Predicting Coastal Vulnerability Of Beaches At Kuala Santubong

PREDICTING COASTAL VULNERABILITY KUALA SANTUBONG OF BEACHES Siti Kartini Bt Mohd Mahdi Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and :Management) 2015 AT , (I Borang PTA4 ýýYSýý ýý ý ý`ýý > ;;, ,. _ ý ýý , ý-ý ý $orang Pengesahan Lap. oran PröfekTahun Akhir (STF3015-) Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak ý., _ . ý. ý . 11 9 Saya f/77 "1' p7 M oht) Ko9R T/N 1 (nama) no. pelajar mengaku telah membuat perubahan yang perlu* fIýIFM 35 22 g' perubahan terhadap Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir yang bertajuk: Vu/nerA6ý/iýj ý $cGCAc,fG-1 Predicfii, Cogäýl a; u KýlAý9 S4AýV6onq . Bersama ini saya kemukakan 3 salinan Laporan Projek Tahun Akhir dan I salinan `softcopy' Laporan berkenaan. 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No dispute signature W _NE 1y Supervisor's WRate) signature: (-Date) Address: 6pndurýAMOhöm9q3050 TAmgnZnoýýý ' JAIAnC4ý4gMIV}Lý1 1644 01-ciymw , l 10 Notes: * If the Project/Thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach together as letter from date indicated, the organisation annexure a with the of restriction and the reasons for the confidentiality and restriction. [The instrument was prepared by The Centre for Academic Information Services] Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to praise my gratitude towards Allah SWT whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this Final Year Project (FYP) report. Apart from that, I would like to express my sincere appreciation supervisor, and deepest thanks to my Dr Aazani Mujahid whose had been monitoring, giving me undivided guidance and constant encouragement stimulating suggestions, that helped me to coordinate my project especially in writing this report. Without her unwavering guidance, it would be impossible for me to complete this study. Indeed her credibility and experience as supervisor had indirectly assisted and ease me in writing this thesis. With this, again I am really am truly grateful and blessed for to have her as my supervisor. Apart from that, I would also like to convey my endless thanks to my dearest friend Ann Aletheia A Manson for her willingness to help distribute questionnaires, interviewing the head of village, her counsel and continues support in helping me completing my study. I would also like to express my gratitude to my fellow friends especially Ahmad Hibbatul Hakimi B Azman, Danial Nakhaie B Mohd Soukhri, Addelina Bt Idris and Norfaizah Bt Kaswadi for their willingness to assist me during sampling. Other than that, I would also like to thank my other entire classmate for their kindness and support. I would also like to thank all those who have been involved directly and indirectly in succession of this project. Not forgetting Dr Ruhana Hassan, my examiner for my final year project, whom I appreciate deeply for her suggestions and guidance in order to improve this project. Last but not least, I would like to thank my beloved parents Mohd Mahdi B Abdullah and Habsah Bt Johdi and my other family for their constant guidance, encouragement support. Without them, the success of this would not be possible. Thank you all. 1 and DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis entitled "Predicting Kuala Santubong" Coastal Vulnerability submitted to the Faculty of Resource of Beaches at Science and Technology is a presented of my original work except for the citation and references which have been duly acknowledged qualification and never been before or concurrently or other institutions. Mujahid and submitted submitted for any other degree of This work was done under supervise of Dr Aazani to partially fulfil the requirement for the degree of Bachelor Science with Honours in Aquatic Resource Science and Management. 30 ýuK 2m5 ............................................... ...................... Date Siti Kartini Bt Mohd Mahdi Department of Aquatic Science Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 11 Table of contents Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. Declaration ...................................................................................................................... List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... List of Tables ................................................................................................................... List of Figures ................................................................................................................ Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 1.0 Introductions .............................................................................................................. 2.0 Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 2.1 Kuala Santubong beaches ......................................................................................... 