生平

早年經歷

少年驍勇，善於擊刺騎射。並在元末加入劉福通紅巾軍，之後跟隨水寇李喜喜入四川、歸降夏王明玉珍，明玉珍見之不用，遂赴武昌投靠漢王陳友諒。至正二十一年（1361年），於吳王朱元璋進攻江州時率眾歸順。朱元璋與他交談，覺得他非同尋常，便任他為將。至正二十三年（1363年），跟隨常遇春支援安豐，奪取廬州。隨後參加鄱陽湖之戰，駕輕舟挫敗陳友諒軍前鋒。傅友德多處受傷，卻愈戰愈猛，又在涇江口攔擊漢軍，陳友諒戰敗而死。次年，隨征武昌，諸將從城東南的高冠山可俯視城中，卻被漢兵占據，諸將相互觀望，不願前進。傅友德率領數百人，一鼓奪之。飛箭射中面頰，穿透兩腮，傅友德毫不喪氣。武昌平定，他被授為雄武衛指揮使。

傅友德之後跟隨徐達攻取廬州，另外率軍攻克夷陵、衡州、襄陽。進攻安陸時，傅友德九處受傷，最終攻克安陸，並擒獲元將任亮。又隨大軍下淮東，在馬騾港擊敗張士誠援兵，獲戰船千艘，又在安豐大敗元將竹貞。與陸聚駐守徐州，擴廓帖木兒派李二來攻，駐紮陵子村。傅友德估計寡不敵眾，于是堅守不戰。當探知元軍正四散搶掠時，便率領二千人逆河而上到達呂梁洪，登陸進擊，傅友德獨自騎著戰馬，持槊奮力刺向元將韓乙。元軍敗退。傅友德料到元軍還會再來，便迅速返回，打開城門，列陣野外，橫戈以待，約定聞鼓即起。李二果然到達，傅友德立即下令鳴鼓，士兵騰躍搏擊，破擒李二。傅友德應召回京，晉升為江淮行省參知政事，朱元璋撤掉御前麾蓋，命人敲鼓吹號將他送回府宅。

參加北伐

至正二十七年，跟隨靖遠大將軍徐達北伐，攻占沂州、青州。元丞相也速來援，傅友德以輕騎誘元軍進入伏擊點，然後奮力追殺元軍，于是攻取德州、滄州。攻克元大都後，傅友德巡察古北口，駐守盧溝橋，攻取大同，回軍攻下保定、真定，駐守定州。隨後攻山西，攻克太原。擴廓帖木兒自保安來援，萬名騎兵突然而至。傅友德率領五十名騎兵將元軍衝退，並趁機夜襲元營。擴廓帖木兒倉促逃遁，傅友德率軍追至土門關，俘獲數以萬計。又在石州擊敗賀宗哲，在宣府擊敗脫列伯，然後往西會合徐達，圍攻慶陽，以一部隊軍隊駐紮靈州，遏制元軍援兵，于是攻克慶陽。回京後，被賜白金、文綺。

洪武三年（1370年），傅友德跟隨徐達直搗定西，大敗擴廓帖木兒。然後率軍伐蜀，傅友德率領前鋒出一百八渡，奪取略陽，于是進入沔州。又分兵自連雲棧攻克漢中。因糧餉不繼，回軍西安。夏將吳友仁進攻漢中，傅友德率三千騎兵前去援救，進攻斗山寨，命軍中士兵燃起十個火把分布山上，夏兵見此驚逃。同年冬天，傅友德被授為開國輔運推誠宣力武臣、榮祿大夫、柱國、同知大都督府事，封為潁川侯，年祿一千五百石，並被授予世券。

