Family background

Bu Zhi was from Huaiyin County, Linhuai Commandery (臨淮郡), which is around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu. He traced his ancestry to Yangshi (揚食), an aristocrat of the Jin state in the Spring and Autumn period. As Yangshi's estate was located in an area called "Bu" (步; around present-day Linfen County, Shanxi), his descendants adopted "Bu" as their family name. One of Yangshi's descendants was Bu Shusheng (步叔乘; or Bu Shucheng), a disciple of Confucius. Sometime in the early Western Han dynasty, a certain General Bu received the peerage "Marquis of Huaiyin" (淮陰侯) from the emperor as a reward for his contributions in battle. Bu Zhi descended from this General Bu, whose marquisate was in Huaiyin County.

Early life

When chaos broke out in central China towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Bu Zhi fled south to the Jiangdong region to avoid trouble. Alone and penniless, he befriended one Wei Jing (衞旌) from Guangling Commandery who was around the same age as him. They farmed crops to feed themselves. Bu Zhi tirelessly toiled in the fields in the day and diligently read books at night. He became very well-read and well-versed in various arts and crafts. He was known for being magnanimous, deep thinking, and able to put up with indignities.

Bu Zhi and Wei Jing settled in Kuaiji Commandery, where they encountered an influential landlord, Jiao Zhengqiang (焦征羌), who allowed his retainers to behave lawlessly. As Bu Zhi and Wei Jing feared that Jiao Zhengqiang would seize the plot of land on which they farmed, they decided to offer him some of their produce as tribute. When they arrived at his residence, he was asleep so they had to wait outside. After some time, Wei Jing became impatient and wanted to leave, but Bu Zhi stopped him and said, "We came here because we feared he would seize our land. If we come here to visit him and then leave without even meeting him, he might think that we're insulting him and we'll only end up antagonising him." After a while, Jiao Zhengqiang woke up, saw them through the window, and instructed his servants to lay mats on the ground for them to sit outside while he remained indoors. Wei Jing was enraged but Bu Zhi remained calm and composed. When it was time for lunch, Jiao Zhengqiang feasted on tasty dishes and did not invite them to join him. Instead, he had scraps of food served to them in small bowls. Wei Jing, who received only vegetables and mushrooms, was so unhappy that he did not eat at all. In contrast, Bu Zhi finished all the food he got. They then bid farewell to Jiao Zhengqiang and left. Wei Jing later scolded Bu Zhi, "How can you put up with this?" Bu Zhi replied, "We're of lowly status. He treated us in a manner befitting our status. What's there to be ashamed of?"

Service under Sun Quan

Sometime in the 200s, when the warlord Sun Quan held the nominal appointment General Who Attacks Barbarians, he recruited Bu Zhi to serve as his Chief Scribe, and later appointed him as the Chief (長) of Haiyan County (海鹽縣; present-day Pinghu, Zhejiang). After holding office in Haiyan County for a few years, Bu Zhi claimed that he was ill and resigned. He then travelled around the Wu territories with Zhuge Jin and Yan Jun. During this time, he earned himself a fine reputation as a learned man.

In 209, Sun Quan was appointed as acting General of Chariots and Cavalry and acting Governor (牧) of Xu Province. Bu Zhi returned to serve under Sun Quan as an Assistant in the East Bureau of the office of the General of Chariots and Cavalry and Assistant Officer in the Headquarters Office of the Governor of Xu Province. Sun Quan also nominated Bu Zhi as a maocai (茂才).

Governorship of Jiao Province

In 210, Sun Quan appointed Bu Zhi as the Administrator (太守) of Poyang Commandery (鄱陽郡; around present-day Poyang County, Jiangxi). Within the same year, however, he promoted Bu Zhi to Inspector (刺史) of Jiao Province. Bu Zhi was also concurrently appointed General of the Household of Martial Establishment (立武中郎將) and put in charge of a military unit comprising over 1,000 elite archers for his mission to Jiao Province.

Since the time of Emperor Ling ( 168–189), Jiao Province, being a remote province in the south, had posed serious problems for the Han central government. The locals, unwilling to submit to Han rule, had caused much trouble for their Han-appointed governors – two governors, Zhu Fu (朱符) and Zhang Jin, were killed while in office.

