Biography

Yunreng was born of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the seventh son of the Kangxi Emperor, but was the second among the emperor's sons to survive into adulthood. He was given the infant name "Baocheng" (保成), and was renamed "Yinreng" when he became older. His mother was the Kangxi Emperor's first empress, Empress Xiaochengren from the Hešeri clan, who was also a granddaughter of Sonin (one of the four regents in the Kangxi Emperor's early reign). She died not long after giving birth to Yinreng, and was greatly lamented by the Kangxi Emperor.

The Kangxi Emperor personally taught Yinreng to read and he proclaimed Yinreng as his Crown Prince when Yinreng was only a year old. Under the tutelage of several scholar-officials, Yinreng became well-versed in the Chinese and Manchu languages. Between 1696 and 1697, when the Kangxi Emperor was away twice on military campaigns against Galdan Khan of the Zunghar Khanate, Yinreng was appointed as regent to supervise affairs in the imperial capital, Beijing. Despite scandals and accusations of immorality, Yinreng remained in his father's favour and was given the Western Gardens (西花園) of Beijing as his residence.

In 1703, Yinreng's granduncle Songgotu was found guilty of attempting to murder the Kangxi Emperor, along with a series of corruption charges, and was imprisoned and died shortly afterwards. Yinreng gradually fell out of his father's favour as a result. In 1708, during a hunting expedition in Rehe, the Kangxi Emperor accused Yinreng of immorality, sexual impropriety, usurping power, and treason. Yinreng was stripped of his position as Crown Prince and imprisoned. When it was later discovered that the First Prince Yinzhi had employed lamas to cast evil spells on Yinreng, the Kangxi Emperor pardoned Yinreng in 1709 and restored him as Crown Prince. In the following three years, Yinreng's condition deteriorated and the Kangxi Emperor became convinced that Yinreng was insane. Consequently, in 1712, Yinreng was deposed again and placed in perpetual confinement.

In 1722, the Kangxi Emperor died and was succeeded by his fourth son Yinzhen, who became historically known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Yinreng changed his name to Yunreng to avoid naming taboo because the Chinese character for "Yin" (胤) in "Yinreng" is the same as the one in the Yongzheng Emperor's personal name "Yinzhen" (胤禛). Yunreng died three years later in 1725 while still being incarcerated. He was granted the posthumous title of "Prince Limi of the First Rank" (和碩理密親王).

The bitter factionalism between the Kangxi Emperor's sons and the dispute over the succession prompted the Yongzheng Emperor to establish a practice of writing a secret imperial edict on who would succeed to the throne, and sealing the edict in a box behind a tablet in the Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Forbidden City. The edict would only be publicly revealed upon the death of the reigning emperor.

Family

Primary Consort

• Imperial Princess Consort Limi, of the Gūwalgiya clan (和碩亲王福晋 瓜爾佳氏; d. July/August 1718)Titles: Crown Princess (皇太子妃), Primary Consort to the Seventh Prince (七王子嫡福晋), Imperial Princess Consort Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王福晋)

　• Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 25 September 1697 – 5 May 1735), 3rd daughter

　　• Married Alabutan (阿喇布坦) of the Tumed in June/July 1720

Secondary Consort

• Secondary Consort, of the Ligiya clan (側福晉 李佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Crown Prince (皇太子侧妃), Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)

　• First son (4 February 1692 – 27 December 1701)

　• First daughter (27 May 1693 – June/July 1693)

　• Second daughter (11 March 1694 – March/April 1694)

　• Hongxi, Prince Li of the First Rank (理親王 弘晳; 25 August 1694 – 26 October 1742), 2nd son

• Secondary consort, of the Lingiya clan (側福晉 林佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Crown Prince (皇太子侧妃), Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)

　• Hongjin, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 弘晉; 14 November 1696 – 23 April 1717), 3rd son

　• Princess of the Fourth Rank (縣主; 10 January 1715 – 12 July 1762), 9th daughter

　　• Married Cewangduo'erji (策旺多爾濟; d. 1751) of the Aohan in January/February 1730

• Secondary consort, of the Tanggiya clan (側福晉 唐佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Crown Prince (皇太子侧妃), Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)

　• Fourth son (1 November 1704 – 4 February 1706)

