solomon i.sara_sibawayh on imalah-text translation

SIBAWAH ON 7IMALH NCLINATION) TEXT, TRANSLATION, NOTES AND ANALYSIS Solomon . Sara, J EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS g Solomon I. Sara, S.]., 2007 inburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinbrgh Contents >eset in Times New Romn and Phoneics by Koinonia, Manchester, and printed nd bound in Great Bitain by Biddies Ltd, King's Lynn, Norfolk A CP record for this book is available rom the British Libray ISBN 978 0 7486 27950 (hrback) The right of Solomon I. Sara, S.l Preface vii I Preliminaries Introduction to e identiied as author of this work 3 hs een sseted in accordance with the Copyright, Desins and Patents Act 1988. II Text and Translation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chapter One (477) Chapter Two (478) Chapter Three (479) Chapter Four (480) Chapter Five (481) Chapter Six (482) 8 34 52 56 82 106 II nalysis 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 . 12. 13. 14. Analysis of Chapter One Analysis of Chapter wo Analysis of Chapter Three Analysis of Chapter Four Analysis of Chapter Five Analysis of Chapter Six Dialects Conclsions 1 17 126 131 1 33 141 146 149 1 58 Appendices List of Technical Terms, Sorted by Arabic List of Technical Terms, Sorted by English List of Technical Terms, Sorted by Transcription List of Examples 1 67 170 173 176 References Index 1 86 1 91 Preface The study of this treatise on ?imalah (inclination), lke the study of any part of the massive book by Sbawayh, poses challenges to readers, both native and non-naive speakers of Arabic. The challenge for the native, in part, is because this work was the first systematic formalization of the rmmr of the language, and in the process of creaing it a whole new set of terms and a new paradigm of Arabic linguistics was inroduced which was diferent rom the traditional method, and more authenti­ cally descriptive. t was he beginning of the Arabic linguistic venture. Though this book captures the native intuitions about the language it poses an even reater challenge to non-native Arabic readers schooled in diferent traditions, who will encounter not only a new language but a new nd diferent paradigm with its attendnt conceptual mework. We consider the Arabic paradigm of doing lnguistics not as a replica of the Westen or of any other paradigm but as being with its own imagery and its own theoretical scafolding. The aim of this study is to overcome the obstacles and challenges posed by Sibawayh's treatise. There will srely be greater challenges to those who are not experts in Arabic than to hose who are, but this work aims to make the study of Sibawayh as accessible to the non-experts as to experts in Arabic. This study, and in particular the translation, follows a 'rich translation format' by including the Arabic technical lnguistic terms, in transription, within the translation. This is a format that has been experimented wih in seminars at the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University and been found to be the least intrusive nd the most eicient way for readers to gain immediate access to the Arabic original through he medium of English ranslation. The process poses a minor inconvenience for only the benng stages and avoids the disractions of an abundance of footnotes or endnotes. Transcriptions of Arabic words included within the English translation are in italics, and their correspondng glosses are enclosed in single quotes ". This is only a small section ofthe book of Sibawayh, chapters 477-82, Vll SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) which deals with ?imilah in a systematic way, though this does not mean that the concept is not mentioned elsewhere in the book. The format followed for these chapters is that of translation facng the Arabic orig­ inal. n the belief that the presence of both texts will contribute to a better understandng of the ntentions of the author, the translation is accompanied by the orignal Arabic text on the facng and corresponding pages. Each chapter is followed by an analysis which consists of the main processes and contexts described within that chapter. There are references to dialectal diferences troughout the text that are gathered into a separate chapter. Following this, there are several additions to the text and translation, such as glossaries for Arabic, English and linguistic terms and an index of all the examples used in the treatise. Thanks go to Professor Muhammad al-Hawary of Oklahoma Univer­ sity and to r Simon Mauck for reading versions of the treatise and recommending both stylistic and substantial changes. Thanks also go to the anonymous reviewers for their judicious observations. Finally, thanks to the commissioning editor, Sarah Edwards, and to James Dale, Felicity Marsh, Mairead McElligott and Stuart Midgley. Earlier versions of parts of the reatise were published in the Jounal of Islamic and Arabic Studies, 1 994, Volume I, pp. 58-115 and 37-82. The following are the corresponding IPA transcription symbols for Arabic: Arabic � A t : - t l J > c .. j J ) Nme and ranscription Arabic hamza7 '[7]' 7alif '[A]' hi7 '[h]' layn '[l]' ha7 '[h]' yayn '[y]' xa7 '[x]' kif '[k]' Gif '[G]' � � d ad '[d ]' giym '[g]' siyn '[s]' ya7 '[y]' lim '[1]' ii7 '[r]' � d ammah '[u]' u . I w " .) " . j . � ' � J - < viii Name nd transcription nuwn '[n]' � � t a7 '[t ]' ll '[d]' tl7 '[t]' � � s ad '[s ]' zay '[z]' siyn '[s]' � � 0 a7 '[o ]' oal '[0]' 8a7 ' [8]' ii? '[]' ba7 '[b]' miym '[m]' waw '[w]' fahah '[a]' kasrah '[i]' PRELIMINARIES Introduction 7abuw Bisr 7ibn )u8man 7ibn Qanbr Sbawayh, (R 140?-180/D 757-796), was an eighth-century linguist. His is the most recognizable nd respected name among grmmrians of Arabic, and he is nown simply as Sbawayh. He was bon in Bayd'a?, in the province of Shiraz, n southwesten IranlPersia. From there his family migrated during his youth to Basrah, a southen Iraqi city, where he attended school. He studied under the most noted nd influential linguists of his time, in the School of Basrh. All his teachers are mentioned and requently quoted in his book on Arabic. Two of the most quoted of his teachers are ?al-KhaI ?ibn ?ahmad ?al-FarahldI (R 100-175/D 7 1 9-9 1), who is quoted 608 times, and Yuwnis ?ibn habiyb (died R 1831D 799), who is quoted 2 1 7 times, according to Troupeau ( 1 976: 228, 230). Sibawayh's book, also nown as 7al-Kitab ( 1 898), is a ull-ledged analysis of Arabic. The book includes a wealth of detail on the sructure of Arabic nd a generous supply of illustrative examples. According to Y aquwt (1992), here are 9,735 sentences analyzed in the book, in addition to the thousands of inlectional and derivational mophological illustrations. There are hundreds of quotes rom the Qur?an, the canon of classical Arabic poetry, contemporary linguists and other living informants, and reports by others on the Arabic of the time. n addition, the book is a compendium of the opinions of the linguists of his time. He records the comments nd opinions of his teachers and contemporaries on the many topics of Arabic rammar. Sbawayh is to Arabic rmmar what Palini (ca. 400 Be) is to Sansrit grammar; they are of equal prestige in their respective cultures. There are three Arabic editions of he book of Sibawayh: Hartwig Derenbourg ([1 881-5] 1 970), Buwlaq ( 1 898) and Haruwn (1966-77). For the purposes of this study, Derenbourg was selected for the convenience of numbered chapters and numbered lines, but otherwise here are no substantial diferences between the Derenborg and Buwlaq editions; they are practically identical. There are more hamzah [�]s, for example, 3 INTRODUCTION SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) indicated in the Buwliq edition, and also commentary on the margins and poetical analyses at the bottom of the page. But n comparing the chapters on limJah 'inclination' one finds only a couple of discrepancies ?imalah, features across dialectal and individual lines of diference. The reatise is well orgzed with each of its ndividual chapters dedicated to one aspect of ?imalah or another. The label of the chapter that is, whether captures its content and the length depends on the density of the content. the vertical subscript is ndicated or not. In comparing these two editions Every aspect that has been noticed is illustrated with one or more with that ofHiruwn one inds many more discrepancies, and many items examples rom one dialect or another. There is a remarkable specificity that are expected to undergo in the analysis. One is made aware of the individuality of the speakers that touch on items marked or umarked for ?imalah are not marked inHiruwn, though they are in the other two editions. Since this touches on the substance s they make use of, forego or misuse the process. This analysis does of this topic, it is only prudent to go with the more careully marked not only capture