
《
茶經》是
唐朝人
陸羽所撰的茶學著作,是世界上最早的關于茶的專著。全書分3卷10篇,總結茶的栽培、採摘、製作、鑑別、煮飲的流程和工具,收集歷史上與茶有關的史料,是當時茶學知識的集大成之作。《茶經》影響和倡導了中國人的飲茶習慣,極大地推動中國茶文化的建立和發展。
顯示更多...: 作者 成書 卷帙 背景 影響 版本 傳聞
作者
《茶經》作者陸羽是唐朝著名的隱士,善于詩詞、文學,在儒學、方志、術數等方面均有著述,而以茶學方面的影響最為廣闊和深遠,在當時即有「茶神」、「茶仙」之稱,後世尊為「茶聖」。
成書
《茶經》成書時間約在760—780年之間,此時陸羽主要隱居在湖州。最早的版本大約作于760年:陸羽寫于上元二年(761年)的自傳中已經提到著有《茶經》三卷;日本學者根據第八篇所記地名考証創作時間在758-761年之間。764年前後,《茶經》曾有過修訂,因而第四篇收錄了一件刻有「聖唐滅胡明年鑄」的,所指即平定安史之亂的次年(764年)。773年,陸羽接受顏真卿的邀請,參與編纂類書《韻海鏡源》,期間可能根據接觸到的文獻增補了第七篇的內容。780年之後,陸羽離開浙西,先後在江西、湖南和嶺南活動,但第八篇對這些地方所產茶葉的記述遠不如兩浙那麼細緻,很可能傳世的《茶經》在780年前後已經完成。
卷帙
背景
唐代茶葉生產空前發達,飲茶風氣大大擴散,是《茶經》成書的重要時代脈絡。當時,佛教、特別是禪宗快速發展,而僧人們喜歡飲用提神的茶水;科舉制度逐漸確立,朝廷用茶來幫助考場上的監考官員和考生提神。于是飲茶之風通過僧人和士人迅速傳播。在地域上,也從中國南方傳播到了北方。中唐之後朝廷的禁酒措施亦助長了茶的消費。貢賜制度則進一步產生了鑑別不同茶葉、分出品級等第的需求。
而在知識社會學方面,唐代出現了大量與茶事相關的知識和文獻,為《茶經》的寫作提供了養料。南朝以來興起的「知識至上」的學風,則使得《茶經》帶有博物學的色彩。
影響
《茶經》促進了中國飲茶風氣的盛行,確立了茶在中國三大飲料(水、酒、茶)中的首席地位。《茶經》還對茶的製作工藝和飲用方法加以改革。在茶葉殺青上,探索出精細的蒸青法。在飲用上,倡導使用煎茶法,即將經過研磨的茶末投入沸水中,稍稍煎煮後就停止加熱,然後舀到茶碗中飲用,以此代替過去較為粗糙的、「與夫㵸蔬而啜無異」(跟煮蔬菜喝湯沒有區別)的煮飲法。
《茶經》是世界上第一部關于茶的專著。在此之前,中國已經有不少與茶事有關的記載,但都是各書中的零散片斷,直到《茶經》的出現,才有了完整而系統的茶學專著。《茶經》也引領了茶書寫作的風潮,此後出現了大量有關茶和飲茶知識的專書,而《茶經》本身又成為後世茶書的範本。
《茶經》將飲茶提升為茶文化和茶道,給飲茶的程式灌注進了美學的意境和儒、釋、道的思想。《茶經》還通過對茶具和茶飲程式的複雜、細緻的規定,倡導行為方式的規範化。
《茶經》還影響了「茶」字的寫法。在更古老的時代,一般用「荼」字來表示茶。唐玄宗御製的字書《開元文字音義》採用減去一橫的「茶」字,但實際日常書寫中仍以「荼」字占主導。《茶經》則統一採用「茶」字。受此影響,到晚唐時期,專用的「茶」字已經得到普遍的使用。
版本
北宋時,《茶經》已有多個版本流傳,陳師道就曾根據四個不同的版本重新合編了一個版本。
南宋咸淳九年(1273年)刊行的左圭所編叢書《百川學海》收錄了《茶經》,是幾乎所有現存《茶經》版本的祖本。現存最早的《茶經》版本即為北京中國國家圖書館收藏的宋刻《百川學海》本,但多有錯訛。日本宮內廳書陵部同樣藏有宋版《百川學海》,為印刷質量較好的善本。中華民國十六年(1927年),武進藏書家陶湘得到宋本《百川學海》後將其影刻于世,成為近現代以來通行最廣的宋版《茶經》,但做了一定的改動,不完全是宋刻本原貌。
明代嘉靖二十一年(1542年),在陸羽的故鄉竟陵,刊行了從《百川學海》中單獨抄錄出的《茶經》。北京國圖藏有嘉靖二十二年竟陵本,是現存最早的單行本《茶經》。竟陵本除原文外,還附加了前人序跋、詩文、相關探討和陸羽傳記等內容,影響了之後眾多版本的《茶經》刻印。
除《百川學海》外,流傳的另一個版本系列來自于叢書《說郛》。與《百川》系列相比,《說郛》系列《茶經》的特點是普遍沒有保留原注。
傳聞
據說陸羽曾選出天下最好的二十種烹茶用水,並逐一排名,如無錫惠山泉以「天下第二泉」聞名,即由此而來。該說法並不見于《茶經》,而出自唐人張又新的《煎茶水記》。
北宋歐陽修曾撰《大明水記》批駁張文,認為其說法與《茶經》中的主張相互矛盾,是張又新假託于陸羽之口。
以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改
來源條目。

Lu Yu:
The Classic of TeaThe Classic of Tea or Tea Classic ([[wikt:茶 chájīng) is the first known monograph on tea in the world, by Chinese writer Lu Yu between 760 CE and 762 CE, during the Tang dynasty. Lu Yu's original manuscript is lost; the earliest editions available date to the Ming dynasty.
