生平

李密幼年喪父，母親改嫁，思念父母的李密因而得病，只因祖母劉氏撫養才得長大成人。李密雖從小境遇不佳，但十分好學，師從于譙周門下，專攻《春秋左氏傳》，亦博覽五經，亦有涉獵其他書籍，才思敏捷而有辯才，譙周門人將陳壽與他比作孔子門生子游、子夏。早年曾任蜀益州從事、尚書郎、大將軍主簿及太子洗馬，更曾經數次出使東吳，並得東吳君臣稱許。

對於撫育他成人的祖母，李密亦以盡孝見稱，劉氏患病時他都會盡心照顧，衣不解帶，膳食和湯藥都先嚐過才給劉氏吃，期間亦不免擔心得哭泣哀嘆。炎興元年（263年），蜀漢亡，鄧艾因其名聲而請他任自己的主簿，又寫信招他見面，但李密都一概不應。及至後來州郡（比如益州刺史董榮）再來徵命，李密仍然為了奉養祖母，而拒絕出仕，只在有閒暇時講學授徒。泰始三年（267年），晉武帝立太子，下詔徵召李密入朝當太子洗馬，李密於是作《陳情表》向晉武帝陳述因由，其言辭懇切，感人至深，終得晉武帝恩許，不再逼召他出仕，更賜他奴婢二人，又命郡縣資給劉氏的膳食。

後來劉氏去世，朝廷待李密為其守喪後再召李密出任太子洗馬。李密到洛陽後，與張華見面時曾言及蜀漢後主劉禪及丞相諸葛亮，他將劉禪在蜀地的成敗比喻為如同齊桓公，其言談亦得張華稱善。後轉尚書郎及溫令。河內溫縣是晉皇室河內司馬氏的故鄉，而諸王路過溫縣時都會向縣府索要物品，令當地官民都感困擾。李密上任後，上引漢高祖劉邦過故鄉沛縣時禮敬老幼，不要當地供給物品的往事嚴正拒絕要求。最終日後諸王過縣都不敢再這樣做，但李密的正直公正就只有隴西王司馬泰對其敬重友善，其他貴族外戚都忌憚他。另一方面，李密討厭他的從事，曾經和人說：「慶父不死，魯難未已。」正以慶父比從事。從事將這事上奏司隸校尉，不過因著李密治縣勤勉，都不怪罪。李密後轉益州大中正。因著自己的才能，李密常常也想升入朝廷中樞內，然而他於朝中無援，還是未能如願，只改任漢中太守。李密在晉武帝為他於東堂舉行的送行宴會中受詔賦詩，但卻在末段將不滿之情溢於詩句中，寫：「人亦有言，有因有緣。官無中人，不如歸田。明明在上，斯語豈然！」晉武帝聞而忿怒，因此被都官從事上奏免去其官職。後李密於家中去世，享年六十四歲。

性格特徵

李密除了為祖母盡孝而知名外，《華陽國志》亦記載李密性格正直誠實，且李密與王崇、壽良、陳壽、李驤及杜烈幾位蜀漢舊臣都有深交，入晉後亦被視為梁益二州才俊的代表。不過除了王崇外其餘五人間的關係都不能夠維持至終，在壽良、李驤及陳壽互相批評對方之時，李密亦公允地評價他們的得失並且嚴厲批評他們，又常常說：「吾獨立於世，顧景為疇，而不懼者，必無彼此於人故也。」

著作

李密作品已知有《述理論》十篇，內容為論中和仁義儒學道化之事，但已遺失，其作品流傳至今的僅有《陳情表》和《賜錢東堂詔令賦詩》一章。

其《陳情表》一文，安子順將之列為抒情文三大傑作之一，認為「讀李密《陳情表》而不流淚者，其人必不孝」。

子女

李密有六子，被稱為「六龍」

• 李賜，汶山太守

• 李興，官至太傅參軍

• 李盛碩，寧浦太守

延伸閱讀

Life

Li Mi was born in Wuyang, Qianwei Commandery (犍為郡), which is present-day Pengshan County, Sichuan. His grandfather, Li Guang (李光) was the administrator of Zhuti (朱提太守). His father died just after his birth. His mother remarried thereafter and as a child, he was left under the care of his grandmother. Li Mi deeply loved and missed his parents, so much so that he became severely sick. However, his grandmother whose surname was Liu (劉) would console him and raised him well. Although, he grew up in complicated circumstances. Li Mi was eager to learn, he was a student under Qiao Zhou who provided him with good instruction. Li Mi studied the Zuo zhuan and had extensive knowledge in the Four Books and Five Classics. Furthermore, he was well-read in classical text. He was quick witted, discerning and eloquent in his speech.