2.2 Coastal geomorphology ............................................................................................ 2.2.2 Beaches .............................................................................................................. 2.2.2 Beach sediment .................................................................................................. 2.3 Coastal erosion and accretion .................................................................................... 2.4 Coastal vulnerability ................................................................................................ 2.4.1 Exposure 2.4.2 Sensitivity 2.4.3 Adaptive ............................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ Capacity ............................................................................................ 2.5 Vulnerability Assessment (VA) tools 3.0 Materials ...................................................................... and Methods ............................................................................................ i ii v vi vii 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 10 11 14 3.1 Study site ................................................................................................................ 3.2 Coastal Integrity Vulnerable Assessment Tools (CIVAT) ....................................... 3.2.1 Shoreline tracing 14 3.2.2 Beach profiling ................................................................................................ 3.3 Computing data and data analysis ........................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Vulnerability Assessment 3.3.2 Questionnaires ................................................................................. ................................................................................................. 4.0 Result ........................................................................................................................ 4.1 Beach profiling 4.2 Shoreline tracing ..................................................................................................... 4.3 Vulnerability assessment (VA) ............................................................................... 4.3.1 Exposure 4.3.2 Sensitivity 4.3.3 Adaptive components ...................................................................................... components Capacity ..................................................................................... components ........................................................................ in 15 15 19 19 19 21 30 33 33 34 37 4.3.4 Vulnerability result .......................................................................................... 4.4 Community awareness ............................................................................................ 4.4.1 Community background ................................................................................... 4.4.2 Community perceptions ................................................................................... 5.0 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 5.1 Beach profiling ....................................................................................................... 5.2 Shoreline tracing ..................................................................................................... 5.3 Vulnerability Assessment ....................................................................................... 5.4 Communities awareness level ................................................................................. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... References ...................................................................................................................... Appendices ..................................................................................................................... IV 38 40 41 42 45 45 48 51 53 56 58 62 List of Abbreviations AC Adaptive Capacity AOGCM Atmosphere-Ocean CIVAT Coastal Integrity Vulnerability Assessment Toolkit CC Climate Change DID Department GPS Global Positioning GIS Geographic Information System ICSEA-C-CHANGE Integrated coupled Global Climate Model of Irrigation and Drainage System Coastal Sensitivity, Exposure. and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change MAP Mediterranean Action Plan MOSTI Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PAP Priority Action Programme PI Potential Impact PRM Pre-northeast Monsoon POM Post-northeast SCS South China Sea SW South-west TURF Tool for Understanding UNEP United Nation Environment Programme VA Vulnerability Monsoon Assessment V Resilience of Fisheries List of Tables Title Tables No 1 Pages Table 1: Distribution of eroding coastline of Malaysia and 7 differences of total distance eroded of coastal in 1985 and 2010 adapt from (DID, 2012) 2 Advantage and Disadvantage of the three coastal VA tools 12 3 Station coordinates and description 18 4 Summary of beach profiling data for all stations 28 5 Summary of change of shoreline for year 1988. 