Not sure if you intended the pun, but the biggest structural reason is not engineering but procedural. The permitting, environmental processes in CA are often onerous making new construction much more expensive. That means the rents must be higher to break even, which in turn means new apartments go up where the incomes support those higher rents. Paradoxicall places where incomes are high also tend to have the most onerous permitting.
NIMBY is by far the main problem CA has. The permitting process includes incredible amounts of public feedback, which makes it difficult to build a chemical plant and a middle school next to one another, but also makes it impossible to rezone or densify neighbourhoods.
There's basically no zoning whatsoever in much of Texas. That's how you get industrial explosions like the 2020 industrial explosion right up against a residential neighborhood in Houston.
California's largely the other extreme. Even large parts of San Francisco are zoned for single family housing (or maybe duplex if you're lucky). So already things like larger apartment buildings or mixed-use buildings that can be more profitable are out. CEQA allows for a lot of public feedback which is in turn allowed to grind projects to a halt.
For example there's undeveloped land in Brisbane, just south of San Francisco. It's near a freeway (CA-101) and commuter rail (Caltrain). The city of Brisbane's been (successfully) trying to block any development that would include residential buildings — they want office jobs not new residents. I don't know enough about other cities to make relative comparisons, but again in SF the department in charge of permitting (DBI) has seen a number of bribery and conflict-of-interest charges recently. Look at any big project in California really. Corruption at the city/county level may differ but the process by which anyone can gum up the works is a state mandated one.
It’s inaccurate to say that there’s “basically no zoning whatsoever in much of Texas”. In Texas, zoning is up to the individual cities. Houston is notorious for having a lack of zoning laws, but all of the other major cities like Dallas, Austin, Fort Worth, San Antonio all have very complex zoning laws.
If the funds are disbursed from the public Treasury, it is very much a political decision. You can put some intermediary bureaucrats to create a face of objectivity, but it's a political decision at it's core.
Funds duly allocated by the Legislature, which means they must be spent in service of what the Legislature allocated them for. Presidents cannot impound funds since the Impoundment Control Act, so either they need to spend them or convince Congress to change that allocation.
We can argue about the basis for terminating the grants until the cows come home, but this administration through DOGE has made it clear that they're not otherwise going to be spending this money, which is something the president cannot do.
Clawing back and terminating grants without due process is what dictators do; it's the opposite of what supporting and defending the Constitution is.
Snark aside, Yes I do. Congress if fully capable of being specific when it wants to and delegating to the executive when it doesn't. For example they required the A10 airplane to continue to operate. They didn't specify the caliber of bullets to use.
Agents from the United States Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Enforcement and Removal Operations (“ICE ERO”) identified Flores-Ruiz as an individual who was not lawfully in the United States. A review of Flores-Ruiz’s Alien Registration File (“A-File”) indicated that Flores-Ruiz is a native and citizen of Mexico and that Flores-Ruiz had been issued an I-860 Notice and Order of Expedited Removal by United States Border Patrol Agents on January 16, 2013, and that Flores-Ruiz was thereafter removed to Mexico through the Nogales, Arizona, Port of Entry. There is no evidence in the A-File or DHS indices indicating that Flores-Ruiz sought or obtained permission to return to the United States.
Sworn affidavit in the complaint against Judge Dugan.
Xays by definition don't look at skin color. Do chest x-rays of black women reveal that there's something different about their chests than white or asian women? That doesn't pass my non doctor sniff test, but someone can correct me (no sarcasm intended).
But they do look at bones and near-bone tissues, which can still have variance based on ethnicity and gender. For a really brute-force example, just think about how we use the shape of the pelvis and some other bones to identify the gender of skeletal remains of a person. If you had a data set of pelvic xrays that only included males, your data set would imply that female pelvic bones are massively malformed despite being perfectly normal for that gender.
Breast density affects the imaging you get from x-rays. It is well-known that denser breast tissue results in x-rays that are "whiter" (I'm talking about the image of the tissue, in white, on a black background, as x-rays are commonly read by radiologists). Denser breasts are associated with less effective screening for breast cancer via mammogram. A mammogram is a low-dose x-ray.
When using a chest x-ray to look for pulmonary edema, for instance, I would be unsurprised if breast tissue (of any quantity) and in particular denser breast tissue would make the diagnosis of pulmonary edema more difficult from the image alone.