According to tea lore, Lu Yu was an orphan of Jinling county (now Tianmen City in Hubei Province) who was adopted by a Buddhist monk of the Dragon Cloud Monastery. He refused to take up the monastic robes and was assigned menial jobs by his stepfather. Lu Yu ran away and joined the circus as a clown. At age 14, Lu Yu was discovered by the local governor Li Qiwu, who offered Lu Yu the use of his library and the opportunity to study with a teacher. During the An Lushan and Shi Siming rebellion period, Lu Yu retired to Shaoqi (now Wuxing county, Zhejiang). Lu Yu made friends with many literati, including the calligrapher Yan Zhenqing and the poet Huangfu Zheng.
For Lu Yu, tea symbolized the harmony and mysterious unity of the universe. "He invested the Ch'a Ching with the concept that dominated the religious thought of his age, whether Buddhist, Taoist, or Confucian: to see in the particular an expression of the universal".
In Lu Yu's hometown, Tianmen, there is an ancient styled tower named according to the classic in honour of the great writer.
顯示更多...: Huangfu Zengs poem about Lu Yu Content One: Origin (一之源) Two: Tools (二之具) Three: Making (三之造) Four: Utensils (四之器) Five: Boiling (五之煮) Six: Drinking (六之飲) Seven: History (七之事) Eight: Growing Regions (八之出) Nine: Simplify (九之略) Ten: Pictorialize (十之圖)
Huangfu Zengs poem about Lu Yu
Content
Lu Yu's Tea Classic is the earliest known treatise on tea, and perhaps the most famous work on tea. The book is not large, about 7000 Chinese characters in the literary language of the Tang dynasty, a condensed, refined and poetic style of Chinese. It is made of "Three Scrolls Ten Chapters" (三卷十章):
One: Origin (一之源)
This chapter covers the mythological origins of tea in China. It also contains a horticultural description of the tea plant and its proper planting as well as some etymological speculation, features and characteristics of tea trees. The characteristics of quality tea leaves, and soils and topography compared to tea quality. Benefits of good teas and bad teas. The geographical region, harvest seasons and growing methods in relation to tea quality.
This chapter describes fifteen tools for picking, steaming, pressing, drying and storing tea leaves and cakes.
Three: Making (三之造)
This chapter recommends methods for the production of tea cake.
Four: Utensils (四之器)
This chapter describes twenty eight items used in the brewing and drinking of tea.
• crushing block (砧椎)
• brazier (風爐)
• charcoal basket (炭筥)
• charcoal mallet (炭檛)
• fire chopsticks (火筴)
• cauldron (鍑)
• cauldron stand (交床)
• tea tongs (夾)
• paper wallet (紙囊)
• crushing roller (碾)
• sieve box (羅合)
• tea holder (則)
• water vessel (水方)
• water filter bag (漉水囊)
• gourd scooper (瓢)
• bamboo tongs (竹夾)
• salt container (鹺簋)
• boiled water vessel (熟盂)
• bowl (碗)
• bowl basket (畚)
• brush (劄)
• water basin (滌方)
• spent tea basin (滓方)
• tea cloth (巾)
• utensil table (具列)
• utensil basket (都籃)
Five: Boiling (五之煮)
This chapter covers:
• Guidelines for the proper preparation of tea.
Six: Drinking (六之飲)
This chapter discusses the actual consumption of tea, some of its properties, the history of tea drinking, and the various types of tea known in 8th century China.
Seven: History (七之事)
This chapter gives various anecdotes about the history of tea in Chinese records, from Shennong through the Tang dynasty. It begins with an index list of influential individuals related to tea before the Tang dynasty. Further topics include a collection of literature and historical records on tea legends and famous people, folklore and customs, tea poems and tea stories, health benefits of tea in recorded medical books, tea as medical herb and tea cure formula, tea usage in cooking and tea recipes.
Eight: Growing Regions (八之出)
This chapter compares and ranks eight tea producing regions in China at its time.
Nine: Simplify (九之略)
This chapter lists procedures that may be omitted and under what circumstances, tools and methods that can be excluded in cultivation and processing under abnormal conditions, and tea utensils and brewing methods that can be simplified or improvised under various outdoor and unusual habitat environments.
Ten: Pictorialize (十之圖)
This chapter consists of how to transfer the contents onto placards or large scrolls for hanging on the wall for quick references. The silk scrolls that provide an abbreviated version of the previous nine chapters.
以上介紹摘自維基百科;若有錯漏,敬請在維基百科上修改
來源條目。