李善长(1314年 - 1390年),字
百室。濠州定远(今属安徽)人。
明朝开国功臣,曾任中书省
丞相。本名
李士元,后避讳明太祖朱元璋而改名。
李善长早年投靠朱元璋,跟随征战。曾担任掌书记、帅府都事、江南行中书省平章、参知政事、吴国左相国,被比肩萧何。明朝建立后,任中书省左丞相,受封韩国公,并位居开国功臣之首。洪武二十三年(1390年),虽拥两块免死铁卷,但其卷入胡惟庸案被指纵容谋反,不在赦免范围之内,因此仍被朱元璋赐死,并株连三族。
显示更多...: 人物生平 早年经历 随军征战 明朝建国后 获罪身死 延伸阅读
人物生平
早年经历
李善长出生于延佑元年(1314年),从小喜爱读书,有智慧和谋略,通晓法家学说,预计事情大多说中,被乡里推为祭酒。元至正十四年(1354年),朱元璋经略滁阳(今安徽滁州)时,经丁德兴引荐随之起义,留为掌书记(军政机要秘书)。朱元璋曾问李善长:「天下之乱什么时候才能平定呢?」他回答说:「秦末战乱之时,汉高祖从普通百姓中崛起。他生性豁达大度,知人善任,不胡乱杀人,五年成就了帝王的基业。现在元朝纲常已经混乱,国家四分五裂。倘若上位效法汉高祖,天下便可轻易平定!」朱元璋称赞他言之有理,此后参预机谋,负责后勤供应,甚得朱元璋信任。
朱元璋威名日益显著,诸将前来投靠的,李善长考察他们的才能,禀告给朱元璋。李善长又替朱元璋对投诚者表达诚挚情意,使他们能够安心。有人因为某些事情相互意见不合,产生矛盾,李善长便想方设法从中调解。郭子兴因听信流言而怀疑朱元璋,逐渐剥夺他的兵权。又想从朱元璋身边把李善长夺过来辅佐自己,李善长坚决谢绝。朱元璋在和阳驻军时,亲自率军前去进攻鸡笼山寨,只留少量兵力帮助李善长留守。元军将领得知后,前来偷袭和阳,李善长布设伏兵打败了元军,朱元璋认为他是能臣。
随军征战
朱元璋获得巢湖水师后,李善长极力赞成渡江。攻克采石后,朱元璋率军直趋太平,李善长事先写下榜文,严禁士兵违反军纪。攻占太平后,李善长马上张贴榜文,军中秩序井然。朱元璋为太平兴国翼大元帅时,任命李善长为帅府都事。不久随军攻克集庆路。在将要进攻镇江时,朱元璋担心诸将约束不了部下,便佯装发怒,要惩罚他们,经李善长力救,此事才得以解决。镇江攻下之后,百姓都不知道有军队到来。朱元璋为江南行中书省平章,以李善长为参议。当时宋思颜、李梦庚、郭景祥等都为幕僚,但军机进退和赏罚章程多由李善长决定。朱元璋改枢密院为大都督府,命李善长兼领府司马,晋升为行省参知政事。
至正二十四年(1364年),朱元璋自立为吴王,以李善长为右相国。李善长曾请求专卖两淮之盐,设立茶法,都是在再三斟酌元朝制度、去其弊端之后提出来的。恢复制钱法,开矿冶铁,制定鱼税,国家财富日益增长,百姓也不再贫困。吴元年(1367年)九月,朱元璋论平吴之功,封李善长为宣国公、左相国。朱元璋渡江时,经常使用严刑峻法。有一天,他对李善长说:「法有连坐三条,不是太过分了吗?」李善长因此请求除大逆之罪外,全部免去连坐之罪。朱元璋于是命令他与御史中丞刘伯温等裁定律令,颁示朝中内外。
明朝建国后
朱元璋称帝后,追封自己祖先及册立后妃、太子、诸王,都由李善长担任大礼使。朱元璋设置东宫官属,以李善长兼太子少师,授为银青荣禄大夫、上柱国,参与决定国家大政,其他仍然如故。不久,率礼官制定郊社宗庙之礼。李善长请求按照元朝制度,由皇太子兼任中书令,但未被朱元璋批准。朱元璋巡视开封时,由李善长留守,一切事情李善长都可以不经请示灵活处理。不久,李善长上奏确定六部官制,商议官民丧服及朝贺东宫礼议,奉命监修《元史》,编写《太祖训录》、《大明集礼》等书。确定天下山川神癨封号,封立诸王,爵赏功臣,事无巨细,朱元璋都委托李善长与诸儒臣商议执行。
洪武三年(1370年),朱元璋册封功臣,说:「李善长虽无辉煌战功,但跟随我多年,供给军粮后勤,功劳很大,应当晋封大国。」于是授他为开国辅运推诚守正文臣、特进光禄大夫、左柱国、太师、中书省左丞相,封为韩国公,年禄四千石,子孙世袭。并授予丹书铁券,免除李善长二死,其子免一死。当时被封公者,李善长位居首位,诏书中将他比作萧何,对他褒奖备至。李善长外表宽厚温和,却为人善妒,待人苛刻表里不一。参议李饮冰、杨希圣,只是稍微冒犯了他的权威,李善长马上将其罪上奏朱元璋,黜免二人。李善长与刘基争论法令,以至于辱骂刘基,刘基内心不安,便请求告老还乡。李善长权势地位到了顶点,心里慢慢变得傲慢起来,朱元璋开始对他有所反感。洪武四年(1371年),李善长因病辞官归居,朱元璋赐临濠地若干顷,设置守坟户一百五十家,赐给佃户一千五百家,仪仗士二十家。一年后,李善长病愈,朱元璋便命他负责修建临濠宫殿,将江南富民十四万人迁徙到濠州耕种,让李善长管理他们,留在濠州数年。洪武七年,朱元璋提升李善长之弟李存义为太仆丞,李存义之子李伸、李佑都为群牧所官。
