Mid-Infrared Detections of SNe II with NEOWISE

Melina Thévenot

doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abd415

1. Introduction

Supernovae (SNe) are known sometimes to produce mid-infrared transients. The dust causing this brightening is either produced in the supernova or it is an interaction with pre-existing dust in the circumstellar medium (Szalai et al. 2019). Past detections of SNe in mid-infrared are primarily either from NEOWISE (Moriya et al. 2020) or from the Spitzer Space Telescope (Szalai et al. 2019). Here I searched all the SNe II from the Transient Name Server (TNS) between 2014 January 1 and 2019 December 31. From these 1200 SNe I find 184 detections using the wiseview-tool (Caselden et al. 2018). This tool allows for a customized coadding of WISE and NEOWISE images and it displays them in a time-resolved animation. I used a 0.5 yr coadd mode for the best result in detecting the mid-IR transients. Most detections last for a few images and only 18 objects show long lasting mid-infrared detections.

Here I am going to discuss some of the SNe from the Table 1, using light curves produced with the IRSA NEOWISE-R (Mainzer et al. 2014) single exposure table, using primarily w1mpro. The epochs that I describe are separated by about 0.5 yr. Previously undescribed long detections (more than 3 epochs) are in the following SNe: SN 2016X (ASASSN-16at), SN 2016eei (Gaia16ate), SN 2016cyi (PTSS-16jik), SN 2016gkg, SN 2016idl (Gaia16bug), SN 2016ieq (Gaia16buy), SN 2016iot (Gaia16byk), SN 2017ahn (DLT17h) SN 2017gas (ASASSN-17kr), SN 2017gkp (Gaia17ced), SN 2017gvb (ATLAS17ldj), SN 2017hcc (ATLAS17lsn), SN 2017ijn (ATLAS17nhp), SN 2018gn (ASASSN-18ap), SN 2018cez (ASASSN-18ls). The supernova SN 2018hna with the unusual color-change is also described in the next section.