In the following year, Sun Quan granted Bu Zhi greater authority and promoted him to General of the Household Who Attacks the South (征南中郎將). When Bu Zhi arrived in Jiao Province, Wu Ju (吴巨), a commandery administrator in the province, pretended to cooperate with him while harbouring ill intentions. Bu Zhi lured Wu Ju into a trap and executed him. His actions shocked the other elites in Jiao Province including the minor warlord Shi Xie, who led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi and pledge allegiance to Sun Quan. The whole of Jiao Province thus came under Sun Quan's control, with Bu Zhi as the governor.

Sometime in the 210s, Yong Kai (雍闓), a tribal chief in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), killed Zheng Ang (正昂), a commandery administrator appointed by the warlord Liu Bei. Yong Kai contacted Shi Xie and asked to defect to Sun Quan's side. Shi Xie relayed the message to Bu Zhi, who sent an emissary to meet Yong Kai and accept his allegiance. In recognition of Bu Zhi's achievements, Sun Quan appointed him as General Who Pacifies the Rong and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Guangxin.

Maintaining peace in southern Jing Province

In 220, Sun Quan ordered Lü Dai to replace Bu Zhi as the Inspector of Jiao Province. Bu Zhi then led over 10,000 volunteer troops from Jiao Province to Changsha Commandery (長沙郡; around present-day Changsha, Hunan). About a year later, Liu Bei, the emperor of the state of Shu Han, launched a military campaign to attack Sun Quan in retaliation against Sun Quan's seizing of his territories in Jing Province in late 219. This subsequently led to the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling of 221–222. During this time, some local tribes in Wuling Commandery (武陵郡; around present-day Changde, Hunan) in southern Jing Province rebelled against Sun Quan's rule. Sun Quan ordered Bu Zhi to lead troops to Yiyang County (益陽縣; east of present-day Yiyang County, Hunan) to guard against attacks from the rebels.

Even after Sun Quan's forces defeated Liu Bei at the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling in mid 222, there was still much unrest in Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) commanderies in southern Jing Province. Bu Zhi led his troops to quell the uprisings and restored peace in the region.

In 223, Sun Quan promoted Bu Zhi to General of the Right and Left Protector of the Army, and changed his marquis title to "Marquis of Linxiang" (臨湘侯). In 226, he granted greater powers to Bu Zhi and ordered him to move to a garrison at Oukou (漚口).

Service in the state of Eastern Wu

In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu, he appointed Bu Zhi as General of Agile Cavalry and the nominal Governor (牧) of Ji Province. In the following year, he reassigned Bu Zhi to Xiling (西陵; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei) and replace Lu Xun as the military commander guarding the border between Eastern Wu and its ally state, Shu Han. He was relieved of his nominal gubernatorial appointment of Ji Province later.

Advice to Sun Deng

Around the time, Sun Quan's heir apparent, Sun Deng, who was stationed in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), was actively networking with many people. He wrote to Bu Zhi, seeking his advice on whom he should talk to first because he knew little about the officials in Eastern Wu. In his reply to Sun Deng, Bu Zhi named 11 notable officials serving in Jing Province – Zhuge Jin, Lu Xun, Zhu Ran, Cheng Pu, Pan Jun, Pei Xuan (裴玄), Xiahou Cheng (夏侯承), Wei Jing (衞旌), Li Su (李肅), Zhou Tiao (周條) and Shi Gan (石幹) – and appraised them individually. He also advised Sun Deng to refrain from micromanaging, and instead learn from great rulers such as Duke Huan of Qi and Emperor Gao of Han, who delegated the task of governing their empires to their premiers (e.g. Guan Zhong, Xiao He). He also urged Sun Deng to attract as many talents as possible to join him.

Saving officials from Lü Yis abuses of power

Sun Quan had appointed Lü Yi, whom he highly trusted, as the supervisor of the audit bureau. Lü Yi abused his powers by picking on trivialities and framing numerous officials under his watch for committing serious offences. He also freely abused his powers to investigate and prosecute officials, some of whom were arrested, imprisoned and tortured. Even officials like Zhu Ju, a high-ranking general, and Gu Yong, the Imperial Chancellor, fell victim to Lü Yi's malice.

Bu Zhi wrote to Sun Quan at least four times to speak up against Lü Yi's abuses of power. He also advised Sun Quan to rely on capable officials such as Gu Yong, Lu Xun and Pan Jun. He pointed out that there were far too many bureaucrats in the administration and urge Sun Quan to dismiss them.

