Archers were themselves generally peasants or freemen. You’re talking about a huge stretch of time and a wide range of cultures so absolutes are less true than trends.
Conscription and use as it applied to semi professional soldiers like archers was very much a thing because they were quite useful. By semi-professional I mean their training was encouraged rather than subsidized by the governments outside of wartime.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_of_Arms_of_1252
“Whereas the people of our realm, rich and poor alike, were accustomed formerly in their games to practise archery – whence by God's help, it is well known that high honour and profit came to our realm, and no small advantage to ourselves in our warlike enterprises... that every man in the same country, if he be able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows... and so learn and practise archery.”
There’s a huge difference between living to a healthy 85 and having major cognitive / physical issues at 65 and symptoms well before then. Yes you’re guaranteed to have significant physical decline by 85, but the baseline isn’t static you can still be more physically capable than an un athletic 30 year old.
it is concerning how many people do not understand the VAST difference in quality of life and physical/mental ability over the age of 50 between someone who takes decent care of themselves and someone who doesn't. So many times I've heard people, in the face of making healthier choices, respond with "why would I want to live longer anyways, I'm going to be old and decrepit!". Very sad perspective.
~10x as dangerous checks per km checks out if you assume the same distance is traveled either case. (1 fatality per 100k flight hours * 200KPH would be 1 fatality per 20 million km.)
However people who fly regularly tend to have crazy high total mileage compared to the ~15k miles/year of a typical American. Which is why so many general aviation pilots die relative to car crashes, it’s just inherently a very dangerous hobby.
Future AI possibly, but what’s currently available needs to actually be fit for purpose or it’s just a waste of resources.
Many 90’s games added video elements because that’s ‘something new we can do’ without actually improving the gameplay. It’s that kind of low effort tacking on of cool features that you really need to avoid.
Food production is a class case where once productivity is high enough you simply get fewer farmers.
We are currently a long way from that kind of change as current AI tools suck by comparison to literally 1,000x increases in productivity. So, in well under 100 years programming could become extremely niche.
We are seeing an interesting limit in the food case though.
We increased production and needed fewer farmers, but we now have so few farmers that most people have very little idea of what food really is, where it comes from, or what it takes to run our food system.
Higher productivity is good to a point, but eventually it risks becoming too fragile.
100%. In fact, this exact scenario is playing out in the cattle industry.
Screwworm, a parasite that kills cattle in days is making a comeback. And we are less prepared for it this time because previously (the 1950s-1970s) we had a lot more labor in the industry to manually check each head of cattle. Bloomberg even called it out specifically.
Ranchers also said the screwworm would be much deadlier if it were to return, because of a lack of labor. “We can’t fight it like we did in the ’60s, we can’t go out and rope every head of cattle and put a smear on every open wound,” Schumann said.
This sounds like the kind of labor problem that could quickly be solved by hiring more people. So really the worst case here is that beef will cost a little more for a little while. Hardly an existential threat.
Its not just a problem needing a signature. We have the policies we have today because a lot of people want them, or at least agree with the general direction.
If the right person signs a change that magically fixes a labor shortage in a rural area we're right back to where we were, and much of the public would be up in arms about it.
(This doesn't actually reflect my opinion on immigration laws to be clear, just my view on where we are today in the US)
If beef doubles or triples in price, the political incentives will change rapidly.
I’m not saying this parasite isn’t a potential problem, but it’s not existential by any stretch. There are a thousand more intractable and consequential problems facing us right now.
So I mean it could depend on your definition of productivity, if anything that increases shareholder returns at the expense of a good product or robust supply chain is considered more "productivity," sure. Just as monopolies are the most "productive" businesses ever for their shareholders, but generally awful for everyone else, and are not what most people would think of as productive.
The human definition of productivity is - less inputs producing more and better outputs.
The cartel doublespeak definition is - the product got worse and the margins improved, which seems to describe US Big Ag at present
In case you are concerned that’s wildly misleading.
The US exports lots of cheap food and imports expensive foods like wine, beer, high end cheese, candies. In terms of calories / nutrition the US is a huge net food exporter but we like our luxury chocolates etc.
