生平

家庭背景

據《忠懿王廟碑文》記載：王審知是秦朝名將王翦的後代，為瑯琊王氏士族。其五代祖名王曄，為固始令。因「民愛其仁」，被當地百姓挽留，最終定居於固始。父親王恁，為當地一個富有的農民。王恁生王潮、王審邽、王審知三個兄弟。

轉戰各地

唐僖宗在位期間，盜賊起兵叛亂。壽州（今安徽壽縣）的屠夫王緒與妹夫劉行全也起兵響應，佔據江淮一帶，自稱將軍，不久攻取光州。當時王審知的長兄王潮是固始縣長史，王潮、王審邽和王審知三兄弟以才氣知名，邑人號曰「三龍」。王緒將他們擄走後，委任王潮為軍正，主管糧草之事，得到部下的擁護。三兄弟皆受重用。根據《十國春秋》的說法，王審知「身長七尺六寸，紫色方口隆準，常乘白馬，軍中號白馬三郎，所居處恆有紫氣幕其上」，時人認為這是大貴之相。

汝南節度使秦宗權封王緒為光州刺史，要求王緒率兵一起討伐黃巢，王緒按兵不動。於是在中和五年（885年），秦宗權率兵攻打王緒，王緒率光壽軍逃往福建，攻汀州、漳州。

王緒軍中缺糧，下令不准部將攜帶老人孺子，違者斬首。當時王審知三兄弟奉母親董氏一起行軍，王緒命其棄母，三兄弟請求與母同死，王緒只能赦免。當時有方士對王緒預言，軍中會出現推翻他的人，因此王緒對諸將多疑猜忌，身材魁梧、才能雄傑者多被他找藉口斬殺。王潮日夜憂患，遂說服前鋒將軍劉行全發動兵變，將王緒擒獲捆綁之，王緒不堪其辱，自殺身亡。據《新唐書》的說法，王潮拔出佩劍插在地上，權作神位，讓諸將輪流跪拜，向上天祈禱，希望神明能夠指點迷津，相傳當輪到王審知跪拜的時候，寶劍從地上躍起。眾人便認為是神諭，推戴王審知為主帥。但王審知不願任主帥，將主帥之位讓給了兄長王潮，自己擔任副帥。

光啓元年（885年）八月，泉州的張延魯等人聲稱泉州刺史廖彥若貪婪殘暴，聽說王潮治軍有法，要求王潮討伐廖彥若。王潮便率軍圍攻泉州城。次年八月，攻陷泉州城，殺廖彥若，據有其地。王潮歸附新上任的福建觀察使陳巖，陳巖表奏王潮為泉州刺史。王潮治理泉州期間，「招懷離散，均賦繕兵，吏民悅之」。

大順二年（891年），陳巖病危，作書予王潮，希望他來福州授以軍政。王潮未至，陳巖即病逝。陳巖的妻弟、護軍都將范暉，自稱留後。范暉「驕侈失眾心」，陳巖的舊將大多歸附王潮，聲稱范暉可取。王潮便派堂弟王彥復為都統、三弟王審知為都監，攻打福州，「彌年不下」。范暉向威勝軍節度使董昌求援。董昌派溫、台、婺州之兵五千人救援。王審知等人要求班師，被王潮拒絕；又請求王潮親自前來督戰，王潮回覆稱：「兵盡，益兵；將盡，益將；將盡，則吾至矣。」於是王審知等人並立攻城，最終在景福二年（893年）攻克福州。范暉棄城逃跑，被部將殺死。汀州刺史鐘全慕舉州來降，福建各地勢力紛紛歸附。該年（893年）十月，唐昭宗任命王潮為福建觀察使，王審知為觀察副使。乾寧三年（896年），授王潮威武軍節度使，王審知為副使。