Li Mi was known for his filial piety towards his grandmother. When she was ill, he would shed tears and hold his breath in grief, never removing his mourning attire day or night. He personally tasted all her meals and medicines before giving them to her. He was offered a position in his hometown but declined. Later, he was appointed in Shu Han as Assistant Officer (從事), Gentleman of the Masters of Writing (尚書郎), Registrar (主簿) to the Chief-General (大將軍) and a Xima (洗馬; master of the stable) to the Crown Prince.

Later, Li Mi was sent on a diplomatic mission to the state of Wu. The ruler of Wu asked him about the number of horses in Shu to which Li Mi replied: "There are enough for official use and the people have plenty for their own needs." He assisted to a discussion on morality and principles with the ruler and his ministers. Most of the officials wished to be a younger brother. However, Li Mi expressed his desire to be an elder brother. The ruler of Wu asked him: "Why do you wish to be an elder brother?" Li Mi replied: "Because the days of providing and nurturing as an elder brother are longer." Those present praised him for his response. Li Mi would often serve as envoy for Shu and was commended by the officials of Wu.

Following the Conquest of Shu by Wei, Deng Ai who was in charge of the western campaign heard of his reputation and invited him to serve as his Registrar (主簿). However, Li Mi refused all invitations and declined official positions from both the state of Cao Wei and the provincial government due to his devotion to caring for his elderly grandmother. He focused on his scholarly pursuits, establishing a school and mentoring students.

When Emperor Wu established his son Sima Zhong as the Crown Prince in 267, he summoned Li Mi to serve as a Xima (master of the stable). Despite numerous imperial edicts and pressure from the commandery and county, Li Mi did not change his opinion as he wanted to look after his grandmother. Therefore, he submitted a memorial explaining his devotion to his grandmother. The text which have been preserved is called Chen Qing Biao (陳情表). Sima Yan read it and said: "Li Mi is not a man of empty reputation." He appreciated Li Mi's sincerity and loyalty granting him two servants and ordering the commandery and county to provide for the expenses of his grandmother.

After his grandmother's death and the end of his mourning period, Li Mi was again submitted to serve as a Xima (master of the stable) at the capital Luoyang. When he met Zhang Hua, he asked him to who he would compare Liu Shan. Li Mi answered to Duke Huan of Qi comparing Huan's employment of Guan Zhong, resistance to the foreign threats and later loss of his power to factionalism with Liu Shan's employment of Zhuge Liang, resistance to the Wei court and loss of his power to Huang Hao. Zhang Hua then asked him if Zhuge Liang's principles are fragmented. Li Mi compared Zhuge Liang's teaching to the discussions between Yu the Great and Gao Yao saying that their speech were refined yet fragmented to be accessible to all. Zhuge Liang had no match in his exchange therefore it is natural for his lessons to be fragmented and accessible to everyone. Zhang Hua approved his answers.

Li Mi was transferred from his position as Gentleman of the Masters of Writing (尚書郎) to the Prefect of Wen County (溫縣令) in Henan. He implemented virtuous policies and was known for his strict and clear governance. When the Marquis of Juping (鉅平侯), Yang Hu died without an heir, Sima Yan ordered a relative to succeed him but did not attend the funeral in a timely manner. Li Mi sent an official to deliver the notice and arranged for the funeral procession.

Wen County, Henan was the ancestral home of the Sima clan therefore whenever the members of the imperial family passed throughout it, they would demand provisions causing distress among the officials and the people. When Li Mi was transferred as the new prefect and a Sima relative requested supplies. Li Mi wrote a letter citing the example of Emperor Gaozu of Han's visit to Pei County, his birthplace where he treated everyone with courtesy without causing any trouble or expense. Afterward, the princes did not dare to bother the county with their demands.