洪武九年(1376年),朱元璋以临安公主下嫁其子李祺,授为驸马都尉。李家受宠显赫,时人极为羡慕。李祺与公主结婚一个月后,御史大夫汪广洋、陈宁上疏说:「李善长恃宠自纵,陛下因病几乎十日不能上朝,他不来问候。驸马都尉李祺也六日不来朝见,召他至殿前,又不认罪,这是对陛下极大的不敬。」李善长因此获罪,被削年禄一千八百石。不久,朱元璋又命李善长与曹国公李文忠一起统领中书省、大都督府、御史台,同议军国大事,监督圜丘之工程。
获罪身死
胡惟庸早年任宁国知县,因为李善长的推荐,被擢为太常寺少卿,后升任左丞相,两人因此互相往来。而李善长的弟弟李存义之子李佑,又是胡惟庸的侄女婿。洪武十三年(1380年),胡惟庸案发生,受牵连而处死者甚多,但李善长仍然如故。此时御史中丞空缺,李善长暂时管理御史台事务,多次向朱元璋提出建议。洪武十八年(1385年),有人告发李存义父子实为胡惟庸的党羽,朱元璋下诏免死,将他们安置在崇明,但李善长没有表示感谢,朱元璋因而怀恨在心。
洪武二十三年(1390年),李善长曾想建造府宅,从信国公汤和处借卫士三百人,汤和悄悄告诉朱元璋他所听到的事。四月,应天府有百姓受株连而被发配到边疆,李善长屡次请求赦免其亲戚丁斌等。朱元璋大怒,将丁斌治罪。丁斌以前在胡惟庸家做事,他供出李存义等过去与胡惟庸互相交往的情况。于是朱元璋下令将李存义父子逮捕审讯,他们的供词牵连到李善长,供词上说:「胡惟庸企图谋反,派李存义暗地里劝说李善长。李善长惊叱道:『你这么说到底为了什么?你们一定要慎重,否则九族都要被灭。』不久,又派李善长的老友杨文裕去劝他说:『事成之后,当以淮西之地封你为王。』李善长惊骇不已,仍不同意,却又颇为心动。胡惟庸于是亲自去劝说李善长,仍然不同意。过了一段时间后,胡惟庸又派李存义去劝说,李善长叹道:『我已经老了。我死之后,你们好自为之。』」
有人又告发李善长说:「将军蓝玉率军出塞,到捕鱼儿海时,俘获胡惟庸私通沙漠使者封绩,李善长却匿而不报。」于是,御史竞相上奏弹劾李善长。而李善长的奴仆卢仲谦等,也告发李善长与胡惟庸之间互相贿赠,经常偷偷私语。由此被判定证据确凿,说李善长虽是皇亲国戚,知道有叛逆阴谋却不揭发检举,而是徘徊观望,心怀两端,大逆不道。当时正好有人说将要发生星变会有灾祸发生,占卜的结果是灾祸应当降临在大臣身上。于是,朱元璋便将李善长赐死,将其妻女弟侄等全家七十馀人一并处死,株连三族。朱元璋亲自下诏罗列他们的罪状,加在狱辞里面,纂成《昭示奸党三录》,布告天下。李善长之子李祺与公主被迁徙至江浦,李祺在靖难之役因朱棣破城投水而死。李祺之子李芳、李茂,因公主之恩未被牵累判罪。李芳任留守中卫指挥,李茂任旗手卫镇抚,但被取消世袭韩国公的权利。
李善长死后的隔年,虞部郎中王国用上书为之辩冤,认为李善长「谋反」的罪名难以成立,他指出李善长与朱元璋同心协力,出生入死开国平天下,功居勋臣第一,生得封公,死得封王。他的儿子李祺被朱元璋招为驸马,众多的亲戚也纷纷拜官封爵。作为一位人臣,他已安享了万全富贵,其荣誉已臻于极致,绝不会冒险谋反以图侥幸。再者来说,倘若有人说他要图谋不轨,自立为帝,这一罪名或许还能成立;但现在竟说他要襄助胡惟庸谋反,则大谬不然。李善长与胡惟庸只是侄儿、侄女辈的亲家,而与朱元璋却是儿女亲家。不仅两家的亲疏不可同日而语,而且,即使李善长帮助胡惟庸谋反成功,他至多也不过仍是个「勋臣第一」罢了,其地位绝对不会比他在朱元璋手下更高。王国用的这些话说的句句在理,连朱元璋也被驳得哑口无言,不再罪责王国用。崇祯十七年(1644年),明安宗追谥其为「襄愍」。
延伸阅读
以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
Li Shanchang (|s=|t=李善长 Lǐ Shàncháng|w=Li Shan-ch'ang; 1314–1390) was a Chinese official of the
Ming dynasty, part of the West Huai (Huaixi) faction, and Duke of Han, one of the six founding dukes of the Ming dynasty in 1370. Li Shanchang was one of
Emperor Hongwu's associates during the war against the
Yuan dynasty to establish the Ming dynasty. Deeply trusted by the Emperor, Hongwu consulted Li on institutional matters, but grew "bored with Li's arrogance" in old age. Ultimately, the emperor purged and executed Li along with his extended family and thirty thousand others, accusing him of supporting treason.