Sun Quan eventually discovered the truth, understood the gravity of the situation, and had Lü Yi removed from office and executed. Throughout this entire saga, Bu Zhi wrote to Sun Quan numerous times, recommending him to rehabilitate Lü Yi's victims and defending those who were wrongly accused. Sun Quan, however, did not accept every piece of advice from Bu Zhi. Nevertheless, Bu Zhi's efforts ultimately saved many officials from doom.

Role in the succession struggle between Sun He and Sun Ba

Sometime in the 240s, a power struggle broke out between two of Sun Quan's sons – Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu – with both of them fighting over the succession to their father's throne. The conflict had a polarising effect on Sun Quan's subjects and led to the emergence of two opposing factions: On one side, Lu Xun, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, Zhu Ju, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, Ding Mi (丁密) and Wu Can believed that Sun He was the rightful heir apparent so they supported him. On the other side, Bu Zhi, Lü Dai, Quan Cong, Lü Ju, Sun Hong, Quan Ji (全寄), Yang Zhu, Wu An and Sun Qi supported Sun Ba. In 250, Sun Quan put an end to the conflict by forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide, and deposing Sun He and replacing him with Sun Liang as Crown Prince. Some of the officials involved in the succession struggle were executed, exiled or removed from office, but Bu Zhi remained unaffected.

The historian Pei Songzhi criticised Bu Zhi for supporting Sun Ba, because he deemed Sun Ba's claim to the succession as illegitimate given that Sun Quan had already designated Sun He as the heir apparent. He also remarked that this incident had a huge negative impact on Bu Zhi in particular, because Bu Zhi had a reputation for being virtuous and generous.

Final years as Imperial Chancellor

Bu Zhi once wrote a memorial to Sun Quan to tell him that he heard from Wang Qian (王潛) and other defectors that the Wei forces were planning to fill up the Yangtze River with sandbags and launch an attack on the Wu-controlled territories in Jing Province. Sun Quan doubted it and said that if that really happened, he would have 1,000 cattle slaughtered for a feast in Bu Zhi's honour. Some years later, he told Lü Fan and Zhuge Ke: "Every time I read Bu Zhi's memorial, I can't stop laughing. The river has existed since the beginning of life. How can anyone use sandbags to fill it up?"

In 246, Bu Zhi succeeded Lu Xun as the Imperial Chancellor (丞相). Even after assuming the highest office in the Wu government, he never stopped reading and giving lectures to his students. His attire and living quarters also resembled those of a Confucian scholar. However, behind the walls of his residence, his wife and concubine(s) wore expensive dresses and jewellery. Some people ridiculed him because of that.

Over the 20 years he was stationed in Xiling (西陵; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei), Bu Zhi had gained the respect of enemies from the neighbouring areas. He was known for being magnanimous and generous, and was able to win the hearts of people. He was also able to hide his emotions well and project a calm and serious demeanour. He died sometime between 20 June and 19 July 247.

Descendants

Bu Zhi had two sons: Bu Xie (步恊) and Bu Chan (步闡).

Bu Xie

After Bu Zhi's death, Bu Xie inherited his father's peerage "Marquis of Linxiang" (臨湘侯) and took command of the troops which used to be under his father's command. Bu Xie also received the rank General Who Pacifies the Army. After Bu Xie died, his son, Bu Ji (步璣), inherited the peerage "Marquis of Linxiang".

Bu Chan

Bu Chan inherited his father's legacy and became the new military commander stationed at Xiling (西陵; present-day Xiling District, Yichang, Hubei) to guard the border. He was also appointed as General of Illustrious Martial Might and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xi Village (西亭侯). In 272, during the reign of the last Wu emperor Sun Hao, Bu Chan was recalled to the imperial capital to serve as the Controller of the Imperial Guards (繞帳督). As Bu Chan and his family had been living in Xiling for several years, he thought that he was being recalled because he had failed to perform his duty well in Xiling. He also feared that he would become a victim of slander and end up in deep trouble, so he defected to the Jin dynasty and surrendered Xiling to the enemy.

Bu Chan sent Bu Xie's sons, Bu Ji (步璣) and Bu Xuan (步璿), to the Jin imperial capital, Luoyang. The Jin imperial court permitted him to continue overseeing military affairs in Xiling, in addition to appointing him as General of the Guards with honours equivalent to those of the Three Ducal Ministers; Palace Attendant (侍中); and Governor (牧) of Jiao Province with imperial authority. Bu Chan was also enfeoffed as the Duke of Yidu (宜都公). Bu Ji was put in charge of supervising military affairs in Jiangling (江陵) and awarded the following appointments: General of the Left; Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍); and Administrator (太守) of Lujiang Commandery (廬陵郡). His original peerage, "Marquis of Linxiang", was changed to "Marquis of Jiangling" (江陵侯). Bu Xuan was appointed as an Official Who Concurrently Serves in the Palace (給事中) and General Who Declares Might, and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief District.