攻滅明夏

第二年，傅友德擔任征虜前將軍，與征西將軍湯和分道伐蜀。湯和率廖永忠等以水師進攻瞿塘峽，傅友德率顧時等以步兵、騎兵出秦、隴。朱元璋對傅友德說：「蜀人聽說我軍西伐，必定將其全部精銳部分東守瞿塘，北阻金牛，抵抗我軍。如果出其不意，直搗階、文，門戶已毀，腹心自潰。兵貴神速，只怕軍隊不勇猛啊。」傅友德疾馳至陝，召集諸軍聲言兵出金牛，而暗地裡卻率軍直趨陳倉，攀援岩石，晝夜行進。抵達階州，擊敗夏將丁世珍，攻克此城。夏軍弄斷白龍江橋。傅友德軍修橋渡江，攻破五里關，于是攻克文州。然後渡過白水江，直趨綿州。當時漢江水漲，不能渡江，傅友德軍為此伐木營造戰艦。為將軍威通達瞿塘，于是便削成數千木牌，將攻克階、文、綿的日期刻上，投入漢水，讓它們順流而下。守軍見後，全部解體。

當初，夏軍獲悉大軍西征，丞相戴壽等聚集所有部眾防守瞿塘。等到聽說傅友德攻克階、文，直搗江油，才分兵支援漢州，以保成都。還未到達時，傅友德軍已經在城下打敗其守將向大亨，並對將士說道：「援軍遠道而來，聽說向大亨兵敗，便已經喪膽，無能為力了。」然後加以迎擊，大敗夏軍。遂拔漢州，進圍成都。戴壽等驅象來戰。傅友德下令以強弩火器衝擊，身中飛箭卻毫不後退，將士也殊死作戰。大象調頭而跑，踩死許多夏軍。戴壽等獲悉明升已降，才登記府庫、倉廩錢糧，反綁雙手到軍門投降。成都平定。然後分兵進攻未下州縣，攻克保寧，將吳友仁捉拿押送京城，蜀地全部平定。傅友德進攻漢州時，湯和還屯軍于大溪口。在江流中得到木牌後才進兵。而戴壽等此時已撤其精兵西救漢州，留下老弱防守瞿塘，所以廖永忠等才得以乘勝直搗重慶，降服明升。因此朱元璋寫作《平西蜀文》，盛讚傅友德功勞第一，廖永忠次之。回師之後，傅友德受到朱元璋的賞賜。

西征甘肅

洪武五年（1372年），傅友德協助征西將軍馮勝遠征沙漠，在西涼擊敗失剌罕，至永昌，擊敗太尉朵兒只巴，俘獲馬牛羊十餘萬。攻取甘肅，射殺平章不花，降服太尉鎖納兒等。至瓜沙州，俘獲金銀印及各種牲畜二萬而返。當時兵出三路，唯獨傅友德大獲全勝。因主將馮勝因小過獲罪，未獲獎賞。

第二年複出雁門，傅友德為前鋒，俘獲平章鄧孛羅帖木兒。然後回軍鎮守北平，陳述五件對國家有利之事。朱元璋都加以採納。傅友德應召回京，跟隨太子朱標在荊山講武，增加年祿千石。洪武九年，傅友德在延安擊敗並擒獲伯顏帖木兒，降服其部眾。朱元璋準備征討雲南，命傅友德巡行川、蜀、雅、播之境，修城郭，補關梁，並以兵威降服金築、普定諸山寨。洪武十四年（1381年），傅友德輔佐大將軍徐達出塞，征討乃兒不花，北渡黃河，襲擊灰山，斬俘甚眾。

平定雲南

洪武十四年（1381年）秋，傅友德擔任總兵官，挂征南將軍印，率左副將軍藍玉、右副將軍沐英，統領步兵騎兵三十萬征討雲南。至湖廣，傅友德分派都督胡海等率軍五萬由永寧直趨烏撒，而自己則率大軍由辰、沅直趨貴州。攻克普定、普安，降服諸苗蠻。進攻曲靖，大戰白石江，擒獲元平章達里麻。然後進攻烏撒，沿格孤山向南，與永寧駐軍打通聯繫，派遣兩將軍直趨雲南。元梁王把匝剌瓦爾密在逃跑途中自殺。傅友德在烏撒築城，少數民族進攻，其軍奮力擊敗少數民族，攻取七星關，以通達畢節。又攻克可渡河，降服東川、烏蒙、芒部諸蠻。烏撒諸蠻複叛，傅友德率軍征討，斬首三萬餘人，繳獲牛馬十餘萬，水西諸部全部投降。十七年，論功時，傅友德進封為潁國公，年祿三千石，並被授予世券。

