western Wei declared Emperor Yuan's nephew Xiao Cha emperor (as Emperor Xuan), but Wang and Chen Baxian refused to recognize Xiao Cha as emperor. They welcomed Emperor Yuan's only surviving son Xiao Fangzhi the Prince of Jin'an to Jiankang, declaring him the Prince of Liang and preparing to declare him emperor. However, after Wang's forces suffered several defeats at the hands of Northern Qi forces, Wang accepted the proposal of Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi to make Emperor Yuan's cousin Xiao Yuanming emperor, and he declared Xiao Yuanming emperor in summer 555. Chen Baxian was displeased with Xiao Yuanming's ascension, and in fall 555, with Chen Qian as one of his confidants, he launched a surprise attack on Jiankang, killing Wang and deposing Xiao Yuanming. He declared Xiao Fangzhi emperor (as Emperor Jing).

Prior to taking action against Wang, Chen Baxian considered the probability that Wang's son-in-law Du Kan (杜龕), then the governor of Wuxing Commandery, would act against Chen Baxian, and secretly sent Chen Qian back to their home county of Changcheng (長城) to prepare to intercept Du if he tried to come to Wang's aid. When Chen Baxian succeeded surprisingly quickly, Du, along with Wei Zai (韋載) the governor of Yixing Commandery (義興, roughly modern Wuxi, Jiangsu), and Wang Sengzhi (王僧智, Wang Sengbian's brother) the governor of Wu Commandery (roughly modern Suzhou, Jiangsu) rose against Chen Baxian. Chen Qian was holding his position at Changcheng with several hundred men, and when Du's army attacked him with 5,000 men, he was able to hold against Du's attack, preventing Du from attacking Chen Baxian. This allowed Chen Baxian to come to his aid, forcing Wei to surrender and Wang Sengzhi to flee to Du. Chen Baxian subsequently returned to Jiankang (with Northern Qi forces, along with those of the generals Xu Sihui (徐嗣徽) and Ren Yue (任約), attacking Jiankang), leaving Chen Qian in command of the armies facing Du, joined by Chen Baxian's general Zhou Wenyu (周文育). In spring 556, Chen Qian secretly persuaded Du Kan's general Du Tai (杜泰) to surrender to him, and subsequently, Du Kan was captured and executed. Chen Qian and Zhou were subsequently also able to take over Eastern Yang Province (東揚州, modern northeastern Zhejiang) from its governor Zhang Biao (張彪), who was loyal to Wang Sengbian. With Chen Baxian still facing Northern Qi troops at Jiankang and lacking food supplies, Chen Qian was able to round up supplies of rice and ducks and deliver them to Jiankang to supply Chen Baxian's army, which subsequently defeated an even-worse-supplied Northern Qi force.

During Emperor Wus reign

In 557, Chen Baxian had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, establishing Chen Dynasty as its Emperor Wu. He created Chen Qian, as his only close male relative in his territory, the Prince of Linchuan. His son Chen Chang, along with Chen Qian's brother Chen Xu, had been taken captive by Western Wei in 554, as they were serving as low level officials in Emperor Yuan's administration. Chen Qian's father Chen Daotan was posthumously honored as the Prince of Shixing, and Chen Xu, although not physically in Chen territory, was created the Prince of Shixing to inherit Chen Daotan's title.

In fall 558, after the Liang general Wang Lin (who had by that point declared Emperor Yuan's grandson Xiao Zhuang emperor) had defeated and captured Emperor Wu's key generals Zhou Wenyu and Hou Andu (although both Zhou and Hou were about to flee from their captivity soon thereafter), Emperor Wu, while negotiating a peace settlement with Wang, also sent Chen Qian with a large fleet to prepare to attack Wang should a peace agreement not happen. Subsequently, a peace was negotiated with Wang, although border conflicts continued, and Chen Qian, by Emperor Wu's orders, constructed a fortress at Nanhuan (南皖, in modern Anqing, Anhui) to defend a potential Wang attack.