　• Princess Shushen of the Second Rank (和碩淑慎公主; 24 January 1708 – 23 October 1784), 6th daughter

　　• Married Janggimboo (觀音保; d. 1735) of the Khorchin Borjigit clan in December 1726 or January 1727

　• Hongyan, Duke Kexi of the Second Rank (輔國恪僖公 弘曣; 5 August 1712 – 19 May 1750), 6th son

• Secondary consort, of the Cenggiya clan (側福晉 程佳氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)

　• Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 2 March 1714 – 21 November 1760), 8th daughter

　　• Married Pengsukelashi (彭蘇克拉氏) of the Aohan Borjigit clan in January/February 1731

　• Tenth daughter (27 July 1717 – February/March 1720)

　• Hongwei, Prince Like of the Second Rank (理恪郡王 弘㬙; 27 January 1719 – 25 September 1780), 10th son

　• Hongwan, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 弘晥; 6 November 1724 – 29 May 1775), 12th son

• Secondary consort, of the Wanyan clan (側福晉 完颜氏)Titles: Secondary Consort of the Seventh Prince (七王子侧妃), Secondary Consort to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩亲王侧妃)

　• Hongtiao, Duke of the Second Rank (輔國公 弘晀; 16 June 1714 – 28 August 1774), 7th son

　• Hongbing (弘昞; 8 February 1720 – 4 May 1763), 11th son

Concubine

• Concubine, of the Fangiya clan (范佳氏)Titles: Crown Prince's Concubine (皇太子庶妃), Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• Fourth daughter (16 March 1706)

　• Fifth daughter (4 January 1708 – February/March 1712)

• Concubine, of the Liu clan (劉氏)Titles: Crown Prince's Concubine (皇太子庶妃), Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• Fifth son (16 December 1708)

• Concubine, of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏)Titles: Crown Prince's Concubine (皇太子庶妃), Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• Seventh daughter (25 November 1711 – November/December 1716)

　• 11th daughter (27 July 1717 – 29 March 1725)

• Concubine, of the Qian clan (錢氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• Eighth son (1 March 1715 – 4 July 1726)

• Concubine, of the Qiu clan (邱氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• Hongyao (弘暚; 3 July 1716 – 9 February 1783), 9th son

• Concubine, of the Qi clan (祁氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 14 November 1717 – 30 April 1776), 12th daughter

　　• Married Kaying'a (喀英阿) of the Kharchin in January/February 1732

• Concubine, of the Zhu clan (朱氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• 13th daughter (4 February 1718 – May/June 1719)

• Concubine, of the Pei clan (裴氏)Titles: Seventh Prince's Concubine (七王子庶福晋), Concubine to Prince Limi of the First Rank (和碩親王庶福晋)

　• 14th daughter (25 April 1722 – August/September 1722)

Ancestry

In fiction and popular culture

• Portrayed by Xu Min in Yongzheng Dynasty (1999)

• Portrayed by Zong Fengyan in Palace (2011)

• Portrayed by Zhang Lei in Scarlet Heart (2011)

• Portrayed by Lam Chi-chung in The Palace (2013)

• Portrayed by Power Chan in Gilded Chopsticks (2014)

• Portrayed by Liao Yan Long in Love In The Imperial Palace (2017)

• Portrayed by Ni Song Yang in Dreaming Back To Qing Dynasty (2019)

生平

胤礽出生于康熙十三年（1674年）五月三日，母親是康熙帝嫡后孝誠仁皇后。

胤礽出生當天，其母孝誠仁皇后不幸難產崩逝，終年二十一歲，因康熙帝寵愛孝誠仁皇后，就把愛妻之情移轉到兒子胤礽身上，于是便對嫡后的惟一遺孤嫡子十分愛護。

康熙十四年（1675年）六月初三日，康熙帝冊封年僅一周歲的胤礽為皇太子， 下諭禮部擇吉日舉行冊封大典：「帝王紹基垂統，長治久安，必建立元儲，懋隆國本，以綿宗社之祥，慰臣民之望。朕荷天眷，誕生嫡子，已及二齡。茲者欽承太皇太后、皇太后慈命，建儲大典，宜即舉行。今以嫡子胤礽為皇太子。爾部詳察應行典禮，選擇吉期具奏。」