洪武十九年（1386年），傅友德率軍討平雲南少數民族。洪武二十年，協助大將軍馮勝在金山征討納哈出。洪武二十一年，東川少數民族叛亂，傅友德又任征南將軍，率軍將其討平。然後調兵征討越州叛酋阿資，第二年在普安將其打敗。洪武二十三年（1390年），傅友德跟隨晉王朱棡、燕王朱棣征討沙漠，擒獲乃兒不花，回軍駐守開平，並再征寧夏。第二年，擔任征虜將軍，防備北平邊境。又跟隨燕王征討哈者舍利，追擊元遼王。軍隊剛剛出發，卻突然受命班師。元軍未做防備，便趁機偷偷深入至黑嶺，大敗元軍而返。傅友德再次出外任職，練兵于山、陝，總管屯田事務。加封為太子太師，不久被遣還鄉。

晚年經歷

傅友德怒聲呼喝，陷堅突陣，身冒百死。從偏將升至大將，每戰必定身先士卒。雖傷多處，作戰卻更勇猛，因而屢立戰功，朱元璋多次下詔獎勵慰勞。其子傅忠，娶壽春公主為妻，其女是晉王世子朱濟熺之妃。洪武二十五年（1392年），傅友德請求獲得千畝懷遠民田。朱元璋不高興地說：「我給你的年祿、賞賜不薄，你為什麼還要去侵犯百姓的利益呢？你沒有聽說過公儀休的事嗎？」不久，傅友德協助宋國公馮勝分兵山西，在大同、東勝一帶屯田，並設立十六衛。這年冬天，又在山西、河東練兵。第二年，一起應召回京。

藍玉被殺後，定遠侯王弼私語傅友德：「皇上已經年老，早晚會把我們全部殺掉，我們得自己想個辦法。」朱元璋聽說了此事。洪武二十七年（1394年）冬，朱元璋大宴文武，傅友德有一道菜沒有喫，朱元璋在筵席中指責傅友德不敬，並說：「叫你兩個兒子過來」。傅友德於是離席。有武士傳話：「把他們的人頭帶過來。」不久，傅友德馬上拿了兩個兒子的首級過來，朱元璋驚訝地說：「怎麼那麼快！真是殘忍的人啊！」傅友德從袖中抽出匕首說：「不過是想要我們父子的頭罷了。」於是自刎。朱元璋大怒，流放傅其他沒死的家屬到遼東、雲南，而王弼亦自盡，只留下已故壽春公主（嫁給傅友德長子傅忠）之子傅彥在京。

弘治六年（1493年）九月，晉王朱鍾鉉援引鄂國公常遇春後人恩例為傅友德五世孫傅瑛請求加一級以奉先祀，被禮部駁回。崇禎十七年（1644年），朱由崧追封他為麗江王，謚「武靖」。

延伸閱讀

Biography

Fu Youde was from Suzhou in northern Anhui. He lost his family during an epidemic in the 1340s and subsequently relocated to northern Anhui Province. In 1351, he joined the Red Turban Rebellion in Suzhou and in 1355, he became a member of the army led by Han Song emperor Han Lin'er. He rose through the ranks and eventually became an officer in the army of General Li Xixi, participating in military campaigns in Shandong and the metropolitan area. However, after facing several defeats, the army was forced to retreat to the northwest in 1357 and then to Sichuan in 1358. Dissatisfied with Li's leadership, Fu left his service and joined Ming Yuzhen. He felt undervalued in this new position and when Chen Youliang overthrew and killed Xu Shouhui in 1360, establishing the state of Han, Fu defected to him. Despite his loyalty, he did not receive a promotion and in September 1361, he and his troops joined Zhu Yuanzhang. At the time, Zhu Yuanzhang was a general of the rebel state of Song and later became the first emperor of the Ming dynasty in 1368, known as the Hongwu Emperor.