主政福建

根據《十國春秋》的記載，王潮自稱元帥的時候，曾請占卜師給自己的兩個弟弟算命，得到的結論是「一人勝一人」。當時王審知就在王潮身邊，渾身大汗而退。王潮在任期間執法嚴明，即便是王審知「有過」，王潮也「輙加捶楚，不以為嫌」。王審知也毫無怨色。王潮臨終之前，認為自己的兒子都沒有王審知有才能，便捨棄自己的兒子，命王審知「權知軍府事」。王潮病逝後，王審知推戴次兄、泉州刺史王審邽繼位，但王審邽認為王審知有功，於是推辭不受。王審知便自稱福建留後，上表於唐朝朝廷。光化元年（898年）春三月，被唐朝冊封為威武軍節度留後、檢校太保、刑部尚書。冬十月，又授金紫光祿大夫、尚書省右僕射、威武軍節度使。三年春二月，加同中書門下平章事；不久又改授光祿大夫、檢校司空、特進、檢校司徒。天復二年（902年），授賜武庫戟十二枝，立於私邸大門之前。天祐元年（904年）夏四月，唐朝派遣右拾遺翁承贊前往福州，加王審知為檢校太保，封琅琊郡王，食邑四千戶，實封一百戶。朱晃建立後梁以後，於開平三年四月初五·庚子（909年4月27日）封王審知為閩王，加中書令，升福州為大都督府，以王審知為福州大都督府長史，史家以此為閩國之始。後唐建立後，後唐莊宗加王審知為檢校太師守中書令。

王審知在位期間謹事四鄰，儘量地避免戰爭。開平三年（909年）時，楊吳遣使張知遠來聘，因其舉止倨慢而被王審知斬首。因此閩國與楊吳關係不佳，但在位期間兩國並未發生軍事衝突。王審知於貞明二年（916年）將女兒嫁給吳越國國王錢鏐之子錢傳珦（錢元珦）。翌年，王審知命次子王延鈞娶南漢君主劉龑（劉巖）之女。貞明四年（918年）夏六月，吳鎮南軍節度使、虔州行營招討使劉信率兵攻打虔州，百勝軍防禦使譚全播向王審知與楚王馬殷求救。王審知出兵鄠都救援，但在秋八月得知南楚戰敗後，便率軍班師。同光二年（924年）夏四月，劉巖領兵犯境，屯兵於汀、漳之境。王審知前去攻打，敗績。

經過王審知的努力，在戰亂的五代十國時期，福建相對來說比較安定，逃難的中原人相繼遷入福建。史載王審知「為人儉約，好禮下士」，「王雖據有一方，府舍卑陋，未常葺；居，恆常躡麻屢；寬刑薄賦，公私富實，境內以安」。正因為如此，招攬了不少中原名士前來投奔，其中包括唐朝學士韓偓、王淡（王溥之子）、楊沂（楊涉從弟）、徐寅（進士）等人。他也注重教育，「建學四門，以教閩士之秀者」。王審知積極發展海外貿易，招攬海外商賈，三佛齊等國相繼前來朝貢。另一方面，他奉中原王朝後梁的正朔，並向後梁朝貢。當時楊吳的楊行密控制了江淮一帶，陸路朝貢路線被阻斷，王審知每年都遣使自登、萊入貢於後梁。後唐攻滅後梁後，王審知又繼續向後唐朝貢。

此外，王審知也著手擴建福州城。902年，王審知築福州外羅城四十里。905年，又築南北夾城，稱為「南北月城」，與大城合起來共計方圓二十六里四千八百丈。他也是一位佛教的虔誠供養者，在位期間曾向開元寺進獻菩薩之像，並舉行道場。

去世

同光三年（925年）夏五月，王審知病危，命長子威武節度副使王延翰「權知軍府」；十二月十二·辛未（12月30日），去世，得年64虛歲。葬于福州城北鳳池山。長興三年，改葬蓮花山，即今日晉安區新店鎮斗頂村斗頂山。後唐朝廷賜諡忠懿，又賜神道碑，命張文蔚撰文。翌年，王延翰諡王審知為昭武王。王延鈞即位後，追尊廟號太祖，謚號昭武孝皇帝，陵號宣陵。