The Jin imperial court then ordered Yang Hu (General of Chariots and Cavalry) and Yang Zhao (楊肇; Inspector of Jing Province) to lead troops to Xiling to reinforce Bu Chan. The Wu emperor Sun Hao ordered Lu Kang (Lu Xun's son) to lead troops to suppress Bu Chan's rebellion. Lu Kang succeeded in his mission – he drove back the Jin forces, retook Xiling, and captured and executed Bu Chan. The entire Bu family, except for Bu Xuan's branch, was exterminated.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Bu Zhi is a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He first appears in chapter 43 as one of the scholars from Wu who challenged Zhuge Liang to a debate just before the Battle of Red Cliffs. He appears again in chapter 68 as Sun Quan's representative to meet Cao Cao to discuss peace terms after the Battle of Ruxu (217). His final appearance is in Chapter 83 before the Battle of Yiling. When Liu Bei is leading his forces to attack Sun Quan, Bu Zhi suggests to Sun Quan to arrest Fan Qiang (范疆) and Zhang Da – the men who murdered Zhang Fei – and send them, along with Zhang Fei's head, to Liu Bei as an act of appeasement. Later in the chapter, he voices his objection to Sun Quan putting Lu Xun in command of the Wu army to resist Liu Bei's invasion.

生平

寬雅沉深

史書記載步騭為春秋時期晉國大夫楊食之後，因其採邑在步這個地方，遂以步為氏。秦漢之際步氏族人有為將軍者，以功封淮陰侯，步氏於是成為淮陰大族。

步騭因戰亂避居江東，到江東後孑然一身，生活窮困，與同齡的廣陵人衞旌交好，二人耕種自給自足，在晚間努力研習書籍，步騭廣泛地學習各種學問和技藝，各種書籍無不通讀博覽。

始通交州

建安十五年（210年），步騭被任命為翻陽太守，同年，徒交州刺史，立武中郎將，領武射吏千人，即時南行出發。翌年，由於賴恭被蒼梧太守吳巨逼走，回到小零陵及越城求救於步騭，吳巨逐迎之。步騭以吳巨陰懷異心，外附內違，誘斬之，威聲大震，自始通南土，士燮隨之伏降於孫權。步騭加封加拜平戎將軍，封廣信侯。

故戰少敗

孫權被曹操表為討虜將軍後，任命步騭為主記，後辭官與張承、諸葛瑾、嚴畯在吳中各地拜訪賢士，三人逐漸聲名顯赫，被稱為當世的英傑俊才。後又當過海鹽長，車騎將軍東曹掾，徐州治中。建安十五年（210年）為鄱陽太守，不久又遷任交州刺史、立武中郎將，領著千餘人南行接管交州。建安十六年（211年）追拜使持節、征南中郎將。步騭到後，蒼梧太守吳巨陰懷異心，不聽從調遣，步騭設局將他斬殺，名聲大振，交趾太守士燮率眾歸附東吳；當時，前刺史張津故將夷廖、錢博之徒仍然割據山頭，稱雄一方，步騭逐一將其討伐消滅，交州的秩序才漸漸趨于穩定，法令遂得到執行。後來雍闓殺蜀漢任命的太守正昂，並要求投降東吳，步騭接納並安撫。步騭因穩定交州有功，加任平戎將軍，封廣信侯。

聲名光國

延康元年（220年），孫權任命呂岱為交州刺史，取代步騭，步騭於是率領一萬名交州義士出交州，到長沙時正遇上劉備東征孫權，武陵郡的蠻夷更接受蜀漢的招降，蠢蠢欲動，於是孫權命步騭駐守益陽。222年，劉備於夷陵被陸遜擊敗，但零陵、桂陽等郡仍然不穩，步騭領兵穩定郡縣。

黃武二年（223年），步騭遷任右將軍左護軍、改封臨湘侯。黃龍元年（229年），孫權稱帝，任命步騭為驃騎將軍、領冀州牧，同年都督西陵，代替陸遜安定吳蜀二境。後來因吳在與蜀漢二分天下的計劃上將冀州劃給蜀漢，步騭被解除冀州牧職銜。