Also, you seem to have conflated a few things in your second sentence. Deep in the article, they did have radiologists try to guess demographic attributes by looking at the x-ray images. They were pretty good at guessing female/male (unsurprising) and were not really able to guess age or race. So I'm super interested in how the AI model was able to be better at that than the human radiologists.
There can be differences which statistical models pick up which we humans don’t.
For example, a couple years ago there was a statistical model made which could fairly accurately predict (iirc >80%) the gender of a person based on a picture of their iris. At the time we didn’t know there was a visible iris difference between genders, but a statistical model found one.
That’s kind of the whole point of statistical classification models. Feed in a ton of data and the model will discover the differentiating features.
Put another way, If we knew all the possible differences between someone with cancer and without, we wouldn’t need statistical models at all, we could just automate the diagnosis.
We don’t know the indicators that we don’t know, so we don’t know if some possible indicators show up or don’t show up in a given group of people.
That is the danger of wholly relying on statistical models.
Cancer progresses differently depending on ethnicity and sex. As does treatment and likelihood of receiving treatment at early stages.
Black women experience worse outcomes and are diagnosed with more severe forms of breast cancer than white women.
Cancer is not just one disease. Its progression will vary depending on type. If the AI is trained on only some strains of cancer, eg those traditionally found in white women in early detection scenarios, it might not generalize to other cancer types.
So yes, to your genuine question, medical imaging of cancer can vary depending on ethnicity because different cancers can vary between genetic backgrounds. Ideally there would be sufficient training data across the populations, but there isn't because of historical race bias. (Among other reasons.)
What groups have the financial means to get chest x-rays, and what groups do not? What historical events could create the circumstances where different groups have different health outcomes?
you ain't gonna like the truth but there are differences between the races and during med school they try to say it ain't so but once you start seeing patients there's differences in musculature/skin, all sorts. and if you have a good attending they tactfully tell you and you go 'was it in a study?' and nope nobody wants to publish it. and no i'm talking just stuff like scabies or diabetes.
Liquid money is only good if the bank stays solvent. Which SVB was not, and neither were many banks in 2008 until the federal govt stepped in and backstopped all deposits beyond the $250K limit.
In the past several US financial crises, most notably 2007-8 and 1929, it wasn't loss of faith in currency which was instrumental, it was a lack of availability and flow of currency, largely due to debt structuring.
In both cases, what eventually resolved the matter was not banks spontaneously restoring solvency, but the central bank, that is, the financial entity capable of creating new money out of thin air, which reliquidated the banks, greatly assisted in the earlier instance by vast increases in government spending as a consequence of WWII.
There's a group who likes to preach loss of faith in the US dollar; their predictive record has proved quite poor. Despite this it remains an inexplicably popular trope.
I keep "my money" in a few different places. I keep a spreadsheet and every 1st of the month I 'do the rounds' and add the numbers of deposits, investments, '401k', etc. so I keep an eye on my 'net worth' on a monthly basis. When COVID happened and I saw that SP500 tanked, I bought more than my typical 'monthly purchase'.
Now, I am a nobody and worth a little. Someone who had $50m in the bank, well connected, and with access to info, 'went in' for x1000 what I did, at a better timed entry and left at a better timed exit made big bucks.
I am definitely part of the top 1% (8b people --> 80m)(considering that majority of the planet lives 'poor')(my definition of 'poor' was redefined when I visited the Philippines and saw a family of 4 live in a carton box from a fridge).
"We" here in HN (most of us) are in that 10% of the global population, whether we like it or not. And it's not because "everyone living in the EU is rich", it's more like in so many countries for majority of the people their income is well below $upper-tripple-digits.
How are you defining rich here? All these discussions people throw out relative terms and we all have different numbers in our heads. However when Democrats propose bills they start at ~$400k for W2 workers. This is not rich in NYC/SF, and these people use regular banks.
It'll take some time, but I would highly recommend reading the oral argument transcript for the Chevron decision. You'll see some good history and opinions on why Congress now does what it does.
It wasn't always so. In 1979, when Chrysler wanted federal loan guarantees, Congress passed a specific act to do so. Contrast that with what's now a blanket check to agencies thru an Omnibus
Exactly. IP is but one element of the fingerprint. Browser, OS, language etc. all make it quite possible to reassociate a user to a different IP v4 or 6; just takes a bit of time and processing.
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