王審知有八子，可是諸子積相猜忌，治兵相取。在諸多內亂糾紛中，許多王審知後人都被殺害。朱文進篡奪王氏政權時，王審知後人50餘人盡被殺戮，僅存王延政一脈。

後世評價

• 《舊五代史》：「審知起自隴畝，以至富貴。每以節儉自處，選任良吏，省刑惜費，輕徭薄斂，與民休息。三十年間，一境晏然。」

• 《十國春秋》：「太祖昆弟英姿傑出，號稱三龍。據有閩疆，賓賢禮士，衣冠懷之。抑亦可謂開國之雄歟？廼卒之，臣服中原，息兵養民，大指與吳越畧同，豈非度量有過人者遠哉！」

紀念

王審知有功於福建，故受福建人民崇敬。福州建有閩王祠，於市區立有閩王塑像。再如馬祖北竿鄉阪里村王家大宅內即有供奉閩王王審知，是凝聚阪里王家的宗族中心。

除以宗祠形式紀念外，更有列為神明以神廟作為信仰供奉。由於王審知喜乘白馬，並排行第三，故稱「白馬三郎」，死後被立廟奉祀，號「白馬尊王」。不過另有閩越王郢的第三子，也被福州人尊為「白馬三郎」。馬祖地區有數座白馬尊王廟，為當地民間信仰神祇之一，但其中目前僅莒光鄉東莒島福正村白馬尊王廟證實供奉為閩王王審知，為唯一供奉閩王王審知的白馬尊王廟，源自長樂沙洋鐃鈸境白馬忠懿王宮。

王審知墓附近的一條道路于2012年被福州市政府命名為「審知路」。

家庭

• 父：王恁，追贈太尉、光州刺史

• 母：秦國太夫人董氏

• 嫡母：徐氏

• 兄：

　• 長兄：威武軍節度使王潮（又稱王審潮）

　• 次兄：泉州刺史王審邽

• 妻妾

　• 妻：任內明，追封皇后

　• 妾：

　　• 黃厥，魯國夫人，王延鈞母，933年尊為皇太后，936年尊為太皇太后

　　• 陳金鳳，後為王延鈞皇后

• 子女

　• 子

　　• 嗣王 王延翰（長子，被王延稟殺死）

　　• 惠宗 王延鈞（墓誌排第三，被兒子王繼鵬所殺）

　　• 景宗 王延羲（墓誌排第九，被朱文進、連重遇所殺）

　　• 天德帝王延政（墓誌排第十一，被南唐所俘）

　　• 戶部尚書 王延望（墓誌排第八，939年被侄王繼鵬所殺）

　　• 汀州刺史 王延喜（墓誌排第十，944年被朱文進所殺）

　　• 驃騎大將軍 王延宗

　　• 養子 王延稟，墓誌排第二，討伐王延鈞失敗被殺

　　• 養子 王延豐，長兄王潮子，墓誌排第四

　　• 養子 王延美，次兄王審邽子，墓誌排第五

　　• 養子 王延保，墓誌排第六，官至右散騎常侍、洪州長史

　　• 養子、建州刺史 王延武，次兄王審邽子，墓誌排第七，939年被侄王繼鵬所殺

　　• 養子 王延資，墓誌排第十二，官至右散騎常侍、虔州司馬

　　• 養子 王延儀

　• 女

　　• 琅琊郡君，李敏妻

　　• 水部員外郎張思齊妻

　　• 琅琊郡君，吳越王錢鏐子錢元珦妻

　　• 余廷隱妻，余廷隱官至觀察判官、尚書工部員外郎、封州刺史、賜緋魚袋

　　• 尤誠妻

　　• 另有二女

影視形象

電視劇

Background

Wang Shenzhi was born in 862, during the reign of Emperor Yizong. His fifth-generation ancestor Wang Ye (王曄) served as the magistrate of Gushi County (固始, in modern Xinyang, Henan) in Guāng Prefecture (光州), and because the people loved him, he settled his family in Gushi. Wang Shenzhi hailed from a long line of illustrious administrators and military officers feted by historians. After the family settled in Gushi, they subsequently became known for their family business. His father's name was Wang Nin (王恁), and his mother was a Lady Dong. He had two older brothers, Wang Chao and Wang Shengui (王審邽).