the general principles of editions. Hiruwn's edition also has added punctuation, pararaphing, deal of space to the discussion of exceptions, non-application or over­ ?imJah but gives a great and so on, on much less crowded pages; needless to say, those who application of these principles. It is a thorough analysis. Though the have used the three editions ind Hiruwn's edition much easier to read. process is pervasive, it is still an optional process which may or may not The pages of the other two editions are densely packed with none of be applied. the user riendly features of Hiruwn's text but they remain preferable. This is the rst English translation of any extended section of Sba­ ?imJah. wayh's book. We are optimistic that familiarity with his analysis and the The accuracy of the rest of the text in the other sections of the book has depth to which he goes into the details of Arabic will inspire others to not been compared for the purposes of this study. lean more about him and his work. We are hopeul about the appearance These comments, ncidentally, apply only to the sections on It is not otiose to mention that there is a complete German translation of other sections in the near uture. It is a wish that this ranslation will of7al-Kiiib by Gustav Jahn ([1894-1900] 1969). It is a one of a kind ignite interest in the work of Sbawayh and make him a more requent book, the only complete translation of this book ever attempted. t is focus of attention in linguistic discussions and debates. a translation based on Derenbourg's edition. Despite its age, those who refer to it will be amply rewarded by its copious notes and quotes rom primary sources of opinions on7a1-Kiiib by other Arab authors, especially rom 7al-Siyrafiy's tenth cenry commentary on the book, which is in the process of being published s a multi-volume project, slowly: the rst volume appeared in 1986 and the sixth volume appeared in 2004 (7al-Siyraiy, 1986-2004). These volumes cover 12 1 chapters out of 57 1 . n the meantime, a three-volume commentary attributed to Shantamari (H 4 10-95/D 10 19- 1 10), the author of the poetical analyses at the bottom of the page in the Buw1iq edition, 7al-Nukat iy Tafsiyr Kitib Sbawayh, was published in 1999 . The chapters on ?imlah 'inclination,' that is, the change of [a] to [e], brng this phenomenon of Arabic under control by isolating its occurrences and deteng its contexts. It is not a seamless process with neither variation nor exceptions but a phenomenon that is sensitive to both tribal geography and personal habits of speech. It varies rom ibe to tribe and individual to individual. All or most of these facets are touched upon and acknowledged in these chapters. W hat is remarkable is that Sbawayh was able to see ?imJah s a unied process with shared 4 5 TEXT AND TRANSLATION Chapter One (477) �il � � .. �4 I� 477 Chapter One' (477) This is a Chapter where the 7al/o? [A]s tumllu 'are inclined' ��JJ� u� A� 0s I�} W lY! (10 M .279 ,4 .2�) BuwHiq vol. 2, pp. 259-62; Derenbourg vol. 2. pp. 279-82; Hiun vol. 4, ��J��J�J�.�! The pp. 117-23) ?a lf[A] T, P. 279, L. 10)3 is inclined if there is a masuwr4 'broken with n[i]' letter aier it, as in your saying fabidun + falim + felim 'a mafetiyh 'keys', 2 3 4 8 5 scientist', masagid + masegid febidun 'a worshiper',5 mafatiyh + 'mosques', he chapters follow the enumeraion of Derenboug ([188 1 - 1 889] 1970). This chapter is chapter 477 in this enumeraion. Volume, page nd line numbers of his edition re indicated in this ranslation. Arabic anscriptions are in italics. The pagination refers to Volume I of Sbawayh. Ed. Derenbourg, 1 889. Arab linguists posited two classes of sounds: sawikin 'still letters' ndharaiit 'motions'. The motions re/amah 'open [a] ', asrah 'bre: [i] ', and Jammah 'close [u] ', nd the absence of motion is sukuwn 'stillness, quiescence'. A letter is maftuwh 'open', maksuwr 'broken' or maJmuwm 'closed', or slkin 'still', if it is pronounced with n [a], [i], [u] or no motion, respectively. If a 'still' letter is pronounced with n [a], [i], or [u], it is mutaharik 'in moion', and if not it is slkin 'still, quiescent'. This anslation ll adhere to the native vcabulary and maintain the native perspctive nd imagery. The text ll include both the uninclined and the inclined fos. 9 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) � AII wI IJJI) A � 11 o� A�I W1J .�4J j/�J H A� j� I)! � $IIl 4 J.II r.JI1 � 119 � � � I WJ .ll �ll J.IIJ $lIl 4 �! J.IIJ $lIl � �J W�J.JI4 �I 4 UJ�I �I 4 �! JIlI 4 �IJ �I �u.J�: wi (15 M)r.JI1 ��: � .r.JI1 ��I � ! lJJ .�� )! � U�I �! u�1 y� �� lil HJ .lI 4 �.- J) H ws I�!J.� AII wi IJJIi � �J4 i uJ lJ1 �I ,J� � )a JJJ IJ �� U.� I)! �Iy il .u� � �J TEXT AD TRANSLATION luoairun - luoirun 'coarse', habiyiu - hebiyiu 'Abel'.6 They inclined it due to the kasrah 'brea: [i]' that is ater it. They wanted to approximate it to it,7 just as they approximated the id [Sf] to the zy [z] in 7idyam 'assimilation,8 when they said iadara 'he sent'. They made it between he zay [z] and the id [Sf]. They approximated it to the zy [z] and the iad [Sf] in search of ease, because the iad [Sf] is close to the dai [d], so they approximated to the dal [d] that letter, just as [d) which is the more similar to its position. Evidence for that is in 7idyam 'assimilation', L. 15) one wishes to raise one's tongue rom a sngle position and in the same manner a letter is approximated to another letter to that extent. The 7alf[A] is similar to the ya7 [y]9 so they wanted to approximate it to it. If there is a letter mutharrik 'in motion' between the irst letter of a word and the 7alf[A], and the irst letter is masuwr 'broken with an [i]', like limad - limed 'Imad', you incline the 7alf [A], because they are not interrupted by a letter beween them. Don't you notice them say sabaGtu 6 7 8 10 9 n this rich anslation fonat much ofthe Arabic tenninology is integrated into the ranslation. That is, to mke he 7alif [A] similr to the kasrah [i]. Discussed in 7al-itab (n. chs 565-71 . p. 452-81). n the categorial sense that both [A, y] rehuruwffillah 'weak letters'. 11 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION _ /abaGtu 'I preceded'? They made the siyn [s] a /ad [/] due to the position of the GaJ[G]'lO n the same way they said suGtu -+ /UGtu 'I drove'. They behave similarly if there were two letters between it and the ?alf [A], the rst of which was sakin 'quiescent'. Since the quies­ cent is not a strong barrier, the speaker raises his tongue L. 20) rom ?al-mutiarik 'the letter in motion' with a single lit, just as he raised it in the irst. This does not interrupt it, just as two letters do not interrupt when you say sawiyGun -+ /awiyGun 'grain mush' .11 Examples of that are in their saying sirbalun -+ sirbelun 'a shirt', simlalun -+ simlelun, 'agile', rimadun -+ rimedun '!mad' and kilabun -+ kilebun 'dogs' p. 280). The people ofhigaz incline none of these. If ater the ?alf[A] is madmuwm 'closed with an [u]' or matuw. 'open with an [a]', there will be no ?imalah 'inclination' in it. Examples of that are ?aurrin 'a rewrder', tabalin 'spice', and xitamin 'a inger ring', because the Jah 'open [a]' is rom the ?alf[A], and is more closely allied 12 10 The following [G] changes the siyn [s] to a/id [s'] because both letters have he feature ' covered' . 1 1 The leters [w,y] do not interfere with the assmilaion of siyn [s] to /ad [s']. 13 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) W)) ) �I Sy II .� I �Y JI) I � IJ oll A � I�J ��J .WI � ! i�il JI)I A �ll I J I � M)t� 4lJ �4J ��J � o� JI .� lYI 01 �I � L1 A .A lYI � J/ �// Jii J J . u.!IJ JI)IJ �11 �� A f�� � 11 0� :wJ .,� �� bbJ �I � �IlI ! �11 w� A 0S A tl .��. �S J)jll jJ .�� � :J; � 01 � I� I� � ��J �4 (1b) � #� I �JI 0� TEXT AND TANSLATION with it than the asrah 'break [i]'. t does not follow the wW [w] because it is not similar to it. Don't you see that ifyou want to approximate to waw [w], ?inGalabat 'it is reversed', but then it is not an ?alf [A] anymore. The behavior is the sme ifthe letter that is before the ?alf[A] is matuwh 'open with n [a)' or madmuwm 'closed with a [u)', like rababin 'n Arab fiddle', gamadin 'inanimate', ?al-balbal 'he conusion', ?al­ gummaf 'the totality' (L. 5) and ?al-xullaf'the swallows.' You say ?al­ ?iswidad - ?al-?iswided 'the blacness,' and the ?alif [A] is inclined here by one who inclines it in the ?al-ifal form, because -widad -wided12 'section of blacness ' is in the position ofkilab - kileb 'dogs'. They incline all the cases of the banat 'structres' with the ya? [y] and the waw [w] whose fyn []13 is 'open with an [a)'. As to what happens with the sructure with a ya? [y], its ?alf[A] is inclined because it is in place of a ya? [y] and is its badal ' substitute', so they leaned towards it. Some ofthem say rudda _ ridda 'rened' 14 as FarazdaG: (tfawiyl)15 12 -widad is the last part of 7iswida. nd is afected by 7imalah. 