2004 and 32 2014/2015 6 Exposure 7 Sensitivity 8 Adaptive 9 Results of CIVAT toolkit 10 Summary components components capacity 37 scoring components of Vulnerability 38-40 scoring 40-41 scoring 42 Assessment vi (VA) result 43 List of Figures Figures No Title Pages 1 Relation of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity adapted 9 from (Alino et al., 2013) 2 Map of Beaches at Kuala Santubong (adapted from Google Earth. 14 2014) 3 Determining elevation (dz) from sea level 16 4 The Emery Method of beach profiling for data collection where 17 distance (x) of Point 0 to Point I will be determine and difference in elevation from sea level will be identified by Profiler 1 while Profiler 2 hold the rod and will be recorded by Profiler 3 5 Sediment particles size guides 17 6 Equation for Calculating Vulnerability 19 7 (i) South Panjang Beach Station I located near 21 Panjang Beach Station 2 located near 21 Panjang Beach Station 3 located near 22 West of Pasir Panjang Beach Station 4 located near 22 West of Pasir development area 7 (ii) South West of Pasir development area 7 (iii) South West of Pasir development area 7 (iv) South development area 7 (v) Pasir Panjang Beach Station 5 located near bridge at recreational 23 park 7 (vi) at C-shaped hut near 23 at shower tap near 24 Pasir Panjang Beach Station 8 located at abandoned house near 24 Pasir Panjang Beach Station 6 located recreational area 7 (vii) Pasir Beach Panjang Station 7 located recreational park 7 (viii) recreational park 7 (ix) Pasir Panjang Beach Station 9 located Pasir Panjang village vii near big orange house at 25 7 (x) Pasir Panjang Beach Station 10 located near hut in front Pasir 25 Panjang mosque 7 (xi) Pasir Pandak Beach Station 11 located at fishermen jetty near 26 Pasir Pandak 7 (xii) Station 12 located jetty in front Pasir Pandak 26 Station for beach profiling plotted in Google Earth (adapted from 27 Pasir Pandak Beach mosques 8 Google Earth, 2015) 9 Data of Shoreline tracing plotted on Google Earth (adapted from 30 Google Earth, 2015) 10 Shoreline tracing 2014/2015 (adapted from Google Earth, 2015) 30 11 Comparison of current shoreline with historic shoreline (adapted 31 from Google Earth, 2015) 12 (i) Community perceptions based on a) gender. b) age and c) 3 3-34 employment status 12 (ii) Figure 12 (ii): Community coastal area and b) awareness adaptation perceptions issues viii based on importance level on climate change of and its 35 Predicting of Beaches at Kuala Santubong Coastal Vulnerability Siti Kartini Bt Mohd Mahdi Aquatic Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak Abstract This is not areas in the world will experience being exposed to erosion and accretion. few done on vulnerability of beaches in researches exceptional to beaches in Malaysia. There are in Sarawak. Hence, this study was conducted at beaches Peninsular Malaysia but little has been done along Kuala Santubong to predict the vulnerability using Coastal Integrity Vulnerable Assessment Tools changes of the beach shapes and profiles were determined (CIVAT) indicators. The geomorphology Morton (1993) et al., shoreline tracing method and Emery (1961) beach profiling method. using adapted In this study, 2 out of 12 stations studies in Kuala Santubong face erosion (seasonally) while the others drastic changes showed positive impacts (seasonal accretion). However, over long term period there are in last 26/27 from 1988 from 14.4 31.5 the years until present day m%yr miyr of beach width ranging Moreover, due less habitat in the vulnerability to the area. (2014/2015) indicates erosion occur coastal indicator. Results show all the beaches at Kuala determined CIVAT beaches using the was of Santubong had high vulnerability level due to less coastal habitat. In addition, the awareness level of distributed to local local community toward coastal changes was determined by using questionnaires Panjang low level. Hence. Pandak Pasir Pasir which show awareness and village community at Organizations NGOs and society should work together to reduce the Government, Non-government vulnerability of the beach. Coastal Keywords: Climate Change, Coastal Integrity Vulnerable Beach Profiling, Shoreline Tracing. Assessment Tools, erosion, Abstrak Kawasan pantai di dunia akan terdedah kepada hakisan dan pertamhaharr. Hal irti tidak terkecuali Terdapat heherapa kajian yang dilakukan ke atas kelemahan pantai kepada pantai-pantai di Malaysia. di Semenanjung Malaysia tetapi sedikit yang dilakukan di Sarawak. Oleh itu, kajian ini tclah dijulankan kelemahan menggunakan di pantai di sepanjang Kuala Santuhong untuk meranialkan petunjuk Coastal Integrity Vulnerable Assessment Tools (CIVAT). Perubahan geomor-fologi daripada hentuk dan prgf l kaedah Shoreline tracing Morton et al., (1993) dan kaedah Beach pantai ditentukan