Service under Wang Xu

In 881, the bandit leader Wang Xu, along with his brother-in-law Liu Xingquan (劉行全), captured Guāng Prefecture (光州, in modern Xinyang); he was subsequently commissioned the prefect of Guang Prefecture by Qin Zongquan the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan). Wang Xu forced the men of Guang Prefecture to join his army, and he made Wang Chao, who had previously been a government worker at the Gushi County government, his discipline officer. Later on, however, Qin turned against the Tang imperial government and was on the cusp of claiming imperial title himself. He ordered Wang Xu to pay taxes to him. When Wang Xu was unable to do so, he launched an army to attack Wang. Wang Xu, in fear, gathered 5,000 soldiers from Guang and Shou Prefectures and forced the people to cross the Yangtze River to the south. By spring 885, Wang had continued south and captured Ting (汀州, in modern Longyan, Fujian) and Zhang (漳州, in modern Zhangzhou, Fujian) Prefectures, but was not able to hold either for long. By the time that Wang Xu reached Zhang Prefecture, his army was running low on food. As the terrain in Fujian Circuit (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian), which Zhang Prefecture belonged to, was rugged, he ordered that the old and the weak be abandoned. However, in violation of his order, Wang Chao and his brothers continued to take their mother Lady Dong with them. Wang Xu rebuked them and threatened to put Lady Dong to death. They begged for Lady Dong's life, offering to die in her stead. Other officers also spoke on their behalf, and Wang Xu relented.

Meanwhile, by this point, Wang Xu had also become extremely paranoid, as he had been warned by a sorcerer that there was qi belonging to a king in his army, so he began to put to death anyone whom he considered to have talents surpassing his own—going as far as putting Liu Xingquan to death. The fact that Wang was willing to put someone as close to him as Liu to death terrified the other officers. When the army reached Na'an (南安, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian), Wang Chao persuaded Wang Xu's forward commander, who feared that he would be Wang Xu's next target, into turning against Wang Xu. The forward commander and Wang Chao thus laid an ambush for Wang Xu and, when he was caught off-guard, arrested him. Wang Chao initially wanted to support the forward commander to be the new leader, but the forward commander pointed out that it was Wang Chao's idea that allowed them to survive Wang Xu's cruelty, and so the army agreed to have Wang Chao become their leader. Wang Chao subsequently took over Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) and obtained a commission from Chen Yan the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Fujian Circuit (福建道, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian) as the prefect of Quan Prefecture.

Service under Wang Chao

In 891, Chen Yan grew deathly ill. Chen sent an order to Wang Chao, summoning him to the circuit capital Fu Prefecture (福州), intending to entrust the matters of the circuit to him. Before he could depart, however, Chen died, and Chen's brother-in-law Fan Hui (范暉) got the soldiers at Fu Prefecture to support him as acting governor to resist Wang. Fan, however, soon lost the support of the soldiers, and Wang Chao sent his cousin Wang Yanfu (王彥復) and Wang Shenzhi as Wang Yanfu's deputy to lead an army to attack Fu Prefecture. However, they could not capture it quickly, and Fan sought aid from Dong Chang the military governor of Weisheng Circuit (威勝, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang), who dispatched an army to aid him. Hearing that news, Wang Yanfu and Wang Shengui submitted a report to Wang Chao, requesting to withdraw. Wang Chao refused. When they requested that he come to the front to oversee the attack, he responded:

Wang Yanfu and Wang Shenzhi, fearful of the rebuke, intensified their attacks. By summer 893, the food supply in Fu Prefecture ran out. Fan abandoned it and fled, and the Weisheng army, still on the way, hearing that Fan had fled, returned to Weisheng. Fan was killed by his soldiers in flight. Wang entered Fu Prefecture and claimed the title of acting governor. After Wang Chao was subsequently made governor of Fujian, and then the military governor (with the circuit's name upgraded from Fujian to Weiwu (威武)), Wang Shenzhi served as deputy military governor. It was said that whenever Wang Shenzhi had faults, Wang Chao would batter him, but Wang Shenzhi would not complain. In 897, when Wang Chao grew ill, he did not try to pass his authorities to any of his sons; rather, he entrusted the matters of the circuit to Wang Shenzhi. After Wang Chao died around the new year 898, Wang Shenzhi offered the authorities to Wang Shengui, who was then the prefect of Quan Prefecture, but Wang Shengui declined on the account that he considered Wang Shenzhi more accomplished. Wang Shenzhi thus claimed the title of acting military governor of Weiwu and submitted a report of what occurred to then-ruling Emperor Zhaozong, who commissioned him as acting military governor and later in the year made him full military governor.

