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Transculturation Versus Acculturation: A Clarification

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Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans

Part of the book series: Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series ((RNMH))

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Abstract

In prehistoric archaeology, two main models have been proposed to explain processes underlying the transition between different techno-cultural assemblages in prehistoric archaeology. These ‘transitions’ represent either phenomena of ‘gradualism’ connected to in situ evolution or ‘diffusionism’ by various ‘acculturation’ processes prone to external influences (direct loans) and necessarily implicating long-distance migrations of populations. Following a review of the original formulation of these two processes, an alternative paradigm is proposed – ‘transculturation’. Borrowed from ethnologists and introduced by F. Ortiz in 1940, this process is characterised by the integration (through indigenous reinterpretation) of external influences via indirect loans derived from intimate interpersonal contacts. In the sense of the term employed here, transculturation can take several different forms (imitation, assimilation, hybridisation, reinterpretation) that are better suited to accounting for the diverse transformations evident in the archaeological record. Contrary to acculturation which imposes new (foreign) manners of doing things, transculturation reinvests the people hidden behind each techno-culture as the primary agents of their own transformation in that they may or may not be open to the diffusion of certain external ideas and have the possibility of reinterpreting them rather than suffering them.

This abstract is based on Le Brun-Ricalens (Transcultulation versus acculturation: a clarification. In: Akazawa T, Nishiaki Y (eds) Replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans: testing evolutionary models of learning. RNMH2014 The second international conference, Akita kappan, Akita, p 84, 2014a) with permission.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Social Anthropology in the British school of thought

  2. 2.

    Cultural Anthropology in the American school of thought (Keesing 1976)

  3. 3.

    The French archaeologist Gabriel de Mortillet (1821–1898) employed this term from 1882 onwards having been inspired by the archaeological work of Luigi Pigorini (1842–1925) who led a new institute dedicated to paleoethnologica and a scientific periodical baptised Bullettino di Palethnologia italiana in 1875. Additionally, at the end of the twentieth century, la revue préhistorique, annales de palethnologie was born in France under the initiative of the doctor-prehistorian Paul Raymond (1859–1944).

  4. 4.

    Considered the first researcher to have defined the idea of culture (Tylor 1873–1874)

  5. 5.

    See preceding note.

  6. 6.

    Three forms of enculturation are distinguished (postfigurative, configurative and prefigurative enculturation).

  7. 7.

    A student of Boas, Herskovits 1928 and 1948

  8. 8.

    In the sense of the ‘original cultural model’

  9. 9.

    As in the ‘conflict theory’ of the Englishman Max Hermann Gluckman (1911–1975) which were, according to this author, the principle catalysts of change

  10. 10.

    Born in the Banat region of Romania, his given name was György Dobó before his naturalisation.

  11. 11.

    Mauss took over the first chair of General Ethnology in France from Marcel Griaule (1898–1956) in 1942, following the creation of the Institute for Ethnology by the University of Paris in 1925.

  12. 12.

    Przyluski (1942); Leroi-Gourhan (1945, p. 336) was notably inspired by certain philosophical ideas expressed by Sorbonne professor J. Przyluski such as milieu, ‘tendency’ and ‘rhythm’ (Przyluski 1942, p. 44, p. 77, p. 103).

  13. 13.

    Leroi-Gourhan (1945, p. 333); that which Gilbert Simondon (2005, p. 230) has referred to as ‘ambient conditions’ after de Beaune (2008, p. 71)

  14. 14.

    Here taken in both its senses, at the scale of the group and the individual

  15. 15.

    Author’s addition

  16. 16.

    Author’s addition

  17. 17.

    Insisting on the significance of this absence

  18. 18.

    For example, according to S. de Beaune, a technical shift of an already-known gesture to a new material or even the usage of known tool with a motion that had been reserved for another tool

  19. 19.

    Term coined by Stephan Jay Gould and Elizabeth Vrba (1982, p. 5) to designate ‘a character whose origin cannot be ascribed to the direct action of natural selection, is coopted for a current use’. The term exaptation has been employed here in the sense of a direct unintended improvement.

  20. 20.

    See preceding note.

  21. 21.

    Modified after the excellent German publication of Dieter Haller (2005, pp. 87–91)

  22. 22.

    For more information consult The Laws of Imitation published in 1890 by the French jurist and sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1843–1904) (1890), as well as the work of the American sociologist Everett M. Rogers (1931–2004) (1952).

  23. 23.

    Only translated into English in 1947, the work of F. Ortiz remained isolated for some time in its politico-economic context given that Cuba was under an American embargo following Castro’s accession to power.

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Acknowledgements

It gives me great pleasure to thank the Professors Takeru Akazawa and Yoshihiro Nishiaki for giving me the opportunity to participate at the second RNMH conference. This has been one of the most stimulating and emulating scientific meetings which now promotes healthy competition for the future.

Il also wish to warmly thank to Seiji Kadowaki, Chié Akashi and Mayoumi Yaguchi for helping me translate into Japanese and our constructive discussions between Date, Biratori, Shiraoi, Toya Lake and Poroto Lake (Hokkaido).

The ideas developed in this paper were an echo of numerous debates with my colleagues, notably Jean-Guillaume Bordes (Université de Bordeaux) and Eugène Morin (Trent University). Our enriching and detailed discussions from different points of views helped me to approach the subject from different angles and widen my bibliography, especially anglo-saxon works, which has not ceased to expand, beginning with Boyd and Richerson’s book recommended by Eugène. I am also grateful for the help of Arianne Boileau (University of Florida) in completing the bibliography and whose perseverance, worthy of Tecumseh, allowed me to benefit from all her know-how. I would also like to thank Brad Gravina for the translation of the text. Finally, the illustrations are due to the talents of Henri-Georges Naton to whom I express my profound esteem and gratitude.

Enoshima, winter 2014

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    Foni Le Brun-Ricalens

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  1. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Yoshihiro Nishiaki

  2. MONREPOS Archaeological Research Center and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, Neuwied, Germany

    Olaf Jöris

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Le Brun-Ricalens, F. (2019). Transculturation Versus Acculturation: A Clarification. In: Nishiaki, Y., Jöris, O. (eds) Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8980-1_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8980-1_13

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