後來，孫權遷都建業，留太子孫登和上大將軍陸遜繼續鎮守武昌。孫登寫信給步騭，請求教誨。步騭于是把當時在荊州界內擔任重要職務的官員即諸葛瑾、陸遜、朱然、呂岱、潘濬、裴玄、夏侯承、衛旌、李肅、周條、石幹等十一人列出，對他們的品行才能進行逐一的介紹分析，且上疏希望孫登要信任和重用這些傑出人才。

後來孫權信任酷吏中書校事呂壹，讓他負責監察百官、處理刑獄。呂壹經常對官員的公文進行審核，對許多具體事項吹毛求瑕，稍微有問題的官員就會被誣陷以重罪，且濫用嚴刑，彈劾處理了許多無辜官員，甚至左將軍朱據、丞相顧雍等也難免被誣陷以罪名而遭到軟禁。後來典軍吏劉助提供証據証明朱據無罪，揭發呂壹製造冤案的真相，在潘濬等人的壓力下後來孫權終於覺悟，誅殺呂壹。雖然步騭曾上書孫權言及校事制度，但並沒有點出呂壹之名，而且有的上書在呂壹伏誅之後；故在呂壹被殺後，孫權在歸咎于己的同時，仍下詔責怪步騭和諸葛瑾、呂岱、朱然以身為武官為由，在呂壹事件中置身事外。步騭先後上書數十次，孫權雖然不是全部接納，但都多次採納他的言詞。

步騭族人步練師為孫權寵妃，生前即被稱為皇后，死後更被追為皇后，孫魯班就是她的大女兒。在孫權子太子孫和和魯王孫霸之間的二宮之爭中，步騭和孫魯班立場一致，都支持魯王，因此遭到史學家裴松之的非議，認為這與他的為人不符，也足可抹殺他的政績。赤烏九年（246年），支持太子的丞相陸遜因屢遭孫權譴責而憂死，步騭繼任丞相。

步騭駐守西陵二十年，蜀漢和曹魏都敬仰他的威信。赤烏十年（247年）五月逝世，由其子步協繼承其爵位。後來步騭次子步闡據西陵叛投西晉，但西陵被吳將陸抗攻克，步氏一族幾遭夷滅，只有步協的兒子步璿因被派到洛陽為人質而得以倖免。

性格特徵

• 《吳書》載步騭「寬雅沉深，能降志辱身。」當日豪族焦征羌放縱霸道，步騭與衞旌獻瓜討好焦征羌但受辱，衞旌不能忍受，但步騭卻說：「吾等貧賤，是以主人以貧賤遇之，固其宜也，當何所恥？」

• 《三國志》載他性格「寬弘得眾，喜怒不形於聲色，而外內肅然。」因此得到當地人的的尊敬，即使敵人也敬仰他。

• 步騭教導門生時，手不釋卷，衣飾和居處都和一般儒生一樣樸素。但妻妾的衣飾奢華令他被當時人譏笑。

評價

• 韋昭《吳書》：「騭博研道藝，靡不貫覽，性寬雅沈深，能降志辱身。歲餘，騭以疾免，與琅邪諸葛瑾、彭城嚴畯俱游吳中，並著聲名，為當時英俊。 」

• 陳壽《三國志·吳書七·張顧諸葛歩傳》：「在西陵二十年，鄰敵敬其威信。性寬弘得眾，喜怒不形於聲色，而外內肅然」「諸葛瑾、步騭並以德度規檢見器當世」 。

• 周昭：「當世君子能不然者，亦比有之，豈獨古人乎！然論其絕異，未若步丞相之為美也。 」

• 呂範、諸葛恪：「每讀步騭表，輒失笑。此江與開闢俱生，寧有可以沙囊塞理也！」

• 孫盛：「風雅則諸葛瑾、張承、步騭以聲名光國。」

• 孫登：「步騭忠於為國，通達治體。」

• 傅玄《傅子》：「及權繼其業，有張子布以為腹心，有陸議、諸葛瑾、步騭以為股肱，有呂範、朱然以為爪牙，分任受職，乘間伺隙，兵不妄動，故戰少敗，而江南安。」

後代

• 步協，繼承步騭爵位，任撫軍將軍。

　• 步璣，步協之子，繼承父親爵位。

　• 步璿，步璣之弟，陸抗幾乎滅絕步氏一族，作為西晉人質的他成了唯一的倖存者。

• 步闡，繼任為西陵督，任昭武將軍，封西亭侯。後來叛吳被斬。