14 13 ryn [] is the second radical of the riradical pradigmatic rotfil 14 his is rom rudida > ridida. 15 he meter for t'awiyl is:faruwlun mafaruun faruwlun mafaruun (twice). 15 SIBAWAYH ON 7I.LAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION wa ma iullliilla min gahlin iubba iu/ama?ina wa la Ga?ilu ?ai-marruwiyna yurannau 'The love of our riends does not unravel due to misforune Nor will the one who speaks favorably of us be brutalized' L. 10) He yusimmu 'rounds' as though he were inclng towards a jufi/a fon. Thus they inclined towards the ya? [y]. As to the structures with the wow [w], they inclined their ?alf [A] due to the mastery of the ya ? [y] over its lam [1],16 because this lam [1], which is a waw [w], is changed into a ya? [y] if there are more than three letters. ya? [y] is not changed in this fashion into a waw [w]. t is nclined because the ya? [y] occurs n the structures with a waw [w]. Don't you notice them saying mardiyun 'nng', masniyyun 'watering', ?al­ Gunniy 'the canals' and ?al-fiiiiyy 'the sticks', 17 but the waw [w] does not do this to the ya? [y]? They inclned it due to what I mentioned to you. The ya? [y] is easier for them than the waw [w], so they leaned 16 16 lam s the trd radicl of the pradimatic rotfl. 1 7 The rots are: r, s, Gnwnd r/, respctively. 17 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION 4. (15 M) u.l �� � us � a'1 u.i� �J \ � �I ��J . � �il 4 A�IJ .lIJ lllJ � J i � JI)I u� � I�J .� 11 u� �J � I�J JI)I u� �ll� ui IJ� I) � �� I� S W � �J Q& )& 11 li �J � � us W1J .JJ -J �! I�l � 1 ll � a,IJ .ll J� �t Sy 1t .� W I o� � " ,.,iJ 1 ll ui 4 ll � uJJl (20 M)�� J � �J �1I..��. J� � I� �) uJJl �� J 1'9 S.t ! dt ! I�� IJ..f J�J .� � � ��IJ o� �i uJJl �! � . (281 . . 18 towards it. They may leave out the inclination in three-letter structures L. 15) with a waw [w], like Gafan 'back', ra/an 'a staf', ?al-Gan. 'the aquiline nose', ?al-Gala 'the sand grouse' 18 and their like in ?sma? 'names'. That is because they wanted to show that they are in place of the waw [w], nd they wanted to distinguish between them and the structures with the ya? [y]. These are few and can be memorized. They also say ?al-kiba � ?al-kibe 'the horse', ?al-rasa � ?al-rase 'dimness of sight' and ?al-maii� ?ai-make 'the burrow of a lizard' , 19 as they do with the in 'action'. Inclination in the in 'action' does not tankasiru 'break with an [i]' when you say yaza + yaze 'they-d invaded', /afa � /afe 'they-d are clear' and dara � dare 'they-d invoked'. Rather the in 'action' is persistent because it does not remain constant in this state due to meaning. Don't you notice that you say yaza 'they-d invade', then you say yuziya 'it was invaded' when the ya? [y] enters in and masters it, while the number L. 20) of letters is constant? You say ?uyzuw 'invade' pl. imp,). If you use the ?alala form, you say ?ayza 'he invades': you permuted, but the number of letters p. 281) is constant. The final letter is weaker due to its change, but the number is constant, 18 he rots re: G, r/w, Gnw ndGlw. respectively. 19 he rots are: kbwrW ndm, respectively. 19 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION and it comes out as a ya? [y] and you say la?uyzyanna 'indeed, I would invade'. That does not happen in ?asma? 'names'. If the waw [w] durfat 'is weakened', then it becomes a ya? [y] . The ?alf[A] became weaker in theil 'action' due to the changes that attend it. lf the ?asma? 'names' with a waw [w] reach or exceed four letters then ?imalah 'inclination' is established, because it comes out as a ya? [y]. None of this is 'inclined' by many people of L. 5) Baniy Tamiym or others. Of those whose ?alf [A] they actually incline is every ?ism 'nme' whose final letter is an extra ?alf[A] for the feminine or for something else, because they are in the position of the structures with a ya? [y]. Don't you notice that if you said mirza � mirze 'a goat' and hubla � huble 'pregnant' in the faraltu fom, according to the number of letters, one of the words will not occur except in structures with the ya? [y]. Everything that becomes a ya? [y] like them behaves similarly in the dual or in aill 'action'. If it occurred in words that re always sructures wihout a waw [w], they become, for them, like the case of he ?alf[A] of rama 'he threw',20 and similar ones. There re many people who do not incline the ?alf[A], but they 'open' it and say hubla 'pregnant' L. 10) and 20 he duals ofhubla nd rama re hublya nd ramya, respectively. 20 21 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION JI)IJ �11 u� A u. f� s li U� �J ..S�J �11 � 1J ; o�1 � 1J 1J& W JJi u'I�! � � ��I ,! . j-J1 4 i � w � J �11 �A � .li j. � JJi 1 � u. ..G il c � JI)I j. a UM i J .UM j �. � � ui J�l �i HI � �J �AJ �bJ u..�mJ JI)I u� U� iJ .u..� Ai)J .I�J I� 0� j-J� .J& W � u. a lj c JI)I j. (15 M) I�) mifza 'goat'. Those whose ?alf[A] they incline include everything that belongs to the structures with a ya? [y] and a wiw [w], and in whatever they constitute the fyn [)]of the form. lithe beginning of thefafalu form is makswran 'broken with an [i]', they leaned towards the kasrah 'break [i]', just as they leaned towards theya? [y] in those cases where ?alf[A] was in the position of aya? [y]. A. � . 22 Tis is the language of some of the people of higaz. As for the populace, they do not incline, nor do they incline those cases where the fyn [)] is a waw [w], except what is masuran 'broken with an [i]' in the initial position like xafa - xefa 'he feared', laba - leba 'he enjoyed' and Mba - heba 'he revered'. We have information rom ?ibn ?abiy ?ishaG who said he heard Ku9ayyir fazzh say iara - iera 'he became' in such and such a place. Some of them read it s afa- xefa 'he feared'. They do not incline the structures with the waw [w] if L. 15) the wiw [w] is the fyn [)] of the form, except what is in the pattemfafaltu with the 'break [i]' 23 SBAWAH ON 7LH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION in initial position and not otherwise.21 They incline none of the structures with the madmuwm 'close with [u]' initially in thefaraltu fonn, because there is no 'break [i]' towards which to lean, nor are they like the struc­ tures with a waw [w], if the waw [w] in them is he lam [1]22 of the fonn. The waw [w] here is strong, and does not weaken to its usual weaness there. Don't you notice that it is m in the fonnsfaraltu, ?afalu, faraltu and similar ones? Since it is srengthened here, it is distanced rom the , ya? [y] and inclination, as in your saying Gama 'he rose 23 and iira 'he ned'. They do not incline them. They said mala - meta 'he died', and they are the ones who said mittu 'I died', and also /ara- /era 'he became' and xaba- xeba 'he failed' are rom their language. Of those whose L. 20) ?alf[A] is inclined are their sayng: yyalun - yyelun 'a thony tree' nd byya run - byyerun 'a vendor'. We heard someone whose Arabic is trustworthy say yyal- yyel 'a thony tree'. As you cn see, he inclines. They did this because there is a ya? [y] before it, and it took the place of the ksrah 'break [i]' that is before it, lke siragin siregin 'a lamp', andgima/in - gimelin 'camels'. p. 282) Many Arabs and people oftigaz do not incline this 24 21 n ilusration of s would be xafa-xitu; laba- libtu, haba- hibtu. 22 lam 1] is the third radicl of the praimaic rotfl. 23 n ilusration of this is Gamal Gumtu wih no initil brek. 25 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION ?alif [A]. They say sawku ?al-syal - sawku ?al-sayel 'thon of the thon ree' and ?al-dyi - ?al-dyh 'the skimmed mik', just as you said kyyalun - yyelun 'a thony tree' and byyafun - byyefun 'a vendor'. They said syban - syben 'Shayban', and Gysu faylana Gysu fylena 'Gays rom faylen' and yaylan - yylen 'Ghaylin', so they inclined due to the ya? [y]. Those who do not incline in kyyalun elun 'a thony tree' they do not incline here. _ yy Of those whose ?alf [A] they incline, they say marartu bi-babihi _ marartu bi-bebihi 'I passed by his door' and ?axaotu min malihi ?xaotu min melihi 'I took of his property'. This is the place of garr 'pull',24 and they likened it to thefafil- fefiZ form, like itib - ketib 'a writer', and sagid - segid 'a worshiper'. The inclination in this is weker, L. S) since the 'break [i)' is not obligatory. We have heard them say min ?ahli fdin - min ?ahli fdin 'rom the people of Ad'. 24 garr 'pull', naib 'erct', ra' 'raise' nd waG! 'pause', for the most pt, are 26 tems used to refer to syntactic unction indicated by morphological markers. They are indicatd with ksr 'break [il',jah'open [a]', damm 'close [ul' or sukuwn 'stillness', i.e. none of the previous three, respectively. The fom is magrwr 'pulled', maniwb 'erected' or marwf 'raised', or sain 'still' ifit is expressed by one of these indicators, respectively. 27 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) .�jJ »' � wo i S wo j �IJ �)I �A � a! �l �j � alIJ .��� ld S 1o! .0�1) I�J S yi � �i IM '/C !i) w.A: iJ .