生平

萧鸾自小父母双亡，由萧道成抚养，萧道成对其视若己出。宋顺帝时，萧鸾担任安吉令，以严格而闻名；后迁淮南、宣城太守，辅国将军。齐高帝时封西昌侯、任郢州刺史；齐武帝萧赜时升任侍中，领骁骑将军。萧赜死前，萧鸾挫败中书郎王融改立萧赜次子竟陵王萧子良为新君的图谋。萧赜以萧鸾为辅政，辅佐萧昭业。

自从文惠太子萧长懋于493年死后，萧鸾便有争夺帝位之心；萧鸾迫使萧昭业处决近臣杨氏、徐龙驹，又寻罪名杀萧昭业近臣周奉叔、杜文谦、綦毋珍之。萧昭业曾与叔祖父萧锵合谋杀萧鸾，萧锵反对，故未果。后萧昭业又和皇后何婧英叔父何胤谋杀萧鸾，何胤不敢，但萧昭业也不再委萧鸾以重任。494年，萧鸾担心有变，与投靠自己的将领萧谌、萧坦之等发动政变，由萧谌杀萧昭业，并以太后名义追废为郁林王，改立其弟萧昭文，愈发控制朝政，甚至控制了萧昭文的饮食，萧昭文曾想吃蒸鱼菜，太官令却因为没有萧鸾的许可而不给；不久萧鸾又废萧昭文为海陵王自立为帝。萧鸾于494年即位后，便压制宗室力量，并以典签监视诸王；并且从萧昭文任期开始就大肆屠杀萧道成、萧赜二帝诸子，先杀年长者，临终时又杀年幼者，全都诛灭。萧鸾任内长期深居简出，要求节俭，停止各地向中央的进献，并且停止不少工程。

萧鸾晚年病重，相当尊重道教与厌胜之术，将所有的服装都改为红色；而且萧鸾还特地下诏向官府徵求银鱼以为药剂，外界才知道萧鸾患病。498年萧鸾病故，葬于兴安陵。

《南齐书》这样形容他：「帝明审有吏才，持法无所借，制御亲幸，臣下肃清。驱使寒人不得用四幅伞，大存俭约。罢世祖所起新林苑，以地还百姓。废文帝所起太子东田，斥卖之。永明中舆辇舟乘，悉剔取金银还主衣库。太官进御食，有裹蒸，帝曰：『我食此不尽，可四片破之，馀充晚食。』而世祖掖庭中宫殿服御，一无所改。」

家庭

父母

• 父：齐景皇萧道生

• 母：懿后江氏

兄弟

• 大哥：始安靖王萧凤

• 三弟：安陆昭王萧缅

后妃

• 敬皇后刘惠端

• 袁贵妃

• 殷贵嫔

• 管淑妃

• 许淑媛

儿子

• 长子：巴陵隐王萧宝义，母殷贵嫔

• 次子：齐废帝（东昏侯）萧宝卷，母敬皇后刘惠端

• 三子：江夏王萧宝玄，母敬皇后刘惠端

• 四子：早亡（未命名）

• 五子：庐陵王萧宝源，母袁贵妃

• 六子：鄱阳王萧宝夤，母敬皇后刘惠端

• 七子：早亡（未命名）

• 八子：齐和帝萧宝融，母敬皇后刘惠端

• 九子：邵陵王萧宝攸，母管淑妃

• 十子：晋熙王萧宝嵩，母殷贵嫔

• 十一子：桂阳王萧宝贞，母许淑媛

女儿

• 长女：山阴公主，《南史》记载同父兄弟萧宝卷惊艳她的美貌，「后遂与之为乱」。

延伸阅读

Background

Xiao Luan was born in 452. His mother's name is lost to history, and his father was Xiao Daosheng (萧道生), a mid-low-level official during Liu Song. Xiao Daosheng died early, and Xiao Luan was raised by Xiao Daosheng's younger brother Xiao Daocheng, a Liu Song general. He had two brothers, Xiao Feng (萧凤), who was older, and Xiao Mian (萧缅), who was younger. Xiao Daocheng was said to have loved Xiao Luan greatly, even more so than his own sons. In 472, at the age of 20, Xiao Luan was made a county magistrate, and during the next few years, as his uncle's powers increased, he was promoted through a number of positions, becoming a general in 478. When Xiao Daocheng took over the throne from Emperor Shun of Liu Song in 479, ending Liu Song and establishing Southern Qi, he created Xiao Luan the Marquess of Xichang.