While Chen Qian was still at Nanhuan, in summer 559, Emperor Wu grew ill and quickly died. Emperor Wu's wife Empress Zhang Yao'er, after consulting the officials Du Leng (杜稜) and Cai Jingli (蔡景歷), chose not to announce Emperor Wu's death and summoned Chen Qian back from Nanhuan. The imperial officials, led by Hou, decided to support Chen Qian as emperor, and while Empress Zhang was initially hesitant, hoping that Chen Chang would return, she eventually agreed, and Chen Qian took the throne as Emperor Wen.

Reign

Emperor Wen honored Empress Zhang as empress dowager. He created his wife Princess Shen Miaorong empress and her son Chen Bozong crown prince. As he inherited the throne from Emperor Wu, he did not posthumously honor his father Chen Daotan as an emperor as might otherwise have been expected, but, in order to make sure that his father would be properly venerated (which would require Chen Daotan's legal heir—Emperor Wen's brother Chen Xu—to be present to offer sacrifices to him), he created his own son Chen Bomao (陳伯茂) the Prince of Shixing instead, and created Chen Xu, who was then still at Chang'an, the capital of Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou, the Prince of Ancheng. (In 563, Emperor Wen himself began to offer sacrifices to Chen Daotan using ceremonies due an emperor, but never honored his father as an emperor.)

Hearing that Emperor Wu had died, Wang Lin launched a major attack on Chen in winter 559. He was initially successful, defeating the Chen general Wu Mingche, but when Emperor Wen sent Hou Tian (侯瑱) against Wang, the forces stalemated, even though Wang was also assisted by Northern Qi forces. In spring 560, Hou defeated Wang, and both Wang and Xiao Zhuang fled to Northern Qi. Chen forces took about half of Xiao Zhuang's territory, while the other half went to the Northern Zhou-supported Western Liang.

Wang's defeat brought a succession crisis. After hearing of Emperor Wu's death, Northern Zhou had sent Chen Chang back to Chen, but as his path was blocked by Wang's forces, he had to stop at Anlu (安陸, in modern Xiaogan, Hubei). After Wang was defeated, Chen Chang continued his journey, and as he proceeded from Anlu to the Yangtze River, he wrote impolite letters to Emperor Wen, which Emperor Wen took as a demand for the throne. Emperor Wen summoned Hou Andu, suggesting that perhaps he should yield the throne to Chen Chang and accept a princely title. Hou advised him not to, and offered to personally "greet" Chen Chang. Meanwhile, the officials were all suggesting creating Chen Chang an imperial prince, and Emperor Wen declared that Chen Chang was to be created the Prince of Hengyang. A month later, Chen Chang entered Chen territory and met Hou. However, as they travelled on the Yangtze River, Hou had him killed and his body thrown into the Yangtze, and then returned to Jiankang, claiming that Chen Chang had slipped into the river. Grateful that Hou had eliminated a rival for him, Emperor Wen created Hou the Duke of Qingyuan.

In fall 560, Chen forces under Hou Tian began to engage Northern Zhou and Western Liang forces in the modern Hunan region, which Western Liang had taken from Xiao Zhuang when he fled to Northern Qi. The armies stalemated, and in spring 561, unable to prevail over the Northern Zhou general Heruo Dun (賀若敦), Hou Tian offered to allow Heruo to withdraw with his army if he would yield the territory. Heruo agreed, and the territory became Chen possession. Seeking peace, Northern Zhou offered to return Chen Xu to Chen, and Emperor Wen, pleased, offered to trade the city of Lushan (魯山, in modern Wuhan, Hubei) for Chen Xu's release. Chen Xu returned to Chen in 562 and became a key official in Emperor Wen's administration. Initially, Northern Zhou continued to detain Chen Xu's wife Liu Jingyan and son Chen Shubao, but after further negotiations, Northern Zhou released them as well.