�)I ...� �i !I) I�J .)W� I�J yi � �i � ..t.l � i �t I�J S o�1 I� wM f !t)J .)�I �I.t >J �J � '�J ..i.l l 1o! 41 �)I I� (10 M) S ))j.JJ/ � ��)II�J 41�)I1� � 1o! ��)IJI ·t /J I� J :.,I� J� S Y �)IJ � . .. .. . . 28 TEXT D TRANSLATION / As for the position ofrajf 'raise with a [u]' and na b 'erect with an [aJ', this does not happen as it did not happen in lagurrin 'baked clay' and tabalin 'spice'. They said ralytu zyda + ralytu zyde 'I saw Zayd'. They inclined as they did in yylan + yylen 'Ghaylan'. Inclination in zyd 'Zayd' is weaker because it can be raised. They do not say ralaytu fabda + *ralytu fabde 'I saw Abd' and incline, because there is no yal [y] in it, just as you do not ncline the lalf[A] of kaslan 'lzy', because it doesn't have a yal [y]. They said dirhaman + dirhamen 'two dirhams'. They said ralytu Giia + ralytu Giie 'I saw spices', that is, the spices rom the pot, and ralytu filma + ralytu filme 'I saw knowledge': they ncline and consider the 'break [i]' like a yal [y]. They saidi-lal-nagdyn +i-lal-nagedyn 'in the two sword belts' the way L. 10) they say marartu bi-babihi + marartu bi-bebihi 'I passed by his door'. So they nclned the lalf[A]. They said in gar 'pull' marartu bi-faglanika + marartu bi-faglenika 'I passed by your bows'. They inclined just as they said marartu bi-babia + marartu bi-bebika 'I passed by your door'. They said marartu bi-malin a8�yrin+ marartu bi-melin a8iyrin 'I passed by a great deal of property' and marartu bi­ lal-mali + marartu bi-lal-meli 'I passed by the property', just as you say haoa mSi + haoa mesi 'this (is) a walker' and haoa dan + hoa den 'this is a caller'. 29 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION Some of hem leave that as it is in waG! 'pause', and some of them yaniub 'erect with [a]' in the pause, because he could make it quiescent, and he does not say it with the 'break [i]'. Consequently, he says bi-?al­ mal 'with wealth' and ms 'walker,' while others leave it be in its state, nwilling that it be as pause requires it to be. People said ra?ytu fimada - ra?ytu fimede 'I saw Imad-d'/s so they inclined due to an inclination, just as they inclined due to a 'brek [i]' . Some people said ra?ytu Iilma - ra?ytu Iilme '1 saw knowl­ edge'. L. 1) They erected fimada - fimeda '1mad'. When it is not preceded by ya? [y] or a 'break [i]', it assumes its position in fabda 'servant'. Some of those said in sakt 'silence': bi-mal - bi-mel 'wih wealth', min indi ?al-lah - min findi ?al-leh 'rom God', and li-zydin mal - li-zydin mel 'Zayd has wealth'. They likened it to the ?alf[A] of fimad - fimed 'mad' due to the 'brek [i]' before it. This is less requent than marartu bi-malika - marartu bi-melia 'I passed by yor , propery', because the 'break [i]' mun!aiilah 'is separated . 26 Those who said min fabdi ?al-lah - 25 One inclination iggers nother: rimda + rimeda +imede. 26 Munjaiilah 'separated' mens that there is more thn one word involved, s in between bi-' in' nd malika 'your wealth' , s distinguished rom fimid +rimed, a single word. 30 31 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION } �I jj UJ�1 � jj I)� �J .4S } uJI \� 0� �1 � lJp JoJ .�! � '�' !b J � \�) I'I U' IA .�}1\ .l.al ¥I1 I'I min rabdi ?al-leh 'rom Abdullah' are more numerous, due to the requency of this expression in their speech. They do not say o a malun + *oe melun 'this is wealth'. They want the oa + oe that is in h ao a + Moe 'this', because the?alf[ A], if it is not at the edge, is likened to the ?alf[A] of thejaril form, and you say fimada + fimede '!mad-d'; you incline the second ?alf[A] due to the inclnation of the irst. 32 33 Chapter Two (478) Chapter Two (478) � �ll t ""u � � �I �! t �4 I� .478 This is a Chapter on the 7imilah 'Inclination' of 7alf[A]: A I 01 �J 1;J01 �! �§ ��J (20 "" .282 � .2 ') j uss J� � ?�I u�1 9 ?�\ u�IJ ' �J\ Y 0 �) i �� I�� Il§ is ��� Il§ I�! �l S � 01 � ! . � �� � � �.l1 � � J- ���J j� i A 1\ (283 jj\ 0\ � Il§J Great Number of Arabs Incline It BuwHiq vol. 2, pp. 2624; Derenbourg vol. 2, pp. Haun vol. 4, pp. 123-7) 282-5; (II, P. 282, L. 20) That is as in your sayng yuriydu ?an yudfribaha - yuriyu ?an yadribahe. 'he wants to strike her,' and yuriyu ?an yanzifaha - yuriydu ?an yanzifahe 'he wants to remove it,' because the ha? [h] here is xaiyyah 'hidden'/7 and the letter that is before the one that follows it is with a 'break [i]'. t is s though he said yuriyu ?an yadriba - yuriydu ?an yadribe 'he wants that they-d srike'. 28 It is as if they were to say ruddaha 'ren her' as though they said rua 'ren-d'. That is why the one who said p. 283) this said ruddu and rudduhu 'ren it'. What is ater the dad [df] inyadriba - yadribe 'they-d strike',29 took the place of filma - ilme 'nowledge'. n this luyah 'dialect' they said 27 'Hidden' n this context is equivalent to absence rom pronunciation. 28 This form with the ha7 h] s been made equivalent with the dual fom. 29 yalribi + yafribe 'they-d ske (her)', is equivalent to yafrib(ah}i yfrib(ah)e 'he skes hr.' 34 35 + SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION minhl-+ min(h)e 'rom her'. They inclined. They said madribahl-+ madrib(ah)e 'her camp site'/o bihi-+b(ih)e 'in her' and binl -+ bine 'in us'. t is better that this occurs, because there is nothing between it nd the 'break [il' except one letter.3l If it were to be inclined along with the hl? [h], and there were a single letter between it and the 'break [i],' there would therefore be nothing between the hl? [h] and the 'break [i].' t is beter that it incline, and he hl? [h] be hidden. Just as the ?alf[A] is changed to a yl? [y], L. ) due to the 'break [i],' similarly, you incline it where it comes close to it as in this closeness. They said byniy wa bynahl -+byniy wa byn(ah)e 'between me and her'. They inclined with the yl? [y], just as they inclined with he srah 'break [il'. They said yuriydu ?an yakiylahl -+ yuriydu ?an yakiyl(ah)e 'he wants to weih her' nd lam yakilhl -+lam yakilh)e 'he did not weih her'. None of his has its ?alf[A] inclined in he case of raf 'raise [ul'. If one were to say huwa yakiyluhl 'he weighs her', that is because a dammah 'close [ul' occurred between the ?alf [A] and the 'break [i],' which became a barrier and prevented the inclination, because there is inclination in the bl? [b] in your sayingyadribahl -+ yadrib(ah)e 'he srikes her'. There is 30 he loss of [h] leads to a sequnce of cnges: madribaha -> madribaa -> madriba -> madribe'. 31 With the hiddenness of ha7 [h], inclination becomes more compelling since he srah [i] nd he 7alif[A] get closer to ch other in the sequence. 36 37 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATIO) TEXT D TRANSLATION JI)I � U: 1 � � 11 �I I�} �} r�I � uo j uo 1J ..l� (1 0 M) � J1 � �I �uS W!J .�} �...JI .lY I � o� 1J �y �\ � JY J lJ � l ��! � Ip I�J .lY I A'�) � �111 �j IpCJ � IpJ Ip � 1 �j 4;4i) IpJ . �11I�j I4i) IpJ .:J o� 1 JY I� ! ��J o� 4i) � 14 !J . w/,�J � W � � ! �i \ � ! ) JY 4p � 14 !J . � y 1J � . .. no inclination with the madfmuwm 'closed with a [u]' if the bl? [b] is in rajf 'raise with an [u]', just as there is no inclination in the slkinah 'quiescent' wlw [w]. There is, however, inclination in the lah 'open with an [a]', due to the smilarity of the yl? [y] L. 10) to the ?alf[A]. There is no inclination in lam yarlamhl 'he does not now her' or lam yxahl 'he does not fear her' because there is neither a yl? [y] nor a 'brek [i]' here to incline the ?alf [A]. They said iyna -yne 'in us' and falayna - falayne 'against US,.32 They inclined due to the yl? [y] when it is proximate to the ?alf [A]. For this reason they said byniy wa bynahl - byniy wa byn(ah)e 'between me and her'. They also said ra?ytu yadl - ra?ytu yade '1 saw hands-o " which they inclined due to the yl? [y], and they said ra?ytu yadaha - ra?ytu yad(ah)e '1 saw her hand'. They inclined, just as they said yadriba - ydribe 'they-o strike' and yadribahl - yadrib(ah)e 'he strikes her'. Those people said ra?aytu daml '1 saw blood' and damaha 'her blood'. They did not incline because it included neither a 'break [i]' nor a yl? [y]. Those people also said findahl -find(ah)e 'with her', because if one were to say findl -finde 'with' he would incline. So when the hl? [h] came along with it, it 32 Incation here s riggerd by the ya? [y], which unctions ke a kasrah 'brek [i]' . 