As military governor of Weiwu

In 900, Emperor Zhaozong bestowed the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事) on Wang Shenzhi. He was later successively given the honorary titles of acting Sikong (司空) and acting Situ (司徒) (two of the Three Excellencies). In 902, Wang built an outer wall for Fu Prefecture. In 904, Emperor Zhaozong created him the Prince of Langya.

In 907, the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang dynasty with him as its Emperor Taizu. Wang Shenzhi recognized the new emperor, and was subsequently given the greater chancellor title of Shizhong (侍中). In 909, Emperor Taizu created him the Prince of Min, and also gave him the chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling (中書令, governor of Palace Secretariat).

As Prince of Min

Early reign

Meanwhile, also in 909, after Wang Shenzhi felt slighted by Zhang Zhiyuan (張知遠), the emissary from Hongnong (predecessor state to Wu, then ruled by Yang Wo, the Prince of Hongnong, who did not recognize the Later Liang emperor), Wang decapitated Zhang and broke off diplomatic relations with Hongnong.

As prince, Wang was said to be frugal, often wearing hemp shoes, with his mansion remaining small and unexpanded. His criminal penalties were relaxed and tax rates were low; these policies were said to lead to both the government and the people becoming wealthy, and his realm to be calm. He submitted yearly tributes to the Later Liang emperor by sea route, via Later Liang's Deng (登州) and Lai (萊州, both in modern Yantai, Shandong) Prefectures, but the sea route was said to be so treacherous and corrupt that 40–50% casualties were common.

In 916, Wang Shenzhi gave a daughter to Qian Chuanxiang (錢傳珦, later known as Qian Yuanxiang (錢元珦)), the son of Qian Liu, the prince of Min's neighbor to the north, Wuyue, in marriage. Qian Chuanxiang personally went to Min for the marriage, and it was said that after the wedding, the relationship between Min and Wuyue became more friendly. Also in 916, Wang Shenzhi began to make lead coins, and thereafter, lead coins were circulated along with the traditional copper coins.

Late reign

In 917, Wang Shenzhi took Liu Hua, a niece of Liu Yan, the emperor of Min's southwestern neighbor Yue (which would later be known as Southern Han), whose title was Princess of Qingyuan, as the wife of his second son Wang Yanjun. (Written historical accounts indicated that she was a daughter of Liu Yan's, but her tombstone was subsequently discovered, revealing that she was actually the daughter of Liu Yan's older brother and predecessor, Liu Yin.)

In 918, Wu, which was then ruled by Yang Wo's brother and successor Yang Longyan, launched a major attack, commanded by the general Liu Xin (劉信), on Tan Quanbo the military governor of Baisheng Circuit (百勝, headquartered in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi), who was ruling the circuit in independence but whose nominal allegiance had vacillated between Wu and Later Liang. Tan sought aid from Min, as well as Wuyue and Chu. Min forces advanced to Yudu (雩都, in modern Ganzhou) to try to aid Tan, while Wuyue and Chu also sent troops. After Liu then defeated Chu troops, Min and Wuyue forces also withdrew. Subsequently, Liu captured Tan's capital Qian Prefecture (虔州), allowing Wu to directly take over Baisheng Circuit.

Apparently sometime after Wang Shengui's death (the date of which was not recorded in traditional histories, but appeared to be 903), Wang Shenzhi allowed Wang Shengui's son Wang Yanbin (王延彬) to take over governance of Quan Prefecture, and later bestowed on him the title of military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, whose territory was not under Min control, being headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong). Wang Yanbin initially governed the prefecture well. However, later, after he received a white deer and a purple lingzhi, he became arrogant, believing in the prophecies of the Buddhist monk Haoyuan (浩源) that he would become prince in the future. He further secretly sent emissaries to Later Liang, seeking to be a Later Liang vassal independently of Wang Shenzhi. When Wang Shenzhi discovered this conspiracyin 920, he had Haoyuan and his associates executed and removed Wang Yanbin from his posts, sending him back to his mansion.