Meanwhile, Emperor Wen began to consider the problem of local warlordism—which rendered the modern Jiangxi, Fujian, and large parts of Zhejiang under warlord control and only nominally submissive to him. In spring 562, he tried to summon one of the key warlords, Zhou Di (周迪), to move from his base of Linchuan (臨川, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi), to Pencheng (湓城, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Zhou Di refused, and subsequently unsuccessfully attacked Emperor Wen's general Zhou Fu (周敷). Emperor Wen sent Wu Mingche to attack Zhou Di and sent Hou Andu against another warlord, Liu Yi (留異), who controlled modern southern Zhejiang. By summer 562, Hou had defeated Liu Yi, forcing him to flee to his son-in-law, Chen Baoying (陳寶應), who controlled modern Fujian. Wu, however, was unable to immediately defeat Zhou Di, and Emperor Wen sent Chen Xu to attack Zhou Di instead. In spring 563, Zhou Di's forces collapsed, and he fled to Chen Baoying as well. Chen Baoying, Liu Yi, and Zhou Di regrouped together and resisted Emperor Wen's forces and prepared to counterattack. Zhou soon began a guerrilla campaign, while Chen Baoying and Liu held out at Chen Baoying's headquarters at Jin'an (晉安, in modern Fuzhou, Fujian).

Meanwhile, Emperor Wen had become increasingly angry and suspicious of Hou Andu's arrogance and protection of his officers' misdeeds. In summer 563, he arrested Hou and forced him to commit suicide. In summer 564, Zhou Di, after several successful battles, regained some of his following, and soon tricked and assassinated Zhou Fu. However, Emperor Wen's general Zhang Zhaoda (章昭達) was able to capture Jin'an. Chen Baoying and Liu fled but were captured and executed. By fall 565, Emperor Wen's general Cheng Lingxi (程靈洗) was able to defeat Zhou Di, who was subsequently betrayed by his own soldiers and killed. Emperor Wen had by now largely unified his state.

In summer 566, Emperor Wen grew ill. Fearing that Crown Prince Bozong was weak in personality and unable to serve competently as emperor, he offered to pass the throne to Chen Xu. Chen Xu himself declined, and the official Kong Huan (孔奐) also opposed. Emperor Wen therefore did not make Chen Xu crown prince instead, but entrusted the important matters to Chen Xu, Kong, Dao Zhongju (到仲舉), Yuan Shu (袁樞), and Liu Shizhi (劉師知). He soon died, and Crown Prince Bozong took the throne as Emperor Fei.

The historian Yao Silian had this to say about Emperor Wen in his Book of Chen (referring to Emperor Wen by his temple name Shizu):

:Shizu Wen grew up in difficult times, and he knew much about the people's suffering. He was observant of things and frugal in his lifestyle. Ever night, he would order his servants to open the door to his sleeping quarters, to bring in the emergency submissions so that he could review them. He also ordered that his guards, whenever they were to change shifts, should throw their shift plates on the stone steps so that they would be loud enough to wake him.

Relationship with Han Zigao

Around 554, when he was still a general, he met the 16-year-old Han Zigao, a poor country boy. After entering Chen's service, the last gave him a new name, Zigao, and made him his personal assistant. Not long after, Han Zigao became his favorite lover.By nature, Han Zigao was respectful and cautious, serving Chen Qian with all his heart and soul, carrying a sword to defend Chen Qian, and serving Chen Qian wine and food. When Chen Qian was anxious, Han Zigao could always comprehend the reason. After getting older, he learned riding and shooting skills, and being brave and decisive, soon became a commander. Chen Qian was very pleased with him and never let him go away. Chen Qian once dreamed that he was riding a horse in the mountains: the road was dangerous, and he was about to fall down the mountain, but was saved by Han Zigao. Han Zigao indeed saved his life later, during a night attack on their camp.

Chen Qian became an Emperor in 559 and made Han Zigao a general. Being very successful in his campaigns, Han Zigao was considered the best general of the state and received several promotions. In the sixth year of Tianjia (565), he was recalled back to the imperial court to serve as a general of the Right guard, and went to the capital Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) to guard the emperor's palace. When Chen Qian became seriously ill, Han Zigao spent his time with him serving him medicine, until Chen Qian died in 566.