During Emperors Gao and Wus reigns

During the reigns of Emperors Gao and Wu, Xiao Luan was steadily promoted, until he reached the higher echelon of power late in the reign of Emperor Wu. He was well regarded by the public and officials alike for his humble attitude and frugality in living, as he did not use luxury items and took on the clothing of an ordinary member of the intelligentsia. At one time, Emperor Wu considered making him the minister in charge of the civil service, but Emperor Wu changed his mind after the idea was opposed by the official Wang Yan (王晏), who believed that Xiao Luan was capable but did not know powerful clans well, and therefore would be ill-equipped to handle the civil service, which at the time weighed the officials' lineages heavily in decisions. Xiao Luan was friendly with Emperor Wu's son Xiao Ziliang (萧子良) the Prince of Jingling, who served as prime minister. However, Emperor Wu's crown prince Xiao Zhangmao did not like him, and Xiao Ziliang had to defend Xiao Luan before Xiao Zhangmao, and often endorsed Xiao Luan to Emperor Wu. As a result, after the Xiao Zhangmao's death in 493, Emperor Wu, who was himself ill later in the year, designated Xiao Ziliang and Xiao Luan in his will to be the two individuals in charge of the government for his new crown prince, Xiao Zhangmao's son Xiao Zhaoye. Xiao Luan was subsequently instrumental in discovering and thwarting the plot of the official Wang Rong (王融), who tried to divert succession of the throne to Xiao Ziliang. When Emperor Wu died soon thereafter, Xiao Zhaoye succeeded to the throne.

During Xiao Zhaoyes reign

As a result of Wang Rong's plot, Xiao Zhaoye distrusted Xiao Ziliang, and while he granted Xiao Ziliang highly honored titles, actual power rested in Xiao Luan's hands. Soon, however, Xiao Zhaoye demonstrated himself to be a frivolous ruler, spending most of his time in feast and games while expending the treasury surpluses that Emperors Gao and Wu had built up. Xiao Luan tried several times to counsel him to change his ways, with no changes in his behavior, and Xiao Zhaoye in fact began to suspect Xiao Luan and wanted to kill him, but could not resolve to do so, particularly after he consulted with his granduncle (Emperor Wu's son) Xiao Qiang (萧锵) the Prince of Poyang, and Xiao Qiang opposed the action. Meanwhile, Xiao Luan also became suspicious that Xiao Zhaoye was going to kill him, and therefore began to set up relationships with key generals—including Xiao Chen (萧谌) and Xiao Tanzhi (萧坦之), both of whom were well-trusted by Xiao Zhaoye—while finding pretexts to remove close associates of Xiao Zhaoye, including Xiao Zhaoye's wife He Jingying's lover Yang Min (杨珉), the eunuch Xu Longju (徐龙驹), the general Zhou Fengshu (周奉叔), the teacher Du Wenqian (杜文谦), and the head of the household Qiwu Zhenzhi (綦毋珍之). However, Xiao Zhaoye appeared to be unaware of Xiao Luan's actual intentions, and his own alertness decreased after Xiao Ziliang died of anxiety in summer 494.

By fall 494, however, Xiao Zhaoye was tired of Xiao Luan, and he plotted with Empress He's uncle He Yin (何胤) to have Xiao Luan killed. He Yin did not dare to do so, and suggested that Xiao Luan be observed further. Xiao Zhaoye therefore stopped giving important tasks to Xiao Luan. Xiao Luan then started his coup, in conjunction with Xiao Chen and Xiao Tanzhi—and Xiao Zhaoye, not realizing that Xiao Chen and Xiao Tanzhi had betrayed him, sought help from Xiao Chen when he realized Xiao Luan was beginning an attack on the palace. His hopes were dashed when he saw Xiao Chen enter the palace. His palace guards were still ready to fight, but Xiao Zhaoye instead fled, and Xiao Chen chased him down and killed him. On 6 September 494, Xiao Luan issued an edict in Empress Dowager Wang's name, demoting Xiao Zhaoye to the rank of prince (with the title of Prince of Yulin, which became the title he was thereafter known for) and making his younger brother Xiao Zhaowen the Prince of Xin'an emperor.