menggunakan kajian 2 daripada 12 stesen kajian di Kuala Santuhong menurjukkan, profiling Emery (1961). Hasil lain hakisan (bernusim) menunjukkan impak positif ( pertamhahan secara hermusirn). manakala yang drastik terhadap Walau hagaimanapun, dalam tempoh jartgka masa panjang terdapat perubahan 1988 schingga keleharan pantai antara 14.4 m / tahun - 31.5 m / tahun dalam 26/27 tahun daripada dmnana hal 1n1, menunjukkan hakisan herlaku dlsehabkan kurang habitat pantai di han nnn (2014/2015) dengan menggunakan CIVAT kawasan telah ditentukan tersebut. Selain itu, kelemahan pantai di Kuala Santuhong Hasil kajian indicator. menunjukkan scnuua pantai nnempurryai tahap pcndedalnan yang tinggi kerana kurang habitat pantai. Tambahan pula, tahap kesedaran masyarakat seternpat ke kcpada soal selidik yang diedarkan pantai telah ditentukan dengan menggunakan arah perubahan dan kesedaran di kampong Pasir Pandak Pasir Panjang tahap yang menajukkan masyarakat sctempat pendcdahan yang rendah. Kerajaan, NGO dan masyarakat perlu hekerjasanna uruuk mengurangkan kawasan pantai. Keywords: Perubahan Iklim, Coastal Integrity Vulnerable Beach Profiling, Shoreline Tracing. I Assessment Tools, hakisan, 1.0 Introduction Malaysia have a coastline approximately 4809 km long where it is made up of 1972 km in Peninsular Malaysia, 1035 km in Sarawak and 1802 km in Sabah that include Labuan (Bird, 2010). More than half of the coastlines are beaches while another less than half is mostly covered by mangrove area. It has been estimated that some 30% of the coastline are is subject to varying degrees of erosion (Ong, 2000). In Malaysia, most of the main city located near the coastline area which indicates that the coastline area had played an important role in supporting local communities. Malaysia coastal areas had been home to impacts of more than 60% of total population of Malaysia and much more sensitive to the 2000). The coastline area climate change (Ministry Of Science, Technology and Inovation, can provide direct and indirect value which is important in the growth of industrial activities such as fisheries, tourism industry, oil and gas production and agriculture. However, the areas that cover along the coastal area are usually subjected to erosion and accretion in recent years. National Coastal Erosion Study from November 1984 to January 1986 study results indicate that out of the country's coastline of 4809 km. about 29% or 1,380 km was facing erosion (Department of Irrigation erosion can cause damage to the communities and Drainage. 2012a). Coastal that live around the coast. Hence. where those communities are developed at the back of coastal dunes, it is of uttermost importance to assess the erosion and flooding risks, for which it is necessary to quantify the coastal dunes vulnerability (Sancho et al., 2012). There is very few of coastal research had been conducted in Peninsular Malaysia but there a little in Sarawak which are at Miri on 2010 and Final year project at Sematan on 2012. There is no research had been done yet at beaches along Kuala Santubong, Sarawak. 7 Sarawak experiences two monsoonal changes. The Northeast Monsoon which usually between occurs between November to March and the Southwest Monsoon usually occurs May or early June and ends in September. Sarawak coastal areas were exposed to South China Sea. The erosion in coastal areas in Sarawak might be due to sediment deposition, wind and wave actions, river flows, tidal change, sea level and climate change. However, the biggest factor that affecting the erosion is wave action. The wave strength is usually fetches and strong wind will create bigger and controlled by it fetch and wind speed. Long more powerful waves that have more erosive effect. It is very important to monitor and predict coastal erosion or coastal vulnerability. by applying particularly at beaches of Kuala Santubong which is still not yet investigated these three proposed objectives: 1) To determine geomorphological changes at Kuala Santubong. 2) To identify the vulnerability level of the coasts at Kuala Santubong. and 3) To determine the awareness level of local community to vulnerability of the beaches. 3 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Kuala Santubong beaches Kuala Santubong beaches are located at coasts along Kampong Pasir Pandak. Kampong Pasir Panjang, and Kampong Tanjung Batu. This area is located approximately 20 km from Kuching City Centre. All the villages are place adjacent to each other. There are four beaches at Kuala Santubong, that are Pasir Pandak beach. Pasir Panjang beach, and another 2 beaches besides Pasir Panjang beach. Kuala Santubong beaches cover approximately 1.45 km in length for coastline. However, the Pasir Panjang beach had been developed into recreational park and called D'Cove Pasir Panjang Family Park. D'Cove Pasir Panjang Family Park is another project developed by Pelita Holdings Sdn Bhd (PELITA, 