Less than a year after Chen Qian's death, in order to protect Chen Qian's son, young emperor Chen Fei, Han Zigao plotted with the official Dao Zhongju against Chen Qian's younger brother and future emperor Chen Xu, whose power in the imperial court began to worry some officials. The plot was however exposed, and Han Zigao was forced to commit suicide as punishment. He was thirty years old. His father Han Yanqing and his nephews were pardoned.

Family

Consorts and issue

• Empress Ande, of the Shen clan of Wuxing (安德皇后 吳興沈氏; d. 605), personal name Miaorong (妙容)

　• Chen Bozong, Prince Linhai (臨海王 陳伯宗; 552–570), first son

　• Chen Bomao, Prince of Shixing (始興王 陳伯茂; 551–568), second son

• Guifei, of the Jiang clan (貴妃 江氏)

　• Chen Bozhi, Prince of Yongyang (永陽王 陳伯智), 12th son

• Guifei, of the Kong clan (貴妃 孔氏)

　• Chen Bomou, Prince of Guiyang (桂陽王 陳伯謀), 13th son

• Shuyuan, of the Yan clan (淑媛 嚴氏; d. 587)

　• Chen Boshan, Prince of Poyang (鄱陽王 陳伯山; 550–589), third son

　• Chen Bogong, Prince of Jin'an (晉安王 陳伯恭), sixth son

• Zhaohua, of the Liu clan (昭華 劉氏)

　• Chen Boxin, Prince of Hengyang (衡陽王 陳伯信; d. 589), seventh son

• Xiuhua, of the Han clan (修華 韓氏)

　• Chen Boli, Prince of Wuling (武陵王 陳伯禮), tenth son

• Xiurong, of the Zhang clan (修容 張氏)

　• Chen Boyi, Prince of Jiangxia (江夏王 陳伯義; d. 589), ninth son

• Ronghua, of the Pan clan (容華 潘氏)

　• Chen Bogu, Prince of Xin'an (新安王 陳伯固; 555–582), fifth son

• Chonghua, of the Wang clan (充華 王氏)

　• Chen Boren, Prince of Luling (廬陵王 陳伯仁), eighth son

• Unknown

　• Princess Feng'an (豐安公主), first daughter

　　• Married Liu Zhenchen (留貞臣) in 557

　• Princess Fuyang (富陽公主), second daughter

　　• Married Hou Jingcang (侯淨藏; d. 571)

　　• Married Liu Pan of Hedong (河東 柳盼)

Ancestry

生平

陳蒨是陳朝開國皇帝陳霸先長兄始興昭烈王陳道譚的兒子，深受陳霸先的賞識與栽培，更令其總理軍政。在梁末時期，陳霸先襲殺王僧辯，王僧辯舊部起兵反抗，杜龕派兵五千，攻打陳霸先家鄉吳興的陳氏親族，陳霸先派遣陳蒨提早返回吳興長城縣，組織親族建好防禦工事，面對五千敵軍，麾下只有數百人的陳蒨卻神情自若、處之泰然，工事內的人心得以穩定，杜龕的軍隊圍攻數百日，無法攻克。後來陳霸先駕崩，陳昌在北周為人質，皇后章要兒聽從陳蒨心腹大臣侯安都等安排，稱武帝遺詔命陳蒨入纂皇統，遂即帝位。

北周聞訊，為了製造內亂故意放陳昌回國。因道路一度為東梁所阻隔，天嘉元年陳昌才出發，因而寫信要陳蒨讓位。陳蒨很不高興，說：「太子快回來了，我只好找個地方當藩王去養老。」侯安都說：「自古豈有被代天子？」陳昌入陳境後，陳蒨詔令主書舍人沿途迎接，卻在陳昌渡江時由侯安都于無人時將其推入長江淹死，對外宣布陳昌在江中因船隻故障而溺死。喪柩至京師，陳蒨親出臨哭，追謚號獻，風光大葬，又以子陳伯信為其後嗣。