American companies love to setup cheap factories overseas even if they use US corn syrup to make a beverage the trade balance is based on corn syrup not the value of the manufactured soda. Meanwhile in the other direction we’re importing cans of soda manufactured in other countries.
At least in US agriculture, when they speak of productivity they generally refer to pounds per acre for crops. For livestock it's a bit less clear, they sometimes refer to pounds of feed to final live weight. You generally have to schedule a slaughter day months out and you estimate the final weight, you don't get paid as well if you are too far off the weight in either direction. Its less common generally, but in the cattle industry I've heard the accuracy of hitting that targets talked about as productivity.
I agree with you on the double speak though, really I think its just a lack of the public really understanding the meaning given to "productive" in the industry though. The industry doesn't hide what it means by the word, most just don't care about any version of productive that measures things like nutrient value, sustainability, soil health, animal welfare, etc.
> Food production is a class case where once productivity is high enough you simply get fewer farmers.
Yes, but.
There are more jobs in other fields that are adjacent to food production, particularly in distribution. Middle class does not existed and retail workers are now a large percentage of workers in most parts of the world.
Sure, but when farmers where 90% of the labor force many of the remaining 10% also related to food distribution and production, a village blacksmith was mostly in support of farming, salt production/transport for food storage, etc.
Food is just a smaller percentage of the economy overall.
Was there ever a time when 90% of labor was in farming and we had anything resembling an economy?
I would have assumed that if 90% of people are farming its largely subsistence and any trade or happened on a much more local scale, potentially without any proper currency involved.
Globally perhaps not as fishing and hunting have been major food sources in antiquity especially when you include North America etc. Similarly slavery meant a significant portion of the population was in effect outside the economy.
That said, there’s been areas where 90% of the working population was at minimum helping with the harvest up until the Middle Ages.
Nope, where a family might struggle to efficiently manage 50 acres under continuous cultivation even just a few hundred years ago, now it’s not uncommon to see single family farms with 20,000 acres each of which is several times more productive.
It’s somewhat arbitrary where you draw the line historically but it’s not just maximum productivity worth remembering crops used to fail from drought etc far more frequently.
Small hobby farms are also a thing these days, but that’s a separate issue.
For those 20,000 acre farms, by what measure are they more productive?
In my experience they're very productive by poundage yield, but horribly unproductive when it comes to inputs required, chemicals used, biodiversity, soil health, etc.
The difference is so extreme vs historic methods you can skip pesticides, avoid harming soil health or biodiversity vs traditional methods etc without any issues here and still be talking 1,000x.
Though really growing crops for human consumption is something of a rounding error here. It’s livestock, biofuels, cotton, organic plastics, wood, flowers, etc that’s consuming the vast majority of output from farms.
If that's the metric, sure we have gotten very good at producing more pounds of food per human hour of labor.
Two things worth noting though, pounds of food say little about the nutritional value to consumers. I don't have hood links handy so I won't make any specific claims, just worth considering if weight is the right metric.
As far as human labor hours goes, we've gotten very good at outsourcing those costs. Farm labor hours ignores all the hours put in to their off-farm inputs (machinery, pesticides and fertilizers, seed production, etc). We also leverage an astronomical amount of (mostly) diesel fuel to power all of it. The human labor hours are small, but I've seen estimates of a single barrel of oil being comparable to 25,000 hours of human labor or 12.5 years of full employment. I'd be interested to do the math now, but I expect we have seen a fraction of that 25,000x multiplier materialize in the reduction of farm hours worked over the last century (or back to the industrial revolution).
You really can’t. Human labor is productive, a barrel of oil on its own isn’t going to accomplish crap.
You likely get less useful work out of a gallon of gas in your car than it took to extract, refine, transport, and distribute that gallon of gas. Just as an example gas pumps use electricity that isn’t coming from oil.
Sure, of course there are a lot of losses along the way going from crude in the ground to gas in your car's tank.
This whole thread was about productivity in terms of hours spent by the last person in the chain, the farmer. They can do drastically more today in terms of food production because they can leverage the potential energy in oil to replace human labor, and in that metric all of the externalized costs are ignored.
> because they can leverage the potential energy in oil to replace human labor
Nope, what’s being replaced is animal feed used for animal labor. People didn’t pull a plow by hand and then suddenly swap to tractors.