Under Zhu Yuanzhang, Fu Youde found a commander who appreciated his qualities. Fu Youde was not only an excellent tactician, but also personally brave, always leading his troops from the front. As a result, he quickly rose to prominence and served under Generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun. Due to his similar background, he fit in well with Zhu's commanders, who all came from the same social classes and region. Fu Youde played a significant role in the victories against the state of Han in 1363–64, the Kingdom of Wu (1366–67), and the conquest of northern China from the Mongols in 1368–1370. His military prowess was further demonstrated during the conquest of Sichuan and Yunnan, where he led successful campaigns. In November 1370, he was appointed Marquis of Yingchuan (; at that time, the Hongwu Empror appointed 6 dukes and 28 marquises).

He was given independent command in the campaign against Sichuan. In January 1371, he joined forces with Tang He's army and Liao Yongzhong's fleet to launch a surprise attack on the enemy from the north, while the Hongwu Emperor's main attack was expected to come from the east along the Yangtze River. The conquest of Sichuan was achieved with relative ease, and both Fu and Liao received praise from the emperor, but despite their significant contributions to the campaign, they were not promoted to duke, which they rightfully deserved.

Fu successfully led campaigns in the northern border and Gansu, constructing fortifications and teaching the emperor's sons the art of war. In 1381, the Ming government decided to forcibly annex Yunnan, which was still under Mongol control, after diplomatic negotiations failed. Fu was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the attacking troops, with Lan Yu and Mu Ying as his deputies. He had a large army of 300,000 soldiers, while the enemy had about a third of that number. The campaign began in the fall of 1381 and by January 1382, Kunming (the capital) had fallen, followed by Dali in April. The Mongol governor of Yunnan, Basalawarmi, and his associates committed suicide before Kunming fell, but resistance continued from commanders in the region. Fu established a provincial administration, but the war continued for several more years. It was not until April 1384 that Fu and Lan Yu were able to return with part of the army. Fu was promoted to Duke of Ying, while Lan and the other generals received financial rewards and minor titles.

In 1385, Fu was assigned to Beijing, but in the following year, he was tasked with suppressing a rebellion in Yunnan. In January 1387, he was appointed as Feng Sheng's deputy for the Liaodong campaign against the Mongol chieftain Naghachu. During this campaign, Fu distinguished himself in battle, while Feng was dismissed for his unsatisfactory performance. As a result, Fu was given command of the northeast region of Beijing. In the latter half of 1388 and 1389, he was once again called upon to fight against rebels in Yunnan. From 1390, he served on the northern frontier.

In March 1392, he requested nearly 1,000 mu (about 58 ha) of land, but the emperor angrily refused. A year later, in March 1393, Lan Yu was executed as a traitor, followed by thousands of his relatives who were also put to death. Then, on 20 December 1394, Fu Youde died, officially declared a suicide. Historians believe that his death was linked to the deaths of Generals Wang Bi and Feng Sheng within the next two months, and that the emperor wanted to eliminate any potential threats to his successor, and Fu was the most hated of the three due to his successful career and loyalty.

In 1391, Fu Youde's daughter became one of the secondary wives of Zhu Jixi, the eldest son of Zhu Gang, the third son of the Hongwu Emperor. In the same year, his son Fu Zhong married the Hongwu Emperor's ninth daughter, Princess Shouchun (, married 1386, died 1388). Both Fu Zhong and Fu Youde's second son Fu Zhang were officers, but it is unclear if either of them survived their father.