38 39 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION assumed its status, even if it did not come L. 1) with it, the ha? (h]. Know that there are those who said ra?ytu fidda + ra?ytu idde 'I saw Idda' where the ?alf[A] is the ?alf[A] of naib 'erection', and yuriyu ?an yadribaha + yuriydu ?an yadrib(ah) e 'he wants to strike her.' They say huwa minna + huwa minne 'he is one of us' nd ?inna ?ila ?al-lah i ragifuwn + ?inne lila ?al-lah i ragifuwn 'indeed, to God we ren'. These are the people of Baniy im. People rom Qays and ?asad, with whose Arabic one is satisfied, also say it. He said huwa minna wa lysa minkum + huwa minne wa lysa minkum 'he is one of s and not one of you' and ?inni la-mxtalfuwn + ?inne la-mxtalwn 'we (re), indeed, diferent'.33 He made it stand in the position of ra Jytu , fidda + ra?ytu fidde 'I saw Idda .34 Others said ra?ytu inaba 'I saw rapes' and huwa findana 'he is with us'. They do not incline, because two powerul barriers occurred between the 'break [i]' and the ?alf[A]. The one before ?alf[A] was not a ha? [h], so it would become as though ha? (h] were not mentioned. They 33 nclination tkes place ih a qiescent letter inteveng. uiescent letters do afct inclination. 34 here is a prallelism an between 7inni and fiddi. 40 41 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION said ra?ytu 8awbahu bitaii 'I saw his garment-with-bands'. They do not L. 20) incline. They said of a man whose name is aih, ra?ytu aiM - ra?ytu a(ih)e 'I saw h'. You inclined the ?alif [A] as though you said ra?ytu yada - ra?ytu yadt5 'I saw hands-o ' in the dialect , p. 284) of the one who said yadriba - yadribe 'they-do srike 36 and marra bina - marra bine 'he passed by us', due to the?alf[A]'s close­ ness to the 'brek [i]', like the closeness of the ?alif[A] ofyadriba ­ , yadribe 'they-d strike . 37 Know that not everyone who inclines the?alfat [A]s agrees with the other Arabs who incline. Rather, each member of the roup may difer rom his colleague so that someone yaniub 'erects' what his colleague yumiylu 'inclines', and yumiylu 'inclines' some others that his colleague yaniub 'erects'. Smilarly, one in whose dialect naib 'erection' plays a part may not aree with the others who erect. Rather, his case and the case of his colleague L. 5) is the same case as that of the first two with respect to the asr 'break [i]'. If you were to see an Arab of that persuasion do not ault him as though he mxed his dialect; rather, this is 35 ra7ytu yai � ra7ytu yade 'I saw a n,' is equivalent to ra7ytu yad(ah)a � ra7ytu yad(ah)e 'I saw her hand' . 3 6 yadriba � yadribe 'they-d ske' i s equivalent t o yadribaha � yadribahe 'they-d strike her. ' 42 37 riba � ribe prallels bina � bine. 43 SIBAWAH ON 7IMALH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION their style. The one who said ra?ytu yada + ra?ytu yade 'I saw a hand' said ra?ytu ziyana + ra?ytu ziyane 'I saw beauty'.38 His saying , -yana + -yane 'beauty 39 is equivalent to yada + yade 'a hand'. These people say kasarta yadana 'you broke our hand', with ya? [y] in place of the 'break [i]' in your saying ra?ytu finaba + ra?ytu finabe 'I saw grapes'. Know that those who do not incline the ?alfat [A]s in what we have mentioned before in this chapter do not incline any of them in this chapter. Know that if ?imalah 'inclination' afects the?alf[A] it afects what is before it. If it is ater the ha? [h], you incline it and you incline L. 10) what precedes the ha? [h], because it is as though you do not mention the ha? [h]. So, just as what is ater it follows it in the naib 'erection', so what is before it follows it in the 'inclination'. Know that some of those who incline say ra?ytu yada and yadaha 'I saw her hand,.40 They do not incline. The /ah ah 'open [a]' is more prevalent, and the 38 yada + yade pallels ziyal + ziyane. 39 -yana + -yane is the last section of ziyana + ziyane. 40 Though the context for incation is present, the speker ay still preseve the 7alif[A] nd not incline it. 44 45 TEXT D TANSLATION SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) yal [y] occurred in place of the dal [d] in damin 'blood' because it does not resemble the muftal 'weak' when maniuwbatan 'it is erect'. Those said ziyana 'beauty'. This is what I mentioned to you about their disagreements with each other. Most of the two groups speak with the inclination of rama 'he threw'. He does not incline. He disliked leaning towards the yal [y] when he was shunning it, just as most of them say rudda 'rened' in theorila form. He does not lean towards the 'break [i]' L. 15) because he shunned that in which the 'break [i]' is displayed. He does not say that in hubla 'pregnant' because he is not shunning the yal [y] in it, nor in mifza 'goat'. Know that people who incline in yadribaha + yadrib(ah)e 'he strikes her', minnl + minne 'rom us', minha + min(h)e 'rom her', bina + bine 'in us', and similar ones that have the mark of lidmar 'implicitness! pronominalization', if waialuw ;they were to connect',41 naiabuwha 'they would erect it'. They would say yuriydu lan yadriba zydan 'he wants that they-d strike Zayd', yuriydu lan yadribaha zyun 'he wants Zayd to srike her',42 minnl zydun 41 waialuw 'they were to connect', i.e. when the word is in consruction wih the following word nd not in waGj'pause'. 42 Even though the 7alif[A] is in the context of inclined, it is not inclined bcause it is consuction with ayd and in waGj'pause'. 46 47 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION 'Zayd (is) one of us'. The reason is that they wanted it in the waGf' pause', if the ?alf[A] were to be inclined in this manner, then it would display it in pause where they reached the inclination, just like they said?aty 'snake' for?ata 'snake'. n pause they make it a ya? [y]. If they were to incline it would show it better (L. 20) because it leans towards the ya? [y]. If waiala 'he were to connect' he would leave that out, because the ?alf[A] in 'connection' shows better. Like those who said in the case of wail 'connection' ?ata zydin 'snake of Zayd', these said byniy wa bynaha + byniy wa byn(ah)e 'between me and her' and byni wa bynaha nalun 'between me and her (there is) wealth' . There are some people who speak and incline items without any of the reasons that we have previously mentioned, but that is inrequent. We heard some of them say lulibnl + lulibne 'we were requested', lalabana zydun + lalabane zydun 'Zayd requested us',43 as though he likened this ?alf[A] to the ?alf[A] ofiubla 'pregnant', where it was at the end of an utterance, and it was not a substitute for a ya? [y]. He said ra?ytu fabda + ra?ytu fabde 'I saw servants-d', and ra?ytu finaba ,4 + ra?ytu finabe 'I saw rapes . We have heard 43 s is conry to the nom of inclination nd it ccurs requently. 44 There is no context for inclination, but these forms re associatd with the femi­ nine form hubla > huble 'prent'. 48 49 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION J�J lll I (285 �) � o�j . �i ll! iA J � a .II� I�J � �j b4 i a J� } � I!J ji .J�I a A� J� �� I�J .).,\J � i /j� . �) I� � .��I I� J� o� ullIJ �J� �� )W�� ..a' I } S�I uS .ll ��I � jS .a ..WI � these people say tabafada fanna 'he distanced himself rom us' : they set it according (p. 285) to the Giyas 'norm' and the speech of the populace. They said mifzana + mifzene 'our goats-d. ' in the speech of one who said fimda + fimeda 'Imad-. ,.45 They inclined boh of them. That is the Giyas 'patten'. The one who said fimada + fimeda 'Imad-d' also said mifzani + mifzena 'or goats' and huma muslimani + huma muslimeni 'they (are) muslims-d.' . That is the Giys 'patten' of the Arabs, other than them, because in his saying, _limam46 is in he position of fimdin + fimedin 'Imad', and the nuwn [nt7 ater it is with a 'break [i], ' and this is better. The summary ofthis is that whatever has the 'break [i] ' s required is mer in inclination. 45 he second inclination is rigered by he first inclination in the word. 46 -limani is the end of the word muslimani. 47 his refers to the nuwn [n] in muslimani 'musims-d. '. 50 51 Chapter Three (479) j. A Chapter Three (479) U!J �i . � �f .. ,4 I� .479 �i. ��J �) �1 0s I�J � II ��J ( 5 � . 285 � .2 ) SI: . �� � �1. �'1 0� ��I � o� �� ; � . � 0 .IIl1 �J.; � 0£ bJ �� ll � YJ � yJl yJl 1 AJ �� I U� � I� J� Y � � JJI .i J 0o 0 � I i �I � ! ¥� .us �! p i l. �y � ��.J ���J yS This is a Chapter on What is Inclined not According to Giyas 'Patten' ; Rather, it is Exceptional (Buwlaq vol. 2, p. 264 ; Derenbourg vol. 2, p. 285; Haruwn vol. 4, pp. 1 27-128) II, P. 285, L. 5) That is ?al-bagag - ?al-baggeg 'Al-Haggag', if it were a name for a man. That is because it is requent in their speech, so they related it to what is more requent, because nclnation is more requent in their speech. The majority of the Arabs erect it with an [a], and the ?alf [A] of baggag 'pilgrim' is not inclined if it were a /fah 'descriptive/adjective' . They relate it to the GiyS 'patten' . As for ?al­ nS - ?al-nes 'the people', one who does not say haoa malun - *haoa melun 'this (is) wealth' inclines it; it has the status of ?al-baggag 'AI­ Haggag,.48 These are the majority ofthe Arabs, because it is like the ?alf [A] of the jali! - jelil 'actor' form if it is second.49 t is not inclined in cases other than the garr 'pull with an [i] ', lest it be lke the class of ramytu 'I threw' and yazawtu 'I 48 That i s s a nme o f a person. 49 The second letter of ns is n ?alf [A], like the second letter of/at, that is maksuwr 'broken wih n [i]' nd thus rigers he ?imalah 'inclinaion'. s is comprable to -gag iniaggag. 