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Noninvasive genetic analyses for estimating population size and genetic diversity of the remaining Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) population

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Abstract

Understanding and monitoring the population status of endangered species is vital for developing appropriate management interventions. We used noninvasive genetic analyses to obtain ecological and genetic data on the last remaining Far Eastern leopard population in the world. During seven winters from 2000–2001 to 2007–2008, we collected feces, hair, and saliva from most of the leopard habitat. Of the 239 leopard samples collected during the study period, 155 were successfully genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci and 37 individuals (18 males and 19 females) were identified. Population size estimates based on the Capwire model were 28 (95 % CI 19–38) in 2002–03 and 26 (95 % CI 13–33) in 2007–2008. The leopard population had a low level of genetic diversity (expected and observed heterozygosity = 0.43; average number of alleles per locus = 2.62), and effective population size was estimated to be low (N e = 7–16) by two genetic-based methods. We observed little improvement in the genetic diversity during the study period and did find an indication of allele loss compared with individuals from the mid-1990s, suggesting that the remaining population will continue to suffer loss of genetic diversity. Given the small population size and the low genetic diversity, with little expectation of replenishment of the genetic variation by natural immigration, successful expansion of available habitat and development of a second population based on captive individuals may be crucial for persistence of this leopard subspecies in the wild.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Kobe Oji Zoo, Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park, Asahiyama Zoo, and S. J. O’Brien (the National Cancer Institute, USA) for the Far Eastern leopard DNA samples, and Inokashira Zoo, R. Masuda, and Ueno Zoological Gardens for the leopard cat DNA samples. We also thank M. Stuewe, Y. Uryu, K. Kobyakov, Y. Darman, O. Walter, and S. Christie for providing us with valuable information on the Far Eastern leopard; and the WWF Russian Far East office for providing us with maps and information on the forest restoration project. We express special gratitude to A. Belozor and S. Higashi for their assistance in the realization of this project. Financial support for this study was provided by the A. Starker Leopold Endowed Chair, University of California, Berkeley (D. McCullough, chair-holder) and a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (19-05514) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and in part by WWF US.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 0600810, Japan

    Taro Sugimoto

  2. Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia

    Vladimir V. Aramilev

  3. Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, UK

    Linda L. Kerley

  4. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 3058687, Japan

    Junco Nagata

  5. Russia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA

    Dale G. Miquelle

  6. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    Dale R. McCullough

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  1. Taro Sugimoto
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Correspondence to Taro Sugimoto.

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Sugimoto, T., Aramilev, V.V., Kerley, L.L. et al. Noninvasive genetic analyses for estimating population size and genetic diversity of the remaining Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) population. Conserv Genet 15, 521–532 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0558-8

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