For thousands of years farmers used sunlight > animal feed > domesticated animals, there’s nothing special about oil here.
Track the in oil energy for a tractor vs the sunlight to grow plants to feed a pair of horses and the tractor is using wildly less energy per year to get vastly more done. You can even make it more obvious by using solar panels in the same fields feeding horses 100 years ago to charge an electric tractor. Oil is cheap, but not necessary there was even wood and coal burning tractors in the early days.
PS: Horses can apparently digest the cellulose in sawdust from several types of trees. It’s unhealthy in large quantities but kind of an interesting fact.
> The human labor hours are small, but I've seen estimates of a single barrel of oil being comparable to 25,000 hours of human labor
That’s just wildly wrong by several orders of magnitude, to the point I question your judgment to even consider it a valid possibility.
Not only would the price be inherently much higher but if everyone including infants working 50 hours per week we’d still would produce less than 1/30th the current world’s output of oil and going back we’ve been extracting oil at industrial scale for over 100 years.
To get even close to those numbers you’d need to assume 100% of human labor going back into prehistory was devoted purely to oil extraction.
What are you claiming is widely wrong exactly? The estimate of comparison between the amount of energy in a barrel of oil and the average amount of energy a human can produce in an hour?
Burning food can produce more useful work in a heat engine than you get from humans doing labor so I’m baffled by what about this comparison seems to make sense to you.
Ignoring that you’re still off by more than an order of magnitude. 100% of the energy content of oil can’t even be turned directly into work without losses. You get about 10% of its nominal energy content as useful work, less if you’re including energy costs of production, refining, and transport.
Even if look at an oil well fire it’s incomplete combustion and not useful work.
You're raising that humans eating food is lossy but then attempt to use the opposite to argue against me when it comes to efficiency in using energy from oil. That's pretty confusing and I'm not sure how it helps, I also am not sure why you are comparing burning food - we eat for much more than just the energy alone and the calorie (a measure of burning food) is a ridiculously stupid metric that assumes we run roughly like a steam engine.
Nope, I’m saying you need to pick a consistent method.
A) If you want move a plow, you can grow some oats/grass/whatever to feed some horses then use those horses, or using the same land for oats/wood/whatever and burn in an early tractor, or use oil. Nobody in 1900 was getting 20 people to pull a plow. All of those methods are turning some amount of chemical energy to produce useful work. As such looking into the chemical energy in food vs oil makes some sense though sunlight vs oil is a better comparison as tractors are burning a far more expensive product not crude oil.
B) Alternatively, you can look at the amount of useful work from a barrel of oil after all losses and compare that to the work done by a horse or person after all losses. But again suddenly oil doesn’t look so hot.
What you tried to do is compare the energy content of oil with some amount of useful work which is a silly comparison.
You were comparing amount of energy between human labor and a barrel of oil? That's such a baffling metric that neither they nor I realized that's what you meant. It's not like you can replace a human with a solar panel, but if you could that would be astoundingly impressive and not diminished toward "horribly unproductive" by the fact that the solar panel is delivering more watts to do the same thing.
The earlier comment or was talking about the massive reduction in the amount of human labor required to cultivate land and the relative productivity of the land.
That comparison comes down to amount of work done. Whether that work is done by a human swinging a scythe or a human driving a diesel powered tractor is irrelevant, the work is measured in joules at the end of the day. We have drastically fewer human hours put into farm labor because we found a massive multiplier effect in fossil fuel energy.
I'm not sure where solar panels came in, but sure they can also be used to store watts and produce joules of work if that's your preferred source of energy.
The confusion lies in why we would measure the efficiency of human labor in joules per unit of work instead of hours of human effort per unit of work.
In particular, if we can make a machine that spends more joules than a human, but reduces the human effort by orders of magnitude, why would that be "horribly unproductive"? Most people would call that amazingly productive. And when they want to broaden the view to consider the inputs too, they're worried about the labor that goes into the inputs, not the joules.
(And if the worry is the limited amount of fossil fuels in particular, we can do the same with renewable energy.)