52 53 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AD TANSLATION invaded', because the waw [w] and the ya? [y] in Gultu '1 said' and biftu '1 sold' are closer to (L. 10) yyr ?al-muftal ' the non-weak', and are stronger. People whose Arabic is trustworthy said haoa babun � haoG bebun 'this (is) a door', haoa malun � haoa melun 'this (is) wealth', and Moa fabun � haoa febun 'this (is) a disgrace' , when it is a substitute for the ya? [y], just as it was for ramaytu '1 threw' . It is likened to it, and they likened t, in babun � bebun 'door' and malun � melun 'wealth', to the ?alf[A) that is a substitute for the waw [w) of yazwtu '1 invaded' . The waw [w) followed the ya? [y] in the fayn,50 just as it followed it in the lam,51 because the ya? [y] ovepowers the waw [w] here and in other positions that you shall see, God willing. Those who do not incline in rajr 'raising with an [u]' and na/b 'erecting with an [a] ' are the majority of the Arabs, and that is the most common form in their speech. They do not incline in theifl 'action' like Gala 'he said' (L. 15) because they distinguish between those that are masuwr 'broken wih an [i] ', as in theJafiltu form, and those that are madmuwm 'closed with a [u] ', as in theJafultu form. This does not occur in ?asma? ' names' . 5 0 ryn i s the second radical of the pradimatic rotJfl. 54 5 1 lam is the third radical of the pradimatic root JfI. 55 Chapter For (480) Chapter For (480) � � �I �I �i l - �il - � . �: I� .4 80 This is a Chapter on Those Whose ?al/t [A]s are Prevented �� �. �!� � �I uJ� (17 1 .285 � .2 �) � I." 0S IIJ �WIJ uWIJ JIJ � JIJ � JIJ ��IJ �UI �J �-J ��J 4. J �.i �i �jJ � lYIJ lYI § uJ Y ..! 1 uJ�1 o� o WJJ .�J �4J (20 1) � �J �I �a a �. \ jJ lYIJ �'I �\ �J � � ,JI (286 �) uJJl o. � jS S �'I \ uJJl jS S ..�J �� � � ��I � � � �J a � I 0S lYI a �)J � lYI jSJ � � �t ..IJ � � 56 rom ?imilah 'Inclination', But Which You Inclined Before (Buwlaq vol. 2, pp. 264-7; Derenbourg vol. 2, pp. 285-9; Haun vol. 4, pp. 127-36) T, P. 285, L. 17) The letters that prevent it rom inclination are these r r l r seven: iad [s ], dad [d ] , la? [l], ' a? [o ], yyn [y], Gaf[G] andxa?[x]. If one ofthese letters were before the ?alf[A], and he ?alif[A] follows it, as in yor saying Gaiun 'seated', ya?ibun 'absent', xamidun ' inac­ tive', iafiun 'climber' , la?un 'wanderer', L. 20) daminun 'guar­ iaimun 'oppressor', you blocked the inclination of these antor' and I letters because they are letters mustaliyah 'that are raised' towards the upper palate. When the ?alf[A] leaves its position, it rises towards ?al­ hanak ?al-?afla 'the upper palate' . So when it occurs with these raised letters, p. 286) they overpower it, just as the srah 'break [i] ' over­ powers it in masagid - msegid 'mosques' and similar ones. When the letters are raised, the ?alf[ A] rises, the action is of one type s they ner he ?alf[A], and it 57 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION becomes easier for them. Just as when two letters, if mawd ifuhuma 'their locations-d. ' are approximated, the raising of the tongue rom only one mawlif ' ___location' is easier for them, so they yudyimuwnahu 'ssimilate it'. We do not now of anyone who inclines this ?alf [A], except the one whose luyah 'dialect' is not acceptable. Similarly, L. 5) if one of these letters is ater an ?alf [A] that it follows, it becomes as in your saying naGidun 'critic' , falisun 'sneezer', fa/imun 'protector' , fadidun 'supporter', falilun 'repetitious ', nxilun, 'siter' and wayilun 'infiltrator' .52 A similar rend to this is their saying suGtu + /uGtu 'I drove', when there is a Ga! [G] ater it. They looked for a letter that is more similar in ___location to Ga! [G], and they substituted it in its place. The behavior is similar if it occrs ater the ?alf [A] by a letter, as in your saying naxun 'blower', nabiyun ' gited', naiGun 'impious', siilun 'remote', falilun 'branded', nahidun 'rising' and nsilun 'energetic '. The letter that is in between does not prevent this, just as the siyn [s] is not prevented rom becoming /d [Sf] in sabaGtu + /abaGtu ' I preceded' and similar examples. 52 his s the reading of Buwlaq edition (vol. 2, p. 264). Derenbourg has niGidun 'critic', a repetition of the irst element in he list. 58 59 SIBAWAYH ON 7ILH (INCLINATION) �Y � �� J � J! hI � J ulYI (1 0 l) o� 01 k lJ } !J/ � �I "1 UJJl o� - } � � �S Ij! �� 0S 0! ll�J .uJJl o� - :A �� 0S j! uJJl o� �J�J �J ��J �� ll! lljJ �� J;I � � lUI � � � I I � -.1 . �I u' j.. ._ 1 1 �- -.1J . :: � .1�AJ k -J � �- rA Ij� .� �J �I y � ¥JI r! ! !J .o�J �- } tJ.& 0SJ u� J; I � uJJl o� � u� (15 M) 0S �Y J;I � 0� � �� �J .�1 1 � J;I � J u� .1 �1�Jj �I 0�� � Au.·�JI �A } �I 0� �� ... . � � . . TEXT D TRANSLATION Know that L. 10) no one inclines these ?alfat [A]s, except the one whose luyah 'dialect' is not acceptable, because if they were among those thatyun/ab 'are erected' in other than these hurwf'letters' na/b 'erection' would be required, and the erection will not leave them in these raised letters since erection occurs with other than these letters. The behavior is similar if some of them occurred ater the ?alf [A] by two letters, as in your saying manasiyl, 'combs', maniiyx 'bellows', mafiliG, 'pluck of animals', maGiriyl 'single blades of shears', mwifiyof 'sermons' and mabiliyy 'sums of money'.53 The two letters will not prevent the na/b 'erection', just as the siyn [s] is not prevented rom becoming /d [Sf] in sawiyG + /awiyG 'barley meal' and similar words. Some people say manasiyl + manesiyl 'combs' when it is relaxed, but that is rare.54 If one L. I5) ofthese letters were before ?alf [A] by a letter and it was makswran 'broken with an [i)', it does not block the ?alf [A] rom ?imilah ' nclination'. It is does not have the status of what is ater the ?alf[A], because they place their tongues in the position of the 'raised' one, then they aim their tongues, because the ?inhidir 'descent' is easier for them than 53 The 7imalah 'inclination' of 7aliS[A)s comes about in the context of [i). n these items it is preventd by the presence of the class of the seven letters. 54 The Buwliq dition does not indicate 7imllah 'inclination' in s item, but the De'enbourg edition des. 60 61 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) � � 0S J . ��J �J :�: lli � Iy ;II .��il b � Iy= 01 1J�1) �I 0J� � � b � Iy= 01 �I � 0 1 1�� IJ! l1 � �...a' 1 � I� ;I 01.J ��I �;I �� ll� ! r��J �.i I �J . 1..1.J W� (20 M) A IJ� 01 A ��;II A � �l �I j;ll 09 1 JJ.i1 J.J& y.i& (287 �) ul/ �,! ��.J .l1 . � �I � � .A.J y�& uJ& uJ& y#& u�& �� .JY .�Ii.J �! � �� 0= ;I.J . �J I ��.J .•� � �,! � I � � �il lYI F ll jS 9 ..o �I i�I F l l jS �l � I ll " �I i�I 0S ��J a 62 TEXT D TRANSLATION the ?iifad 'ascent'. Haven't you noticed them saying sabaGtu /abaGtu 'I preceded' , suGtu - iuGtu 'I drove' , and sawyG - iawyG 'brley meal'? When it was burdensome for them to be in the state of tasaful 'lowering', then they raised their tongues. They wanted to be in the state of ?istifla? 'being raised', and did not want to be working on raising ater lowerng. They wanted L. 20) their tongues to land on the one position. They said Gasawtu 'I was cruel', Gstu 'I measured' . They do not change the siyn [s] because hey were descending, and descent is easier for them than ?stifla? 'ascending' . That is, it is easier for them to raise rom the state of lowering, as when they say ?al-lifa/ - ?al­ difef'weaklings',p. 287) iifab - iifeb 'diiculties ', linab - lineb 'ropes', //a/ - //ej 'descriptives', Gibab - Gibeb 'domes', G/a/­ Gfef'round boats' , xiba) - xibe) 'evils' and yilab - yileb 'contests', which is of the meaning of muyalaba 'competition' in your saying yalabtuhu yilaban - yalabtuhu yileban 'I competed with him compet­ r itively' . The behavior is similar with the (ia? [o ] . It is not the case, however, with Ga?im 'upright' and Gawa?im 'legs of a horse', because the raised letter came maiihan 'open with an [a] ' . Since the 'open [a] ' prevents the inclination of the ?alf[A] in faoabin 'torture' and tabalin 'spice', the raised letter that is with a /ahah 'open [a]' prevails as the /ahah 'open [a] ' blocks the 63 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION uJ1 0) us Ij!J .o�1 (5 M) k 49 �I j �/I o� :.i �..JIJ S"" \:.i u!� lYIJ o�1 �J f.J.a S..J1 �� � ) w :s �Y .JY I �� �/I U! uJJ1 us .J- lYI � W U� � �� lYI � us j 0ll �� J �9 �jJ .�uj � u.Il .l� J-J JJ1 A uj �� 4 �J .uJJ1 o� y"" �SJ.)