陳蒨在位時發行貨幣天嘉五株，製作相對精良，是南朝少數較為穩定的貨幣，發行之初以一當十鵝眼五銖，鵝眼五銖質量極差，且因民間長期私鑄價值很低，因此此項政策剝削程度較低。期間，勵精圖治，整頓吏治，注重農桑，興修水利，恢復江南經濟。此時的陳朝政治清明，百姓富裕，國勢強盛，史稱「天嘉治世」。

天嘉治世

陳蒨勤民聽政，旰衣宵食，因而是南朝皇帝中難得的明君，亦在軍事上徹底改變了南方梁末大亂導致群雄割據的面貌，他平定了盤踞湘郢對陳朝造成巨大隱患的以王琳為首殘梁勢力。並消滅了東陽留異、建安陳寶應、臨川周迪、豫章熊曇朗等其他地方割據勢力。陳蒨穩定了南方的局勢，使得陳朝最終統一長江以南的大片土地。

566年崩，享年44歲，謚號為文帝，廟號世祖。葬于永寧陵（在今南京市境內，但具體所在有爭議）。

陳文帝生前授予其弟陳頊重權，導致他死後嗣帝陳伯宗權力孱弱，後陳頊篡奪帝位，是為陳宣帝。

寵臣

陳蒨有一名貌美如婦的寵臣韓子高，《南史》記曰：「子高年十六，為總角，容貌美麗，狀似婦人。」陳蒨在還是臨川王時邂逅了這位美少年，從此讓韓子高隨侍左右，寵愛備至。基於這種曖昧事實，所以後世有些小說、戲曲藉題發揮，露骨地將二人描繪成同性愛關係，例如唐朝李翊的《陳子高傳》（明朝馮夢龍的《情史》有節錄）、明朝王驥德的《男皇后》等皆是著名創作。

家族

妻妾

• 文皇后沈妙容

• 嚴淑媛

• 潘容華

• 劉昭華

• 王充華

• 張修容

• 韓修華

• 江貴妃

• 孔貴妃

子嗣

• 長子：陳廢帝（後臨海王）陳伯宗，字奉業，小字藥王，生母皇后沈妙容

• 次子：始興王陳伯茂，字鬱之，生母皇后沈妙容，568年被陳宣帝貶為溫麻侯並殺害

• 三子：鄱陽王陳伯山，字靜之，生母嚴淑媛

• 四子早卒

• 五子：庶人（昔為新安王）陳伯固，字牢之，生母潘容華，582年作亂被殺

• 六子：晉安王陳伯恭，字肅之，生母嚴淑媛

• 七子：衡陽王陳伯信，字孚之，生母劉昭華，589年被東衡州刺史王勇所害

• 八子：廬陵王陳伯仁，字壽之，生母王充華

• 九子：江夏王陳伯義，字堅之，生母張修容

• 十子：武陵王陳伯禮，字用之，生母韓修華

• 十一子早卒

• 十二子：永陽王陳伯智，字策之，生母江貴妃

• 十三子：桂陽王陳伯謀，字深之，生母孔貴妃

• 長女：豐安公主， 嫁留異之子留貞臣。

• 次女： 富陽公主，初嫁侯瑱之子侯淨藏，後嫁柳敬言之弟柳盼。

後人

• 曾孫：陳昭列，唐朝文州刺史。其女嫁朝散大夫、檢校尚書、比部員外郎博陵崔玄隱

• 陳義方，唐朝開府儀同三司。其女嫁荊州大都督府長林縣令騎都尉昌黎人韓仁楷

影視形象

• 2013年電視劇《陸貞傳奇》：陳鏡宇飾

• 2016年電影《韓子高》：邵帥飾

• 2016年電視劇《識汝不識丁》：孔垂楠飾

延伸閱讀