Table 1. List Mid-IR Detections in Supernovae

Name	R.A.	Decl.	Mid-IR Transient	Object Type	Reference Mid-IR Detections	Host Name
	(deg)	(deg)
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
SN 2014B	196.07375	−10.333669	detection	SN IIP	this work	NGC 4939
SN 2014F	277.632458	67.9915806	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 6667
SN 2014G	163.642208	54.2991389	detection	SN IIn	Szalai et al. (2019)	NGC 3448
SN 2014af	131.838171	73.2204694	detection	SN IIP	this work	Anon.
SN 2014ab	207.024958	7.38788889	long detection	SN IIn	Moriya et al. (2020)	UGC 08728 NOTES01
SN 2014az	353.095171	15.8529389	detection	SN IIP	this work	NGC 7691
SN 2014bi	181.512458	47.4926389	detection	SN IIP	Szalai et al. (2019)	NGC 4096
SN 2014cl	34.0379208	−11.934061	detection	SN IIb	this work	IC 217
SN 2014cq	140.873129	−63.674530	detection	SN IIb	this work	ESO 091- G 011
SN 2014cw	333.860621	−10.476280	detection	SN II	this work	Anon.
SN 2014cx	14.9492917	−7.5718305	detection	SN II	Szalai et al. (2019)	NGC 337
SN 2014dq	335.817042	−28.9755	detection	SN II	this work	ESO 467-G51
SN 2015C	199.626958	−14.612388	unclear	SN IIP	this work	IC 4221
SN 2015 da	208.100458	39.6912778	long detection	SN IIn	Tartaglia et al. (2020)	NGC 5337
SN 2015W	104.429292	13.5793611	detection	SN IIP	this work	UGC 3617
SN 2015bh	137.396079	33.1228111	unclear	SN IIn	this work	NGC 2770
SN 2015J	113.771579	−69.131419	detection	SN IIn	this work	Anon.
SN 2015P	192.628	−10.877919	detection	SN IIP	this work	MCG -02-33-20
SN 2015an	126.062917	−18.774583	detection	SN IIP	this work	IC 2367
SN 2015aq	141.435542	34.2766889	detection	SN IIP	this work	UGC 5015
SN 2015ay	17.4448708	13.3080306	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 722
SN 2015as	152.047371	51.8446889	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 5460
SN 2015ba	218.121621	49.8929194	detection	SN II	this work	IC 1029
SN 2015bi	218.06375	26.3254444	unclear	SN IIb	this work	VV 839
SN 2016B	178.767692	1.71855	detection	SN IIP	this work	CGCG 012-116
SN 2016C	204.522083	−17.85425	detection	SN IIP	Jencson et al. (2019)	NGC 5247
SN 2016L	225.114458	−13.5525	detection	SN IIP	this work	UGCA 397
SN 2016aa	121.06675	61.5618611	detection	SN IIP	this work	PGC 22658
SN 2016X	193.815042	0.09981944	long detection	SN IIP	this work	UGC 08041
SN 2016aai	192.6168	−10.841394	detection	SN IIP	this work	0
SN 2016bdu	197.558129	32.520575	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2016bla	116.36225	29.8909806	detection	SN IIP	this work	SDSS J074526.98+295326.4
SN 2016ase	175.644583	−25.912583	unclear	SN II	this work	ESO 504- G 009
SN 2016bev	116.959208	−18.736888	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2016bkv	154.580458	41.4275833	detection	SN II	this work	NGC3184
SN 2016bpq	283.372063	30.6792	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2016blx	88.2483333	−17.86225	detection	SN II	this work	IC438
SN 2016blz	235.122083	0.91030556	detection	SN II	this work	SDSS J154029.29+005437.4
SN 2016bme	134.162867	52.10225	detection	SN II	this work	UGC4671
SN 2016bmi	278.634125	−58.529111	detection	SN IIP	this work	IC4721
SN 2016ccf	131.046042	34.7155	detection	SN IIP	this work	NGC2649
SN 2016ccm	212.495417	17.7633611	detection	SN IIP	this work	IC983
SN 2016cok	170.079304	12.9824	unclear	SN IIP	this work	M66
SN 2016cvk	334.955792	−40.667555	detection	SN IIn-p	this work	ESO-344-G21
SN 2016eei	46.0820833	−57.583861	long detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2016cyi	334.243292	46.7353556	long detection	SN IIn	this work	ZOAG G097.31-08.31
SN 2016cyx	35.3449417	16.5652639	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 01814
SN 2016emw	85.225	−12.243277	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2016enk	231.62275	41.7344611	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 09857
SN 2016eso	74.8752333	−28.8609	detection	SN IIn	this work	ESO 422- G 019
SN 2016ezh	29.5197458	−0.8727055	long detection	SN II	Jiang et al. (2017)
SN 2016gfy	111.691375	85.7642111	detection	SN II	this work	NGC2276
SN 2016gkg	23.5601667	−29.440061	long detection	SN IIb	this work	NGC 613
SN 2016hbd	44.0258167	27.7015417	blue detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2016hgm	20.5492208	0.95205556	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 493
SN 2016iaf	86.7701292	−25.770508	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2016hvu	338.9815	20.3201611	unclear	SN IIP	this work	NGC 7316
SN 2016hwn	181.070333	21.8005111	detection	SN II	this work	KUG 1201+220
SN 2016idl	151.621292	22.4456306	long detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2016ieq	320.604958	−11.948561	long detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2016ija	63.0316667	−32.852911	detection	SN II	this work	NGC1532
SN 2016iot	249.713333	39.8143694	long detection	SN IIL	this work