康熙帝對於自己未來的接班人寄予了很高期望，從小太子胤礽就被康熙帝訓諭成優秀的預備儲君，自幼就親自教他四書五經。六歲時，令名儒張英、李光地為胤礽之師，並令熊賜履授以理學諸書，康熙二十五年（1686年），特召江寧巡撫、著名理學家湯斌以禮部尚書之位為詹事府詹事，直隸大名府兵備道耿介為少詹事，胤礽能熟練使用滿語、蒙古語、漢語官話三種語言，馬術出眾，能左右開弓，儒家基本經典亦能粗通，並且時常聽聞聖祖宣講治國之道。

然而，因其太子身份，胤礽漸漸被其他皇子孤立，這也成為他以後種種行為的出發點，並使得他引咎被廢。

胤礽14歲時，開始了與皇長子胤禔的高壓關係，胤禔號稱武力強壯，而胤礽在文學方面有些成果；形成習慣後，胤礽在每方面都要與胤禔交手與比較。到了20歲左右，因其太子身分之故，成年皇子裡幾乎都不與胤礽往來；事實上，其他成年皇子已在背後不斷發動挑戰胤礽儲君地位的行動。

康熙二十六年（1687年）六月初七日癸丑未時，康熙帝在暢春園召見達哈塔、湯斌、耿介三位師傅，皇太子及皇子四人待命，內大臣、侍衛、起居注官分列左右。他表示教育儲副自古便是國家根本，又說自己「恐皇太子不深通學問」，在此透露出他對太子「自幼時勤加教督，訓以禮節，不使一日暇逸」，可見胤礽少時的學業是極繁重的，他也「惟知讀書，嬉戲之事一切不曉」。

接著，康熙又表達了自己對太子的擔憂，他評價唐太宗李世民雖一直被稱道是「英明之主」，但卻不能保全儲副，即唐太宗的首任太子李承乾，又稱自己「深悉其故」，要盡心訓導太子，定會保全自己的太子：「朕觀古昔賢君，訓儲不得其道，以致顛覆，往往有之，能保其身者甚少。如唐太宗亦稱英明之主，而不能保全儲副。朕深悉其故，雖聞見尠寡，惟盡心訓誨。」

當然，此次召見的主旨是讓皇子拜師，關于學習的科目，他說：「朕謹識祖宗家訓，文武要務並行，講肄騎射不敢少廢，故令皇太子、皇子等既課以詩書，兼令嫻習騎射。」湯斌三人雖一再推辭說自己不能擔此重任，還是沒能改變皇帝的決定。

康熙二十九年（1690年）七月，聖祖親征噶爾丹，在烏蘭布通之戰前夕，駐古魯富爾堅嘉渾噶山，聖祖患疾，召太子及皇三子胤祉至行宮。太子胤礽侍疾無憂色，聖祖傷心，遣太子先返北京，這件事是父子情份產生裂痕的起因。

康熙三十五年（1696年）二月，聖祖再次親征噶爾丹，命令時年二十三歲的太子代行郊祀禮，同時坐鎮京師監國理政，各部院奏章聽從太子胤礽指示處理，如發生重要之事，大臣議定後奏啟太子。

康熙四十七年（1708年）九月十八日，遣官告祭天地太廟社稷廢皇太子胤礽，幽禁咸安宮。

康熙四十八年（1709年）三月九日，康熙帝復立皇太子胤礽。

康熙五十一年（1712年）十月二十七日，有人指控太子胤礽與為非作歹匪類結黨會飲，於是康熙帝決定再廢太子。

身後

胤礽於雍正二年十二月咸安宮病逝，享年50歲，死後被追封為和碩理親王，諡曰密，葬於今天津市薊州區黃花山園寢，歷經抗日戰爭、國共內戰後尚存馱龍碑，文化大革命及其後又遭破壞，目前僅餘贔屭碑座，石碑已無存。

家族

妻妾

• 嫡福晉蘇完瓜爾佳氏，廢皇太子妃，三等伯兼都統石文炳之女。康熙三十四年五月初八日成婚，並且在文華殿之北舉行宴會。康熙五十七年七月初病逝，禮部奉聖祖旨意以和碩福晉之例準備其葬禮。