During Xiao Zhaowens reign

While Xiao Zhaowen, now 14, carried the title of emperor, actual authority was in the hands of Xiao Luan, and Xiao Luan had himself initially created the Duke of Xuancheng, and then the Prince of Xuancheng. In Xiao Zhaowen's name, Xiao Luan soon carried out the executions of a large number of princes who were sons of Emperors Gao and Wu, whom he viewed as threats against himself:

• Xiao Qiang (萧锵), the Prince of Poyang, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Zilong (萧子隆), the Prince of Sui, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zimao (萧子懋), the Prince of Jin'an, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zijing (萧子敬), the Prince of Anlu, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Rui (萧锐), the Prince of Nanping, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Qiu (萧銶), the Prince of Jinxi, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Keng (萧铿), the Prince of Yidu, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Shuo (萧铄), the Prince of Guiyang, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Jun (萧钧), the Prince of Hengyang, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Feng (萧锋), the Prince of Jiangxia, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Zizhen (萧子真), the Prince of Jian'an, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zilun (萧子伦), the Prince of Baling, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Ziqing (萧子卿), the Prince of Luling, son of Emperor Wu

Initially, Xiao Zhaowen's younger brother Xiao Zhaoxiu (萧昭秀), the Prince of Linhai, was to be killed as well, but was spared at the last minute. In place of these imperial princes from Emperors Gao and Wu's lines, Xiao Luan, because his own sons were young, installed his nephews Xiao Yaoguang (萧遥光), Xiao Yaoxin (萧遥欣), and Xiao Yaochang (萧遥昌) in important posts. Less than three months after Xiao Zhaowen became emperor, Xiao Luan issued an edict in the name of Xiao Zhangmao's wife Empress Dowager Wang Baoming, stating that Xiao Zhaowen was not sufficiently intelligent and healthy to be emperor, giving the throne to Xiao Luan, who then took the throne as Emperor Ming.

Reign

Emperor Ming was commonly regarded as an intelligent and frugal ruler, and he took a hands-on approach to governance. He was, however, also known for his suspecting nature, and few high-level officials could feel safe during his reign. He also periodically continued to kill the descendants of (presumably to Emperors Gao and Wu) and cry bitterly, before carrying out the actions.

Emperor Ming created his second son Xiao Baojuan crown prince, as his oldest son Xiao Baoyi (萧宝义) was said to be so disabled that he could not speak (and was also not born of Emperor Ming's wife Liu Huiduan (刘惠端), who had died in 489, long before he became emperor). As Emperor Ming's sons were young, he entrusted great responsibilities to his nephews Xiao Yaoguang, Xiao Yaoxin, and Xiao Yaochang. When Xiao Zhaowen was removed from the throne, the edict that Emperor Ming issued in Empress Dowager Wang's name created him the Prince of Hailing. About a month after he was removed from the throne, however, Emperor Ming, on pretenses that Xiao Zhaowen was ill, sent imperial physicians to see him, but instead instructed the physicians to have him poisoned. Xiao Zhaowen was given the posthumous name Gong (恭, meaning "respectful") and buried with great honors, but not imperial honors.

Meanwhile, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei used Emperor Ming's usurpation of the throne as a pretense to launch a major attack against Southern Qi in late 494. After several largely inconclusive battles, however, Northern Wei forces abandoned the campaign in spring 495. As soon as the campaign was over, Emperor Ming executed Xiao Chen, one general he was allied with during the coup against Xiao Zhaoye, and Xiao Chen's brothers, as he suspected Xiao Chen of plotting a coup. He also, on pretense that they were plotting with Xiao Chen, executed Emperor Wu's sons Xiao Ziming (萧子明) the Prince of Xiyang, Xiao Zihan (萧子罕) the Prince of Nanhai, and Xiao Zizhen (萧子贞) the Prince of Shaoling. In 497, he also killed the high-level official Wang Yan, who had also participated in the coup against Xiao Zhaoye, on suspicion of plotting against him.