Li planned the organization of the six ministries, helped draft a new law code, and supervised the compiling of the History of Yuan, being the Ancestral Instructions and the Ritual Compendium of the Ming Dynasty. He established salt and tea monopolies based on Yuan institutions, launched an anti-corruption campaign, restored minted currency, opened iron foundries, and instituted fish taxes. It is said that revenues were sufficient, yet the people were not oppressed.
A doubtful classicist, he was charged with drafting legal documents, mandates, and military communications. The History of Ming biography states that his studies included Chinese Legalist writings. Most of his activities seem to have supported Hongwu Emperor's firm control of his regime. He was tasked with purging political opponents, anti-corruption, and rooting out disloyal military officers. His reward and punishment system was influenced by Han Feizi, and Li Shanchang had a kind of secret police in his service. At times he had charge of all civil and military officials in Nanjing.
显示更多...: Biography Execution of Li and his family
Biography
Li was a marginal figure in Dingyuan County until his recruitment by the Emperor Hongwu, who was passing through the area with his army. Li discussed history with him, namely, the qualities of the founding Han Emperor Gaozu of Han, and the emperor invited Li to take over the secretarial and managerial duties of his field command. He proved able and energetic, often staying behind to transfer army provisions. He was given first rank among officers with the titles of Left Grand Councilor and "Duke of Han". Comparisons between the Emperor Hongwu and Gaozu became a theme of the Ming Court and its historians.
One history holds that, after the navy in Chaohu surrendered to the emperor, Li urged ferrying the soldiers to capture the southern area of the Yangtze River. Then Li gave an advance notice to prevent the army from violating the military discipline. The duplicates of his notice were plastered everywhere in the occupied city, Taiping. Consequently, the troops garrisoned there in an orderly fashion.
The emperor asked Li to assume responsibility for administrative affairs in 1353, granting him overall institutional authority long before legal codification work started. Li's petitioning Emperor Hongwu to eliminate collective prosecution reportedly initiated the drafting. Hongwu ordered Li and others to create the basic law code in 1367, appointing him Left Councilor and chief legislator in a commission of 30 ministers.
Hongwu noted that the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty had fully developed criminal statutes, ignored by the Yuan dynasty. Li memorialized that all previous codes were based on the Han code, synthesized under the Tang, and based their institutions on the Tang Code. Emphasizing the importance of simplicity and clarity, he mandated that it be concise and intelligible.
Following the drafting of the code, Li personally oversaw any new stipulations, including a system of fixed statutes made to combat corruption. He joined with Hu Weiyong against Yang Xian, another chancellor. Their efforts contributed to Yang's death, making Li the most powerful figure next to the emperor at the court in 1370. He quarreled with the great classical scholar Liu Bowen, causing the latter to resign from public office.
Execution of Li and his family
In old age, Li retired as the emperor's distaste grew for his arrogance, but was still recalled to deliberate military and dynastic affairs. Another councilor, Guangyang, remembered his carefulness, generosity, honesty, uprightness and seriousness, was demoted several times. A lack of division of powers between the Emperor and his councilors resulted in conflicts, and the four grand councilors gave up on state affairs, following prevailing affairs or doing nothing. Appointed to right councilor, Li gave himself over to drinking. He was ultimately implicated in 1390 in a decade-long conspiracy and purged along with his extended family and thirty thousand others. He was executed largely on the basis of his awareness and non-reporting of treason. The post of councilor (or prime minister) was abolished following his execution.
以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。