• 側福晉李佳氏，輕車都尉舒爾德庫之女。康熙三十六年年底已為毓慶宮皇太子位下之貴人。康熙四十五年的玉牒記其為庶妃李甲氏，而根據康熙四十六年的檔案，李佳氏應為毓慶宮主位下之嬪，惟因太子被廢之故而同被剝奪位號。雍正二年十二月，弘皙之母李佳氏因奉侍二阿哥多年且人品淳謹而封為理親王側妃，居住在弘皙的府第裏。永璥憶述側妃祖母李佳氏於乾隆十年春旬將胤礽的書法心經冊分發給他及胤礽諸子。

• 側福晉李佳氏，雲騎尉雷大人之女。康熙四十五年的玉牒記其為庶妃李氏，而根據康熙四十六年的檔案，李氏應為毓慶宮主位下之大答應。


• 側福晉林佳氏，出身待考。康熙四十五年的玉牒記其為庶妃林氏，而根據康熙四十六年的檔案，林佳氏應為毓慶宮主位下之貴人。

• 側福晉唐佳氏，出身待考。康熙四十五年的玉牒記其為庶妃唐氏，而根據康熙四十六年的檔案，唐氏應為毓慶宮主位下之大答應。

• 側福晉程佳氏，程世福之女。

• 側福晉王佳氏，出身待考。

• 庶福晉范佳氏，出身待考。康熙四十五年的玉牒記其為庶妃范氏，而根據康熙四十六年的檔案，范氏應為毓慶宮主位下之大答應。

• 庶福晉劉佳氏，出身待考。

• 妾劉氏，出身待考。

• 妾錢氏，出身待考。

• 妾邱氏，出身待考。

• 媵妾祁氏，出身待考。

• 媵妾朱氏，出身待考。

• 媵妾裴氏，出身待考。

兒女

評價

• 康熙帝：1胤礽乃皇后所生，朕煦嫗愛惜。2皇太子自幼讀書，深明大義，必然謹慎。上則祖廟社稷之福，下則臣民之造化也。朕不勝喜悅。3爾在宮穩坐泰山理事，故朕在外放心無事，多日悠閒，此可輕易得想乎？朕之恩福蓋由行善而致也。朕在此無不告知眾人。爾如此孝順父親，諸事挂念在心，朕亦祝爾長壽無疆，子孫同爾一樣孝順，亦如此恭敬爾。爾諸事稔知恭敬，故寫信寄之。4皇太子並與諸臣巨細問之，此一大暢快事也。5皇太子乃極孝順之人，想是見花鳥魚獸，憐惜朕于沙鹵邊陲之勞苦耳。

• 雍正帝：昔皇二子（允礽）弱齡建立深為聖（康熙帝） 慈鍾愛，寢處時依恩勤倍篤，不幸中年神志昏憒病類風狂，皇考念宗社重任付託為艱，不得已再行廢斥，待至十有餘年，沈疾如故，痊可無期…。

• 法國傳教士白晉：可以說，此刻已23歲的皇太子，他那英俊端正的儀表在北京宮廷里同年齡的皇族中是最完美無缺的。他是一個十全十美的皇太子，已至在皇族中，在宮廷中沒有一個人不稱讚他，都相信有朝一日，他像他父親一樣，成為中華帝國前所未有的偉大皇帝之一。

影視作品

• 《大內群英》麥天恩（1980年）

• 《呂四娘》駱應鈞（1984年）

• 《滿清十三皇朝》黃偉良（1988年）

• 《乾隆大帝》黃煒林（1998年）

• 《九王奪位》郭峰（1995年）

• 《江湖奇俠傳》沈孟生（1997年）

• 《雍正王朝》徐敏（1997年）

• 《康熙王朝》萬中良（2001年）

• 《康熙微服私訪記》高虎 （1998年）

• 《李衛當官》徐敏（2001年）

• 《避暑山莊大傳奇》趙寧宇

• 《食為奴》陳國邦（2014年）

• 《宮鎖心玉》宗峰岩

• 《宮鎖沉香》林子聰

• 《皇太子秘史》馬景濤（2004年）

• 《少林寺傳奇之大漠英豪》蘇茂（2011年）

• 《步步驚心》張雷

• 《深宮諜影》張丹峰

• 《花落宮廷錯流年》廖彥龍（2017年）

• 《天下長河》（2022年）

注釋

延伸閱讀