Bandits in other counties of the region did not dare to approach the territory under Li Mi's jurisdiction and even those pursuing the bandits did not dare to cross the county borders. The King of Longxi (隴西王), Sima Tai (司馬泰) deeply admired him therefore befriended Li Mi. However, other powerful and influential families feared his impartiality and integrity. Li Mi accepted his position as Prefect and completed his duties but hated his work. He wrote to others complaining that his talent was wasted on such a minor task. His words were reported to his supervisor but since he diligently resolved the affairs in Wen county. His speech was overlooked.

Li Mi left his position and became a zhongzheng (中正; Impartial and Just) of the State. Due to his upright and candid nature, he did not yield to those with power or status causing him to lose the support of influential clans like Xun (荀) and Zhang (張). Therefore although talented, he was isolated from the assistance of others. As a result, he was demoted to the position of Administrator of Hanzhong (漢中太守). Many members of the Sima family regarded this as an injustice. From this, Li Mi harbored ressentment believing he lost the opportunity to become a major official. Sima Yan hold a farewell banquet for him however during the feast, Li Mi wrote a poem where in the last chapter he harshly criticized the decision of his "superiors". Sima Yan was furious and relieved him of his appointment. After one year, Li Mi died at his home at the age of 64 (by East Asian age reckoning).

Appraisal and anecdote

Chang Qu, who wrote Li Mi's biography in the Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi), appraised Li Mi as follows: "Brilliant talent, whose ability overshadow others."

Li Mi wrote the Shu Li Lun (述理論; Shu theory) which discussed moderation, benevolence and righteousness along with the doctrines of Confucianism and Taoism. It consisted of ten chapters. It received praises and was deeply appreciated. Li Mi also debated with others on various topics whether philosical or political. In their discussions with him on interpreting classics, many were impressed with his logical reasoning. Moreover, he wrote over twenty poems and essays in response to a satirical funeral eulogies.

When Shou Liang, Li Xiang, and Chen Shou debated their relative merits and faults. Li Mi would openly state and evaluate their achievements and failures. He would often say: "I stand alone in the world considering the landscape as my field, without fear because my heart is impartial towards others."

Family

Li Mi had six famous and outstanding sons who were called the "Six Dragons" (六龍). His eldest son, Li Ci (李賜), whose courtesy name, was Zongshuo (宗碩) served as Bieja (別駕; important assistant to the governor of the province), was recommended as a xiucai (秀才; person who passed the county level imperial exam) and the Administrator of Wenshan (汶山太守) but died before he could complete his appointment. He had a close friendship with Sima Yue, the Prince of Donghai (東海王) and they often exchanged poetry with a fresh and innovative style.

Li Mi's younger son, Li Xing (李興), whose courtesy name, was Jueshuo (雋碩), was also known for his poetry talents and served as an aide to the Grand Tutor (太傅). Later, he joined the army and accompanied Liu Hong as he travelled to Longzhong (隆中), they arrived to the former residence of Zhuge Liang in Jing province before he joined Liu Bei, Liu Hong ordered a stele to be built and had Li Xing write the content in Zhuge Liang's honor. The content has been praised and is still preserved today.

Another of his younger son, Li Shengshuo (李盛碩) was the Administrator of Ningpu (寧浦太守).

Gao Wan

Around the same time as Li Mi, Gao Wan (高玩) was born in Shu Commandery (蜀郡; present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) and his courtesy name was Bozhen (伯珍). He studied under the Minister of Ceremonies (太常) Du Qiong when he was young. He was known for his subtle skills and profound knowledge as well as his adherence to simplicity and purity. Gao Wan and Li Mi were considered equals in reputation and held similar positions in the Shu Han government.

After Cao Wei's abdication to Jin, Gao Wan was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) and appointed as the Prefect of Quyang (曲陽令). He traveled to his new post alone and without extravagant expenses, not allowing the county to send a welcoming party. Thereafter, he was summoned by the imperial court to serve as the Court Astronomer (太史令). When he left, he asked the farewell party to not cross the county border and the imperial court praised him for this. Just when the court was discussing how to make good use of him, Gao Wan suddenly died.