Joules are just a measure of work, and this all started by an attempt to say how productive we are because we need fewer farmers today. My argument is that we only need fewer farmers because we found a cheap source of energy and have been using that to replace farmers.
When looking at joules its an attempt to compare something like a human cutting a field with a scythe and a tractor cutting it with an implement. The tractor is way more efficient at cutting it when considering only the human hours of labor cutting the field. But of course it is, a single barrel of oil has way more energy potential and even a small tractor will be run with fuel milage tracked by gallons per hour.
Farmers were already using the cheapest source of energy, sunlight. Oil came late to the party here after plant matter and coal because it was slightly more convenient not because it has more energy.
Back in the day, wood powered tractors beat the fuck out of horses, and horses beat the fuck out of human labor because they could digest cellulose. Oil is just very slightly cheaper. Even today people heat their homes with both wood pellets and oil, meanwhile there’s cheaper alternatives.
The article fees disingenuous, flat panels collect the maximum sunlight from a given area of land and require fewer panels than the arrangement shown. Angling them helps the rain wash them and reduces the amount of mounting brackets unless you’re laying panels flat on the ground. Similarly total KW over the day isn’t why tracking mounts are so common instead it’s the increased value of electricity in the mornings and evenings so the actual economic benefits != total kWh.
However, the bit where it’s talking about increasing the angle means creating gaps between panels or the shadowing is going to offset any gains while also requiring far more panels and more land at which point you might as just angle the panels based on latitude.
actually this is "bad kind of article", because there is so much information in there / "everything covered". that it is almost impossible to have comments about it lol.
Literally laying them flat on minimally cleared land would win the simulation. Fewer panels, fewer acres, less mounting hardware, less labor, more power. Real world conditions not included in the analysis, such as wholesale electricity prices over a day and land not being flat, drives a lot of these choices.
Three of the major Texas cities (Dallas, Austin, San Antonio) have far more room for growth based on geography they simply aren’t next to the ocean etc. This has significant impact on how infrastructure can be added and the availability of land for housing. California also has significantly increased construction costs dealing with earthquakes, and water scarcity issues.
But that’s a long way from explaining everything going on, government regulations have a real impact.
All rating systems are relative to other ratings on the platform. So it doesn’t matter if you dumb things down or not.
The trick is collecting enough ratings to average out the underlying issues and keeping context. IE: You want rankings relative to the area, but also on some kind of absolute scale, and also relative to the price point etc.
The less choices you the more random noise you get from rounding.
A reviewer might round up a 7/10 to a 3 as it’s better than average, while someone else might round down a 8/10 because it’s not at that top tier. Both systems are equally useful with 1 or 10,000 reviews but I’m not convinced they are equivalent with say 10 review.
Also, most restaurants that stick around are pretty good but you get some amazingly bad restaurants that soon fail. It’s worth separating overpriced from stay the fuck away.
The fewer choices and the more clear the meaning, the less noise you get from the very well-documented cultural difference in how wide-range numeric rating systems are used; this isn't important if you are running a platform with a very narrow cultural audience, but it is (despite being widely ignored in design) in platforms with wide and diverse audiences, since your ratings literally mean different things based on the the subcultural mix rating each product.
A lot of mechanisms are involved. Culture doesn’t just impact the scores people rate something on, but also how people interpret them which mitigates that effect.
However, the rounding issue is a big deal both in how people rate stuff and how they interpret the scores to the point where small numbers of responses become very arbitrary.
> A lot of mechanisms are involved. Culture doesn’t just impact the scores people rate something on, but also how people interpret them which mitigates that effect.
It doesn't mitigate the effect, the combination of the effect on rating and interpretation is the source of the issue, which exists whenever the review reader isn't in the cultural midpoint of the raters.
Conscription and use as it applied to semi professional soldiers like archers was very much a thing because they were quite useful. By semi-professional I mean their training was encouraged rather than subsidized by the governments outside of wartime.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assize_of_Arms_of_1252 “Whereas the people of our realm, rich and poor alike, were accustomed formerly in their games to practise archery – whence by God's help, it is well known that high honour and profit came to our realm, and no small advantage to ourselves in our warlike enterprises... that every man in the same country, if he be able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows... and so learn and practise archery.”
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