�& c�& � uJJ1 o� (10 M) 4 �� � �J � li �J J.a - s..., �� ��il u� uY o�J C� � lYI . . J- � I u . I� f� ." , , ' " 1 : _:.1 o� s" � U· s YJ l� �� lI .. - 1 O�J � u.Il .l� J-J �YI inclination. So when both team up, they overpower L. 5) the asrah 'break [i]' . If the beginning of the word was 'broken with an [i] ' and between the asrah 'break [i] ' and the 7alf[A] there are two letters, one of which is sikin 'quiescent', then inclination will afect the 7alf [A], because you would have inclined if the quiescent did not occur, due to the 'break [i],' and since it was before the 7alif[A] by one letter, with a letter in which the 7alf [A] is inclined, it became as though it were the one 'broken with an [i],' and it had the status of the GiJ [G] in GfiJ. Gfef'round boats'. This is the case with your saying niGatun miGlit . niGatun miGlet 'a roasted she-cmel', 7al-miibi . 7al-miibh 'the lamp' and 7al-milfin . 7al-mitrfen 'the piercer' . Thus are the rest of these letters. Some who say GfiJ . Gfef'round boats', and incline the 7alf[A] of the mjril . mirel form without there being any L. 10) of these letters, they also erect the 7alif[A] in m iibi 'lamp' and similar ones, because the letter of 7stifli7 'raising' was sikinah 'quiescent', not 'with an [i],' and was followed by theJah 'open [a] '. So, when there was a quiescent followed by the 'open [a],' it had its status as though it mutiarrikan 'were set in motion' followed by an 7alf [A]. It had the status of the GiJ[G] in . �- 64 65 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) �J� .,�TJ .i�IJ JiJ . � u �- .�J .�i J � ;1J !� �1J JiJ .,wjJ ,w- � �� \.\ .J ll) 0l� A�J .�i � l� ullJ �. � �� �1 I� � �� 01 l1) 01�J .I�i (15 1) �j J01 � �l l ?� � 4 j! tu �J yw Ai .�I�IJ u! w..��J .�A � l11 �I y11 � � W! j1 b S �,�1 .��, . y11 � W S t�? � �I o1l 'J; j1 �J .J.J. yb ul� A l; {1 . �� � !J .y11 u� � �1 4 uJJl o� � ! �J . 66 TEXT D TRANSLATION Gawa?im 'legs of a horse': they are both Arabic with their adherents. You say ra?ytu Giha - ra?ytu Gihe 'I saw the cooking spices' and ?atytu dimna -?atytu dimne 'I ofered the contents' . You ncline, for they are the same status as /faf- /fef'raks' and Gfaf- Gfef'round boats'. You say ra?ytu firGa 'I saw a root' and ra?ytu milya 'I saw n ofender' because they have the same status as yanimin 'Ghanim', and Gaf [G] is in its status in Ga?im 'upright' . We heard them saying ?arada ?an yadribaha zydun - ?arada ?an yadrib(ah)e zydun 'he wanted Zayd to ske her' L. 1). They inclined. They say ?arada ?an yadribaha Gablu 'he wanted to ske her before'. They 'erected' the Gaf [G] and its sisters. As for naba 'represent', mala 'he inclined' and bara 'he sold', whoever inclines them, he inclines them obligatorily in every case because he leans towards the ya? (y], in whose ___location there is an ?alf[A]. He behaves similarly with xafa 'he feared' because he is looking for the asrah 'brek (i] ' that is in xtu 'I feared' and thus he leaned towards the ya? (y]. He behaves similarly with the ?alf (A] of lubla - luble 'pregnant' because it is of the sructures ofya? (y], and that has been clariied. Don't you notice them saying laba - leba 'be pleasant', xafa - xefa 'he feared', murla - murle 'gited' and saGa - saGe 'watered'? These letters do not prevent them rom 67 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION inclination. 55 The case of yaza � yaze 'invaded-d' is similar, because it is as if the 1alf [A] here (L. 20) is substituted for a yal [y]. Don't you notice them saying /aya � /aye 'listened-d' and daya � daye 'cheated'? Of those whose lalf [A] is not inclined are the doubled of the/afi/ form, the mu/aril form and their likes, because the letter before he lalf [A] is open, and the letter that is ater lalf[A] is quiescent with no 'break [i] . ' Hence, there is nothing here that will incline it, and in your saying haoa gaddun wa maddun wa gawaddun 'this (is) serious, nd substance and substances' it is the plural of gaddatun 'main sreet' . With marartu p. 288) bi-ragulin gaddin 'I passed a serious man' he does not incline. He hates to lean towards the srah 'break [i]' . He does not incline, because he has escaped rom that in which a asrah 'break [i]' has been established. He does not incline due to garr 'pull' because he was inclining in this due to the srah 'break [i]' that is ater the la/f [A]. So, when he lost it, he did not incline. There are people who incline in garr 'pull' , and they likened it to bi-malika � bi-melia 'wih your propery', if you consider the l/ [k] the name for the muda/ lilyhi 'annexed-to' . Some people inclined in every case as they said haoa mS � hoa mes 'this (is) a walker', in order to show the asrah 'break 55 These forms show inclination even hough hey include the letters hat prevent it rom ccuing. 68 69 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) � : �.J4J �i : �.J4 (5 u) � iJ ,-Y I . JjYI � W� �j � �J4 IoJ ,s I� � � : �.J4 J � 9 �j ; � iJ '��J �jJ �y �� � ull � 1� !J , � 0S �J �I � � lJ �IJ J1 �:,0l� � �J ,ll �. 0J � � ��I . o.J JI 1W �� � I I � . u4 IJ�- 9 �j �J �j . 0 j1 01 l1)J �-� 01 l)J � �J (10 u) �i �� 01 ll) � �� 70 TEXT D TRANSLATION [i] ' in the original. Some of them said (L. 5) marartu bi-mali GSimin 'I passed by the property of Qasim', marartu bi-mali maliGin I passed by the property of a latterer', marartu bi-mali yanGalu I passed by the property ofYanqalu'. All these are ' open with an [a]'. They said maratu bi-mali zydin- marartu bi-meli zydin 'I passed by the property of Zayd'. The irst was opened due to the Gaf [G],56 and was likened to faGid 'binder', naiG 'croaker' and manSiyl 'combs' . Some of them said bi-mali GSimin - bi-meli GSimin 'by the property ofQasim'. The munfaii/ 'unconnected' and the muttaii/ 'connected' are distinguished. They are not powerul enough to 'erect' if they are unconnected. They have kept separate the unconnected and others in matters that will become clear, God willing. We have heard them say yuriydu ?an yadribaha zydun -yuriyu Jan yadrib(ahje zydun 'he wants Zayd to strike her' and minna zyun - minne zyun 'Zayd (is) one of us' . When a Gaf [G] appeared in this context, nsrabuw 'they erected' and said yuriydu Jan yadribaha GSimun 'he wants Qasim to strike her' (L. 10), minna faGlun 'winnower (is) one of us' ,57 ?arada Jan yalamaha maliGun 'he wanted a latterer to now her', ?arada Jan yadribaha samlaGun 'he ' ' 56 The reference here is to the previous thre exmples that contain Ga/[G]. 57 Buwlaq has/adlun 'beneit' n place of/aGlun. 71 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION wanted Samlaq to strike her', ?arada ?an yadribaha yanGanlu 'he wanted Yanqal to strike her' and ?arda ?an yadribana bisawlin 'he wanted to strike us with a whip'. They ' erected' due to these mustafliyah 'raised ones', and they prevailed as they prevailed in maniSiyl 'combs' and its likes. The ha? [h] nd ?alf[A] becme like theJa? [] and ?alf [A] in the Jam and maJaiyl forms, and it resembled the ?alf [A] in the Jam and maJafiyi forms, and the naib 'erect' is not blocked between the ?alf [A] nd these letters, just as the conversion of siyn [s] to iad [Sf] is not blocked in samaliyG - iamaliYG 'waste lnds'. The mustaliyah , 'raised ones' in these h uwJ 'words re stronger thn in mali Gsimin 'property of Qasim', because the GaJ [G] here is not pt of he word; rather the ?alf[A] of malin 'propery' L. 1S) was likened to the ?alf[A] of the Jam form, and as a consequence of this, in the speech of most of them yaniubuwha 'hey erect it' in the iilah 'annexation'. They made it follow what I described for you. You say minna zyun 'Zayd is one of us' nd yadribuha zyun 'Zayd strikes her' , since they do not resemble the other ?alfat [A]s. If it were reated as mal 'property' was treated one would not disapprove of the saying of the one who said bi-mali Gsimin - bi-meli Gsimin 'with the propery of Qasim'. They said hOa fimadu Gsimin- hOa fimedu Gsimin 'his is Qasim's pillr', haoa falimu Gsimin - 72 73 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) o JI 01 ��J 0¥ J t�J WI J� A� k � �j �J JI c o.i � 0� oI 4 W � JI � � WJJ � o.i l I (20 u) u ol j�IJ . I1 � � ��J ��J �4 � ..Y .�I � � � ��I o� �! ! �ji f�1 I� ..�a � i A � �J �� � ..Yl I 0Y I� � W j�\ �� � I)jJ � � 0IJ � 0t jl) I )jJ .��J �YJ � ..li �l ¥l0i jl) I)jJ �J 0 1 jl)J � l TEXT D TNSLATION hOa lelimu GSimin 'this is a nower ofQasim', and nulma GSimin ­ nUlme GSimin 'a favor of Qasim'. It does not have the same status for them as mal 'wealth' , matal 'pleasure' and Iaglan 'swit', for the ending of mal 'property' changes, but it is inclined in garr 'pull with an [i]' in the language of those who inclined. If its ending changes apart rom gar 'pull with an [i] ', its ?alf[A] is 'erected' . The person L. 20) who inclines the ?alf[A] in 'imid 'Imad' and labid 'Abid' and their lke, of those that do not change the inclination of this is ever obligatory. When it is of such a power, the muiil 'unconnected' cannot overpower it. They say lam yalribha ?al-laoiy ta/am 'the one you now does not strike her ' : they did not incline since the ?alf[A] had gone, and they did not consider it comparable to the ?alif[A] ofhubla - huble 'prenant' manna - mane 'aim' and their like. They said ?arida ?an yalimT8 'he wished that they-do know' and ?arda ?an yadbila 'he wished , that they-d rasped :59 it was 'open with an [a] ' due to the la? [tf], and ?arada ?an yalbilha 'he wished to adjust it'. They said ?arada ?an yalGila - ?arida ?an yalGile 'he wished that they-do wise , 74 58 Buwlaq has yutiml [ranslation] in place of yafliml. t could also stand for yuIimahi 'he infonns her' (vol. 2, p. 266). 