SN 2017it	92.65475	−34.141038	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017pn	71.60245	−11.988402	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017ati	147.48625	67.1832111	detection	SN IIb	this work
SN 2017ahn	159.322792	−41.618130	detection	SN II	this work	NGC3318
SN 2017bzb	344.322167	−41.015961	bright detection	SN II	this work	NGC7424
SN 2017cfa	149.266221	−7.8808722	unclear	SN IIP	this work
SN 2017cff	204.820833	35.1441194	unclear	SN IIP	this work	GALEXASC J133917.08+350841.1
SN 2017eaw	308.684333	60.1932889	bright detection	SN II	2018MNRAS.481.2536K	NGC 6946
SN 2017faa	199.76625	−2.51275	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017faf	263.666621	26.3061028	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017fck	79.9765417	−56.185688	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017fqk	43.5092208	2.96793889	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 1137
SN 2017fvr	71.867625	23.9827306	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2017gas	304.297333	58.20225	long detection	SN IIn	this work	2MASX J20171114+5812094
SN 2017gkp	131.799125	−33.753030	long detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017ghw	359.394808	2.08643889	unclear	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017gkk	138.435708	76.4790389	detection	SN IIb	this work	NGC2748
SN 2017gmr	38.87575	−9.3541888	detection	SN II	this work	NGC0988
SN 2017gra	49.3820417	−35.152080	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017gvb	121.176583	61.5273694	long detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017hbg	111.905625	35.6084889	detection	SN II	this work	MCG+06-17-007
SN 2017hca	132.421125	−8.0920111	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017hcd	25.7160417	31.4823806	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017hcc	0.96079167	−11.474611	long detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017hbj	67.782	−63.31975	detection	SN II	this work	ESO-084-G-020
SN 2017hpi	123.930792	−28.855461	detection	SN II	this work	AM 0813-284
SN 2017hpn	137.007333	27.2514722	detection	SN IIP	this work	PGC25678
SN 2017ijn	145.378833	−11.1995	long detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2017iit	75.8339583	18.4508	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017ivh	204.901042	−11.482219	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017ivv	307.207417	−4.3826083	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2017jbj	12.0225833	−2.7895555	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 259
SN 2018bl	126.048292	−77.787930	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018gk	248.97525	40.0327806	detection	SN II	this work	WISE J163554.27+400151.8
SN 2018gn	26.676875	32.5081389	long detection	SN II	this work	KUG 0143+322
SN 2018gj	248.009583	78.2113694	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 6217
SN 2018mc	270.253558	61.6963556	detection	SN IIb	this work
SN 2018pn	119.047083	45.5267778	detection	SN IIP	this work	SDSS J075611.44+453138.3
SN 2018pq	193.880379	−50.054711	detection	SN II	this work	IC 3896A
SN 2018yt	134.898292	45.6116389	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2018rz	216.797667	−2.2697805	unclear	SN IIP	this work	NGC5618
SN 2018yo	190.2965	−1.5888305	detection	SN IIP	this work	UGC 7840
SN 2018zd	94.5132917	78.3669889	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 2146
SN 2018aad	59.5064167	−65.506761	detection	SN II-pe	this work	GALEXASC J035801.64-653024.6
SN 2018afm	119.854217	16.4262722	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 4139
SN 2018ahe	224.289617	19.6998944	unclear	SN IIP	this work	UGC 9620
SN 2018amc	164.503208	72.4407194	detection	SN II	this work	GALEXASC J105800.28+722628.0
SN 2018ant	129.131042	−11.828019	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018anu	264.059796	18.9823861	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018aoq	182.65925	39.3966306	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 4151
SN 2018lua	256.477417	33.5208611	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018awp	4.05870833	−31.617461	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018ctj	217.812367	17.1929972	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018bbv	238.953458	−68.870730	detection	SN II	this work	ESO-068-G-013
SN 2018bsz	242.412967	−32.062675	detection	SN II	Chen (2019)	2MASX J16093905-3203443
SN 2018bwd	222.71025	−77.882269	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2018cgq	13.5105833	47.1807111	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2018cez	21.2328875	−19.802930	long detection	SN II	this work	GALEXASC J012455.64-194808.6
SN 2018cnv	342.366629	−24.383469	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018coq	343.776167	11.2576111	detection	SN II	this work	SDSS J225506.55+111531.8