2013). It is believed to be designed as a unique recreational and resort hub away from Kuching city centre that caters for recreational and social needs of local residents as well as to allow tourists to appreciate the beauty of our natural landscape. Apart from that, on year 2005 government had built rock revetment at Pasir Pandak beach under Coastal Erosion Control Project at Kg. Pasir Pandak, Kuching. Sarawak. The rock revetment construction had been constructs by Kejuruteraan Janje Sdn. Bhd. and had been complete on 20 April 2005 (DID, 2012b) 2.2 Coastal geomorphology Coastal zone are defined as the geomorphologic area either side of the seashore in which the interaction between the marine and land parts occurs in the form of complex ecological and resource systems made up of biotic and abiotic components coexisting and interacting with human communities and relevant socio-economic 4 activities (United Nation Environmental Programme, 2008). There are a large number of residents living near the for some recreational coastal area and a lot of people go to the coastline activities. Most for people had been wondering about the origin of the coastal scenery while coming form and why there is changing on some seaside recreation. They are wondering how they features such as beaches, geomorphology dunes and cliffs while walking along the shore. Coastal deals with the shaping of coastal features and the processes that occur on them and the changes that happen. The coastline is subjected to erosion or accretion and the changes in sea level. 2.2.1 Beaches Beaches can be found at all sedimentary shorelines that exposed to waves. Bird (2008) defined beach as an accumulation of loose, unconsolidated sediment that range in size from very fine sand to pebbles, cobbles and boulders which often with shelly materials on the shore that had most dynamic physical system. Mostly the beaches will experience gaining or losing of sediment. Some of the beaches might consist of sediment in transit which is the sediment that had been migrates along the coasts. 2.2.2 Beach sediment Beach sediments, it usually consists of various sizes of sand or gravel particles and it contribution in beach dynamics depends on the sizes. To describe the beach, usually it will consider the size of the sediment. Generally, the smaller the sand sizes, the flatter the beaches. However, beaches are sorted based on wave energy. The most important process of sediment transportation is a litthoral drift or beach drift that cause by oblique approach of waves onto beaches. Beaches will become steeper, higher and better sorted at high wave 5 energy. While, at the low energy wave, the beaches had gentler gradient, finer and less sorted. It also had less erosion due to convergent long shore currents bringing in beach sediment. In addition, sediment in active beach system can be derived from various factors such as erosion compartments, of upland by rivers, longshore transport from adjacent coastal erosion of older beach and shoreface deposits and erosion. However, in recent decades, many beaches had experience human activities. erosion or deposition Bird (2008) said some beaches (accretion) have been artificially due to nourished or replenished, especially in a seaside resort. 2.3 Coastal erosion and accretion Coastal erosion occurs when the beaches experience loose sediment alongshore. offshore or to hinterland instead of receiving sediment from various sources. Malaysia had two different physical formation, the mangrove and nipah- fringed mud flats and sandy beaches. The mechanism of coastal erosion of mud coasts is less understood compare to sandy coasts. Based on National Coastal Erosion Study 1986. Malaysia's shorelines are classified into three categories of erosion. It is depend on the threat it will cause to the shore and the facilities around. The three categories are: Category 1: The critical erosion areas where the facilities or infrastructures are in greatest danger. Category 2: The significant erosion areas where the facilities or infrastructure are expected to be in danger condition within 5 to 10 years if there is no action taken. Category 3: Acceptable Erosion areas where there is no danger to economic loss if left uncheck. 