In 922, there was an incident where Liu Yan (whose state had been renamed Han by that point and thereafter was known as Southern Han in traditional Chinese sources), believing in sorcerers who told him that he should go to Meikou (梅口, in modern Meizhou, Guangdong) to avoid a disaster. With Meikou on the border between Southern Han and Min, the Min general Wang Yanmei (王延美), who might have been either a son of Wang Shenzhi's or Yang Shengui's, decided to launch an ambush on Liu. However, Liu received news of the ambush and left Meikou before Min forces could attack.

In 923, Li Cunxu the Prince of Jin, whose state was an archrival of Later Liang's to its north, declared himself the emperor of a new Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong), and later that year captured Later Liang's capital Daliang (today Kaifeng, Henan). The Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen (son of Emperor Taizu) committed suicide, ending Later Liang. Subsequently, emissaries were exchanged between Min and Later Tang, and Wang Shenzhi recognized Emperor Zhuangzong's suzerainty.

In 924, Southern Han launched an attack on Min, with Liu Yan himself commanding the troops and reaching the borders of Min's Ting and Zhang Prefectures. A Min counterattack defeated Southern Han forces, however, and Liu Yan withdrew.

In 925, Wang Shenzhi grew ill, and he put his oldest son Wang Yanhan, then the deputy military governor of Weiwu, in charge of the affairs of the state. (A rumor at that time was that Wang Shenzhi's illness was due to poisoning by Wang Yanhan's wife Lady Cui.) Later in the year, Wang Shenzhi died, and Wang Yanhan took over the state, although at that time claiming only the title of acting military governor/jiedushi of Weiwu.

Personal information

• Ancestors

　• Wang Jian (王翦) (Qin Dynasty General)

　• Wang Dao (王导) (Jin Dynasty Prime Minister)

　• Wang Fangqing (王方庆) (Tang/Zhou Dynasty Chancellor)

• Father

　• Wang Nin (王恁)

• Mother

　• Lady Dong, posthumously honored Lady Dowager of Qin and yet later Lady Dowager Zhuanghui of Jin

• Wife

　• Lady Ren Neiming, posthumously honored empress

• Major Concubines

　• Lady Huang, the Lady of Lu, later honored empress dowager (honored 933), later grand empress dowager (honored 936), mother of Prince Yanjun

　• Lady Chen Jinfeng, later empress to Wang Yanjun

• Children

　• Wang Yanhan (王延翰), later king

　• Wang Yanjun (王延鈞), name later changed to Wang Lin (王鏻), later Emperor Huizong

　• Wang Yanmei (王延美)

　• Wang Yanbao (王延保)

　• Wang Yanwu (王延武) (executed by Wang Jipeng 939)

　• Wang Yanwang (王延望) (executed by Wang Jipeng 939)

　• Wang Yanxī (王延羲, note different tone than his brother), name later changed to Wang Xi (王曦), later Emperor Jingzong

　• Wang Yanxǐ (王延喜, note different tone than his brother) (killed by Zhu Wenjin 944)

　• Wang Yanzheng (王延政), the Prince of Fusha, later emperor

　• Wang Yanzi (王延資)

　• Wang Yanzong (王延宗)

　• Lady of Langye, wife of Li Min (李敏)

　• Daughter, wife of Zhang Siqi (張思齊)

　• Lady of Langye, wife of Qian Yuanxiang (錢元珦), son of Qian Liu king of Wuyue

　• Daughter, wife of Yu Tingyin (余廷隱)

　• Daughter

　• Daughter

　• Daughter

• Adoptive Children

　• Wang Yanbing (王延稟), né Zhou Yanchen (周彥琛) (executed by Wang Yanjun 931), posthumously honored Prince Lingzhao (honored 933?) then as Prince Weisu of Wuping (honored 943)

　• Wang Yanfeng (王延豐), biological child of Wang Shenzhi's brother Wang Chao

Notes and references

• History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 134.

• New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 68.

• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 254, 259, 261, 262, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274.

• Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (十國春秋), vol. 90.