SN 2018cuf	319.048125	−64.482638	detection	SN II	this work	IC5092
SN 2018cvk	298.883333	−49.886538	detection	SN IIn	this work	ESO 233- G 007
SN 2018dyv	295.822042	−54.570661	detection	SN IIn	this work	2MASX J19431917-5434257
SN 2018dzc	275.788583	21.249	unclear	SN II	this work	UGC 11216
SN 2018eog	307.050208	−3.1363305	unclear	SN II	this work	2MASS J20281135-0308096
SN 2018fmf	144.62225	76.3199	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2018fsc	6.96083333	6.30603333	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018fru	204.015667	66.3012111	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018get	113.538108	4.54926944	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 03912
SN 2018gkf	118.2995	23.6517306	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018gjx	34.0649167	28.5912806	detection	SN IIb	this work	NGC 865
SN 2018hay	140.823708	42.3801194	detection	SN II	this work	SDSS J092317.60+422248.7
SN 2018hmx	128.413917	55.5980806	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018hoa	354.300458	40.7217889	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018hna	186.550292	58.3141194	blue then red bright de	SN II	this work	UGC7534
SN 2018hpb	330.393792	−17.46255	unclear	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018hov	135.50175	12.3564306	detection	SN II	this work	SDSS J090159.96+122119.8
SN 2018hyw	125.072283	20.8755972	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 4344
SN 2018jah	136.793667	43.9207806	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2018imf	190.672458	13.2652306	detection	SN IIP	this work	NGC 4639
SN 2018iuq	106.472625	12.8929611	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018jkb	35.2908333	−4.0732694	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2018khh	330.816625	−55.976788	detection	SN IIn	this work	2MASX J22031497-5558516
SN 2018lmy	276.11575	46.6193111	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2018ktv	248.015667	39.6083194	detection	SN IIL	this work
SN 2018lkg	106.645375	63.8486944	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019qt	224.794375	43.8199111	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019va	203.811167	44.7662889	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2019bjr	130.748467	59.5678528	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2019zc	7.372475	−13.478525	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019bhg	254.859167	46.79915	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2019alr	355.029833	16.4845306	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019bao	157.327167	6.12273056	detection	SN IIb	this work
SN 2019bip	158.137404	−19.075380	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019cpo	237.025408	66.9024861	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2019aafi	337.992417	43.8394722	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019dke	193.409167	−26.292061	detection	SN II	this work	ESO 507- G 042
SN 2019dnz	297.131154	2.91375	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019dma	343.707692	36.543625	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2019dtt	338.656292	0.17571111	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019edo	182.964942	24.1365833	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 4162
SN 2019esa	118.753958	−76.411961	detection	SN IIn	this work	ESO 035- G 018
SN 2019etp	359.3465	30.9906306	detection	SN II	this work	UGC 12864
SN 2019fcn	121.783558	−28.056361	detection	SN II	this work	ESO 430- G 020
SN 2019fuo	232.930783	16.7137056	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019hhh	21.64525	51.7213306	detection	SN IIP	this work
SN 2019hsw	140.140654	64.0730444	detection	SN II	this work	NGC 2805
SN 2019ibk	26.546375	−16.284580	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019jys	3.856875	−14.253819	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019jyw	16.625925	−2.1987861	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019knu	49.4695917	−7.3031888	detection	SN II	this work	2MASS J03175281-0718048
SN 2019lkx	55.2621667	34.6520889	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019lkw	256.287917	33.44255	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019aafj	222.165833	30.678	unclear	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019mom	28.9022	53.5918944	detection	SN IIn	this work
SN 2019mhm	287.849917	−57.055161	detection	SN IIP	this work	NGC6753
SN 2019oje	299.618508	−37.538763	detection	SN IIb	this work
SN 2019osl	69.7263333	18.8361806	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2019smj	117.419667	5.07421111	detection	SN IIn	this work	WISEA J074940.69+050411.1
SN 2019tua	329.501167	24.2658611	detection	SN II	this work
SN 2019vve	118.939546	32.4060333	unclear	SN II	this work
SN 2019vxm	299.618917	62.1377306	detection	SN II	this work