6 Furthermore, distribution of eroding of coastal in Malaysia in 1985 and 2010 can be seen in the Table 1. Table 1: Distribution of eroding coastline of Malaysia and differences of total distance eroded of coastal in 1985 and 2010 adapt from (DID, 2012a) Area Peninsula r Sarawak Distance Km 1972 1035 Sabah 1802 Total 4809 Eroded coastal categories Category Category Category 1 2 3 Total distance Km 255.8 (78) 17.3 Km 164.5 (43) 22.3 Km 618.9 (52) 9.6 Km 1039.2 (173) 49.2 (8) (10) (7) (25) 15.3 (7) 288.4 (93) 6.5 (4) 193.3 (57) 304.3 (14) 932.8 (73) 326.1 (25) 1414.5 (223) of eroded coastal 2010 % 73.5 3.5 Total distance of eroded coastal 1985 Km % 995 73 (156) 45 3 (21) 23.0 100 326 (24) 1366 (201) 24 100 ( ) number of sites Based on the Table 1, it shows that around 3.5 per cent of Sarawak coastal in 2010 (Tang & Lee, 2010) had been eroded which is increase by 0.5 per cent compare in 1985. The table also show the addition of one site that eroded. Furthermore, the most cause of beach erosion at Malaysia is waves. Waves generate by wind or tides can cause erosion by transport the sediment away from shore. The loss of sand causes the beach to become steeper and lower in elevation. Longshore transport is also responsible to the sediment movement as it is in direction of wave. During monsoon, the erosion becomes worsening when high water level coincides with storm events (Abdullah, 1992). The increase waves breaking force cause the sediment loss to increase. Erosion also occur due to man's activities such as sand mining, urbanization, tourism and recreational activities, industrial production and many other human activities. Moreover, Abdullah (1992) stated that poorly sited coastal structures can also cause erosion as it can interrupt longshore 7 sediment transport and cause imbalance in sediment transport. In Sarawak, on the coast of Miri from mouths of Batam Baram to Sungai Miri, the major problem is coastal erosion. According of Irrigation and Drainage Sarawak to Department compounded (2012), the erosion is natural but caused by different land uses and economic activities which had threatened coastal road and other structures along the coasts. Coastal to natural actions There erosion. also accretion 2.4 such as waves, were to Husain, According monsoon occurs when there is an accumulation accretion occur also beach Yaakob, within currents that of sand or other beach material and winds. experienced Not accretion all beaches during will experience monsoon season. & Saad (1995), they study found that not only erosion a short 25-km stretch of beach during due a single but northeast season. Coastal vulnerability Vulnerability is a measure of the extent to which any human or natural systems can cope with the adverse effects. However, vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change. including climate variability and extremes (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001). It is a function of system sensitivity to the changes in climate which include beneficial and harmful effects, the degree of exposure of the system to climatic hazards and adaptive capacity which is the degree to adjustment in practices and processes or structures can moderate the potential for damage. The relationship of the three components is illustrated in Figure 1 8 Exposure ........ U U Potential Impact ý ...... Adaptive Capacity Vulnerability Figure 1: Relation of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity adapted from (Alino et al.. 2013) 2.4.1 Exposure Exposure quantifies the intensity or severity of physical environment conditions that drive changes in the state of the biophysical system (Alino el al., 2013). The major element in vulnerability is exposure which is often to be mention explicitly or implicitly. The interface is form between physical environment and vulnerable entities. To describe exposure, information on hazard event and on the existence of elements that are exposed is use. Waves are natural process that can cause coastal erosion. While, wind is the important agent for waves (Scheffers el al.. 2012) as it blow on the ocean surface which create the waves. Strong waves may cause erosion on shore. A strong of sudden break of waves might cause severe erosion on the shore as it can erode the rocks and causes sedimentation to occur. The band at which the waves break is called the surf zone which is the area of violent movement. The breakings waves disperse the energy by generate extreme currents that end in final uprush to the beach. The turbulence lifts the sediments off from the bottom of the sea then will be transport by local currents. Malaysia is influence by two monsoon regime, the Southwest Monsoon from late May to September and Northeast Monsoon from November to March (Department 9 of Malaysian Meteorological, 2013). Monsoon might cause severe erosion due to some storm events. Sea level rise rate had increase resulting of climate change. The greenhouse gas in the atmosphere had resulting of global climate change to occur. The sea level also rises due to the oceans warm which lead to the density decrease and thus the volume of ocean increase at constant mass. Around Malaysia coasts, there is fall in sea level with the mean rate of 1 mm per year for over 5000 or so years. It is believe that Global sea level change over past 50 years is to be + 2.4 ± 0.9 mm y-1 (Ong, 2000). The physical impacts that can be seen due to sea level rise are coastal erosion, flooding and increase saline intrusion inland. The sea level will result in low-lying coastal and riverine to flood permanently which will also cause erosion on sandy beach and muddy coastline. 