In fall 497, Northern Wei's Emperor Xiaowen launched another major attack on Southern Qi. The results were again largely indecisive, although the key border city Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan) fell to Northern Wei, as did Xinye (新野, also in modern Nanyang). Meanwhile, during the campaign, with Emperor Ming himself being ill, he, in consultation with Xiao Yaoguang, executed 10 more princes from Emperor Gao's line—all of the surviving sons of Emperors Gao and Wu and Xiao Zhangmao, as he perceived them to be threats to his own sons. Each time he conducted these killings, he would first offer incenses

• Xiao Xuan (萧铉), the Prince of Hedong, son of Emperor Gao

• Xiao Ziyue (萧子岳), the Prince of Linhe, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Ziwen (萧子文), the Prince of Xiyang, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zijun (萧子峻), the Prince of Hengyang, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zilin (萧子琳), the Prince of Nankang, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zimin (萧子珉), the Prince of Yongyang, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zijian (萧子建), the Prince of Xiangdong, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zixia (萧子夏), the Prince of Nan Commandery, son of Emperor Wu

• Xiao Zhaocan (萧昭粲), the Prince of Guiyang, son of Xiao Zhangmao

• Xiao Zhaoxiu (萧昭秀), the Prince of Baling, son of Xiao Zhangmao

What was particularly unusual about Emperor Ming's actions in executing these princes was that after he executed them, he ordered the high-level officials to accuse these princes of crimes and seek their executions—and then he first formally rejected the recommendations, and then accepted them. This was largely perceived as an attempt by him to be seen as only doing what was necessary.

In summer 498, the retired general Wang Jingze (王敬则), believing that Emperor Ming was about to have him executed, rebelled from his retirement place of Kuaiji (modern Shaoxing in Zhejiang). He claimed to want to support Emperor Gao's grandson (the son of Xiao Ni the Prince of Yuzhang) Xiao Zike (萧子恪) the Marquess of Nankang as leader. As a result, Emperor Ming, again with counsel from Xiao Yaoguang, ordered all of the male descendants of Emperors Gao and Wu into the palace, ready to poison them. However, after Xiao Zike fled back to the capital Jiankang and showed that he was not part of Wang's rebellion, Emperor Ming changed his mind at the last moment and spared them. About 20 days after the start of Wang's rebellion, he was killed in battle, and his rebellion dissipated.

Three months later, Emperor Ming died. Crown Prince Baojuan succeeded him as emperor (later to be known as the Marquess of Donghun).

Family

Consorts and issue

• Empress Mingjing, of the Liu clan (明敬皇后 刘氏; d. 489), personal name Huiduan (惠端)

　• Xiao Baojuan, Marquis Yang of Donghun (东昏炀侯 萧宝卷; 483–501), second son

　• Xiao Baoxuan, Prince of Jiangxia (江夏王 萧宝玄; d. 500), third son

　• Xiao Baoyin, Prince of Poyang (鄱阳王 萧宝夤; 486–530), sixth son

　• Xiao Baorong, Emperor He (和皇帝 萧宝融; 488–502), eighth son

• Guifei, of the Yuan clan (贵妃 袁氏)

　• Xiao Baoyuan, Prince Luling (庐陵王 萧宝源; d. 502), fifth son

• Shufei, of the Guan clan (淑妃 管氏)

　• Xiao Baoyou, Prince of Shaoling (邵陵王 萧宝攸; d. 502), ninth son

• Guipin, of the Yin clan (贵嫔 殷氏)

　• Xiao Baoyi, Prince of Jin'an (晋安王 萧宝义; d. 509), first son

　• Xiao Baosong, Prince of Jinxi (晋熙王 萧宝嵩; d. 502), tenth son

• Shuyuan, of the Xu clan (淑媛 许氏)

　• Xiao Baozhen, Prince of Guiyang (桂阳王 萧宝贞; d. 502), 11th son

• Unknown

　• Princess Shanyin (山阴公主), first daughter

Ancestry