Note. The "mid-IR transient" column gives some information about the transient in wiseview, with "long detection" being an exeptionally long transient, "unclear" being a transient that is hard to distinguish from background noise and "bright detection" for bright transients. The machine-readable table also contains more columns from TNS and comments for the light curves with two or more epochs detected.

Only a portion of this table is shown here to demonstrate its form and content. A machine-readable version of the full table is available.

A typical type IIn, SN 2010jl-like (e.g., Bevan et al. 2020) long mid-IR detection begins with a sharp increase of the brightness in two stages with the first increase between pre-detection and epoch 1, then the brightness stays constant or fades between epoch 1 and epoch 2. The second sharp increase happens between epoch 2 and epoch 3 and finally the faiding begins. SN 2014ab (see Moriya et al. 2020), SN 2016eei (Gaia16ate), SN 2016cyi (PTSS-16jik), SN 2016ieq (Gaia16buy), SN 2017gas (ASASSN-17kr), SN 2017hcc (ATLAS17lsn) and SN 2017ijn (ATLAS17nhp) are all type IIn with a more or less SN 2010jl-like mid-IR evolution. SN 2018cez (ASASSN-18ls) was classified as a type II, but also shows a similar evolution. The prototype of these kind of SNe (SN 2010jl) shows interactions of SN ejecta and dense circumstellar material. The second increase in IR-brightness is explained with new dust formation (Bevan et al. 2020).

2. Individual SNe

2.1. SN 2016X (ASASSN-16at)

Not many type IIP are known to have long-lived mid-IR transients, with SN 2004et being a well documented case (Kotak et al. 2009). The initial mid-IR flare of SN 2016X is bright in w1 and w2 in the first epoch, with gradual fading. After several epochs the object is only clearly detected in w2 and is still present in the last epoch. Bose et al. (2019) reports double-peaked Hα and Hβ emission lines, that were observed for the first time for a type II. This is attributed to bipolar nickel ejecta embedded in the spherical hydrogen envelope. Utrobin & Chugai (2019) reports the absence of nebular [O I] emission, and an unusual occultation effect due to the internal dust.

2.2. SN 2016gkg

SN 2016gkg is a type IIb supernova with a suspected asymmetric explosion (Kuncarayakti et al. 2020) and it shows a transient bright in w2, with constant fading over about 8 epochs.

2.3. SN 2016ezh (PS16dtm)

TNS lists this transient as a SN II, but it is interpreted as a tidal disruption event (TDE) with described NEOWISE infrared echo (Jiang et al. 2017). The mid-IR light curve is very different from most SNe II: The brightness increases gradually over several epochs, until reaching a plateau.

2.4. SN 2016iot (Gaia16byk)

This type IIL SN (Gall et al. 2017) shows an mid-IR transient that begins with a plateau and only begins to fade in epoch 5. The other type IIL in my list, called SN 2018ktv (ZTF18acwyvet), has only two detected epochs with steady brightness, but it might evolve in a similar way. Long mid-IR detection is known in the Type II-P/II-L Supernova 2013EJ (Mauerhan et al. 2017) and the mid-IR recording begins about 470 days after the detection of 2013EJ, so a direct comparison to the early plateau of SN 2016iot is not possible.

2.5. SN 2017gvb (ATLAS17ldj)

This type IIn (Dong et al. 2019) supernova show a peculiar mid-infrared transient with gradual increase of the brightness in about 5 epochs without a sign of fading. The transient has an amplitude of only about 0.5 mag, much shallower than the TDE PS16dtm. This transient is located far away from the galaxy nucleus.

2.6. SN 2018gn (ASASSN-18ap)

This transient was classified as a SN II with strong host galaxy contamination (Falco et al. 2018) and shows constant increase in mid-infrared over 3 or 4 epochs and is located over the nucleus of the galaxy. A constant increase with a similar high amplitude is also seen at the TDE PS16dtm (see above). ASASSN-18ap is likely a TDE.

2.7. SN 2018hna

This peculiar SN II is described as a 1987A-like supernova (Singh et al. 2019). The first NEOWISE detection 31 days after the discovery shows no excess. The color changes drastically in epoch 2 and is brighter in w2. The light curve shows a fading of w1 in all three epochs, but an increase from epoch 1 to epoch 2 for w2 and then a fading to epoch 3. The first epoch shows about $w1-w2\approx 0.1$ mag and this increases in epoch 2 to $w1-w2\approx 1.4$ mag.

Facilities: TNS - , CDS - , IRSA - , NEOWISE. -

Mid-Infrared Detections of SNe II with NEOWISE

Article metrics

Permissions

Share this article

Dates

Abstract