2.4.2 Sensitivity Sensitivity is defined as measures that describe the system's present state for specific properties that respond to exposure factors arising from changes in climate (Alino et al., 2013). It may also describe as degree at which a natural or human system had directly or indirectly affected by changes in climate changes. If a system is affected, it should be considered as sensitive to climate change. 2.4.3 Adaptive Capacity (AC) Adaptive capacity is defined as measures that characterize the ability of the system to cope with impacts associated with changes in (Alin et al., 2013). It describes the ability of natural or human systems which associate with planning area withstand changes in climate with minimum disruption. 10 2.5 Assessment Vulnerability (VA) tools there are three components that is necessary to be obtains. The To measure vulnerability, three components are exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The coastal VA tools (Alin will provide a means to objectively and quantitatively measure these elements 2013). There are various tools that can be used in measuring et al., coastal vulnerability. However, for coral triangle countries there are three tools that had been recommended. The tools are Integrated Exposure, Coastal Sensitivity, Change (ICSEA-C-CHANGE), and Tool for Understanding and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Coastal Integrity Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CIVAT) Resilience of Fisheries (TURF). All the three tools are done for the village scale. Integrated Coastal (ICSEA-C-CHANGE) Sensitivity, Exposure, and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change provide rapid, synoptic assessment of acute, immediate impact of climate change in coastal areas (Licuanan, et al., 2013). It is simple tools that prepare the coastal communities to understand their relative vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. Licuanan et al. (2013) had stated that the tool is functioning as information, education and communications tool that offer users understanding non-living elements of coastal ecosystem and appreciation of how living and interact. The tool is very useful in economic initial value and usually use in complement with CIVAT and TURF. The tool will provide profile of vulnerabilities info which leads to a decision priority of area and action to be taken. Furthermore, Tool for Understanding assess the climate change vulnerability Resilience of Fisheries (TURF) is tools that can of coastal fisheries (Mamauag, et al., 2013). The tools prolong the basic fisheries aspect beyond the scope which also considering essential of ecological and social features. Mamauag et al., (2013) stated that the tool is aim to value 11 the potential impacts and vulnerabilities tool strategies are important of fisheries ecosystems at the village level. The as a backbones in establish adaptation climate change impact on fisheries ecosystems. measurement for TURF approach is simple and easy to understand mechanism to integrate scores as it focus on how to reduce vulnerabilities at various way to weaken the impacts. Coastal Integrity ecosystems-based develop Vulnerability management Assessment Tool (CIVAT) of coast (Siringan, is designed to promote et al., 2013). The tool is aiming to an objective tool that can assess vulnerability of coastal areas to erosion or flooding that result from wave impact and seal level rise. It is designed to promote ecosystem-based management of the coast. The advantage and disadvantage of the three coastal VA tools can be seen in the Table 1 provided. Table 2: Advantage and Disadvantage Tools ICSEACCHANGE " CIVAT " " " TURF Disadvantage " Lower resolution of analysis " Must be complemented with Coastal VA for tools other use in developing specific adaptation Measures Advantage " Offers " " " " of the three coastal VA tools of general comparison vulnerabilities across sites Can guide identification of general adaptation measures and assist in improving adaptive management Scopes available information for other coastal VA tools High (fine) resolution of analysis " Focus more on physical coasts Reveals specific Sensitivity and only. Adaptive Capacity factors relating " Requires help to geologist interpret results and guide data to coastal integrity that need attention and collection. particular intervention Provide guidance in developing specific CC adaptation strategies to maintain coastal integrity. High (fine) resolution of analysis " Incorporates only 3 components: fisheries, in developing Provide guidance reef ecosystem (habitat), CC to strategies socio-economic adaptation specific " Focus more on fisheries concern sustain fisheries management. fisheries Can identify specific adaptation to " Requires expert fisheries interpret to data reduce results and guide options collection. vulnerability to climate change 12