59 yobii 'they-d. asp'could stand for y'bilahl 'he asps her ' . 75 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION up', because the Ga![G] is 'broken with an [i],' so it has the status of Gfa! - Gfef 'round boats' . They said ra?ytu JiyGa wa maJiyGa 'I saw the narrowing and the straits', just as they said lilGa 'precious object', and ra?ytu lilman a8iyran 'I saw ample nowledge' . They did not incline because it is nuwn [n] p. 289) and it is not like the ?alf [A] in marna 'meaning' and mirza 'goat'. Some people have inclined here what should not be inclined according to the Giys 'patten', but it is rare, and they said lalabana - lalabane 'he requested us' and finaba - finabe 'rapes' . That is like some of them saying ra?ytu firGa wa JiyGi - ra?ytu firGe wa JiyGe 'I saw stems and straits'. When they said lalabana - lalabane 'he requested us', finata - finate 'transression' and finaba - finabe 'grapes' they likened them to the ?alf[A] ofhubla - huble 'pregnant' . That emboldened them to do this where there was a reason to incline the Ga![G], which is the asrah 'break [i]', that is at its begning. It is better that they follow this. We have heard them say L. 5) ra?ytu sabaGa 'I saw a race' , where they 'open with an [a] . ' As to lalabana - lalabane 'he requested us' and firaGa - firaGe 'stems' , they are like exceptions, due to their inrequency. Know that some of the Arabs say rabid - rebid 'worshiper' : they incline. They say marartu bi-malia 'I passed by your property' : they 'erect' because the asrah 76 77 SfBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ! � �� � � A ! u.ll �IJ rj �.. � � 11J alJ � ll u� 1 uJ .�§ j� ; JJ �§ � � ) �I !J .�J � � ��Y I uwl �J � 199 ) u� (10 M) �J . �'I ! uj, �ll lJ � �J � �� j.aJ� �I A W1J ,< l1J l1 � uP �/0Y ��/ . /J �J � 199 bl � J J ,� � 1 'PJ . � A � � 11 bl � 1 �YJ /J � � J �Y ,� � � IpJ y IpJ .� I� uS �! uj'46'JI � 199 � I � � J �l ��l �Y �, uJ. � 5J TEXT AD TRANSLATION 'break [i]' is not in the proper place, nd the end of the word varies, therefore it is not strong enough for them. Some of them said bi-mali Gsimin 'with the wealth of Qasim' and do not say limdu Gsimin� *limdu Gsimin 'Qasim's pillar'. Of those whose lalf [A] they do not incline are hatta 'until' , lamma 'as for' and lila 'except' . They distnguished between them and the lalfat [A]s of 'nmes' like hubla 'prenant' and raha 'thirsty' . AI-Kham0 said that if you named a man or a woman with them, then inclination would be permitted in them. They, however, L. 10) incline 1anna � 1anne 'whence' , because 1anna + lanne 'whence' is like lyna 'where' . lyna 'where' is like xafaa 'behind you', which is a name that became a daif'envelope (of place)' , and it approximated ralsa 'thirsty'. They said la 'no'. They do not incline it, since it is not an lism 'name'. They distinguished between it and oa + oe 'that'. They said ma 'whatever' , and they do not incline because it does not have the same potential of oa + oe 'that', because it does not complete a name except in iilah 'annexation', nd because it does not have the potential of the mubhamah 'unspeciied' . They distinguished between the two 'unspeciied ones' , since that was their status. They said ba � be [b], and ta � te [t] of the letters of the dictionary, because they are names for what 60 I-Khal 78 bawayh. bn 7md l-FiIi (d. 79 H 175/D 791 ) was the teacher of SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TANSLATION is pronounced, and there is nothing in them like Gad 'indeed' and la 'no ' . They are like the rest of the names, and not for another meaning. They said L. 1) ya zyd - ye zyd 'hey, Zayd', due to the place ofya? [y]. The one who said haoa malun - haoa melun 'this (is) wealth' nd ra?ytu baba - ra?ytu bebe 'I saw Daddy' does not say in the same situation saGun - seGun 'leg', Garun - Gerun 'tar' or yabun - yebun 'forest', and yabun 'forest' is for the collective. They are like the ?alf [A] of thejafii fom for the majority of them, because the weak medially is stronger, and, in this case, it has not reached the stage where it will be inclined with the 'raised. ' Nor do they say bala - bela 'he urinated' rom bultu 'I urinated', where the inclination is not strong in ?al-mal ­ ?al-mel 'the wealth' nor favored by the populace. 80 81 Chapter Five (48 1 ) �Ill �4 I � .48 1 �_ � i� �� : � I�! � 1lIJ (19 �) � I I Chapter Five (48 1 ) This is a Chapter on the ri7 [r] M .289 � . 2 �) I)! ll� � Ill jS 9 .;! (20 M )A�! !)IJ � I s J I o � � � � ;I� I � J � � .� �. � � �� l. S ....IWI �� �)-J �WJI � � �i ll� uS JJI � A W!J .� is �I uS S � �' (� 90 �) �l � � I)I jS I�!J .� �l AIJ �Jo� �I I� :ll! lljJ �IJ �ll � W J �Ill . A� uS ) � � § �s �I � ll�J .� I� § �s ,� �� (Buwlaq vol. 2, pp.267-7 1 ; Derenbourg vol. 2, pp. 289-93; Hun vol. 4, pp. 13642) (IT, p. 289, L. 19) The ral [r], if you speak it, comes out as though it is doubled, and waGf pause' adds to its clarity. Since the ral [r] was like that, they said haoa rsidun 'this (is) Rashid' and haoairasun 'this (is) a bed'. They did not incline because they spoke as though there were two ral [r]s 'open with an [a]. ' Since it was like that, it nned up the na/b 'erect' in the lalift [A]s and had the status of Gaf [G], where it was in place of matwh yn 'two letters open with an [a]'. Since thefai 'open [a]' was as though doubled, and since it was rom he lalf [A], the efort was rom the same direction, and it was easier for them. If the ral [r] was ater an lalf[A], p. 290) it was inclined if there was ater it other than ral [r]. It is not inclined in the rajf 'raise with [ul ' or in the na/b 'erect with an [a]' . Yor saying haoa himarun 'this (is) an ass' is as though you said haoaifalulun.61 Similarly with the na/b 'erect', it is as though you said haoaifalalan. ' 61 iralulun is the patten for h imarurun when [r] is considered a doubled letter, nd iralalan is he patten for himararan. 82 83 SIBAWAYH ON 7I.LAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION \YI � JI ) oiJ . \YI � �j � � � \ A � Uj� Js JY �� Ji bo Ji f;& uJI UJi us � (5 11) �o �s �. c S \ A � .:� _ .c uI ;� s i J�JlAJ JJ/�J PJc �J JJ4 � �! �jJ .\Y I I�J ;j.J YJi �.! �I)I � � �J .�J WJ W ! � �I \YI � o;& �I)I �s IjJ A,JI � ��J 3), S� �s � �I)I uY �jJ � . . . It prevailed here, so naiabta 'you erected' as you did before the lalf [A]. As for garr 'pull with an [i]', you incline the lalf [A] whether the irst letter is masuwrun 'broken with an [i] ', matuwbun 'opened with an [a]' or madmuwmun 'closed with a [u]', since it is as though it were two letters maksuwrln 'broken-d with an [i] ' . You incline here, just as it, the [r], prevailed where maftuwbah 'it was open with an [a] ', (L. 5) ja-naiabta62 'so you erected' the lalf [A], as in your saying min b imlriki - min bameriki 'rom your-j. ass', min fawlrihi - min fawerihi 'rom his blindness', min lal-muflri - min lal-muferi 'rom the borrowed' and min lal-uwlri- min lal-uweri 'rom the dizi­ ness'. It is as hough you said ufllilu - ufelilu. jafllilu - jafelilu, ndifllilu -ifelilu. Of the ones in which the rll [r] prevails are yor saying Glribun - Geribun 'boat', ylrimun - yerimun 'debtor' and hlol llridun - hOl leridun 'this (is) an expeller' .63 The behavior is similar with all 1al-mustaflihah 'the raised ones' if the rll [r] maksu­ wrah 'is broken with an [i]' ater the lalf [A] hat follows it. That is because when rll [r] is able to 62 The Buwlaq ediion hs/ana/abat. 63 This nd the following hree examples illusrate the efect of [ri] on he 7alis [A]s that prcede it, n which the raised letters blcked 7imalah rom ting place. [ri] prevails on the preceding 7alis [A]s to have 7imalah tke place. 84 85 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION break the ?alf [A] in the fafilifil forms in garr 'pull with an [i] ' and in theofil form, as we mentioned, it is due to doubling. It overpowered these ?alfit [A]s, since you put your tongue in the raised position then you descend. The mustafliyah 'raised ones' (L. 10) here have assumed their status in Gfif� Gifef'rond boats' . You say hiOihi niGatunfiriGun 'this (is) a distinctive she-camel' and ?ynuGun mafiriYGu ' (these are) distinctive she-camels'. You erect with an [a] as you did when you said nifiGun 'crier', muniiGun 'hypocrite' and manSiylu 'combs ' . They said min Giririka � min Girerika 'rom your decision' . It prevailed, just like the Gif[G] nd its sisters prevailed. It is no stronger than the Gf[G] because, even though it is as though it is two letters 'open with an raj,' it is still one letter and with its measure; just as the ?alif [A] in fidin � fedin 'Ad' and the yi? [y] in Giylin 'a saying' are in place of others than them in the radd 'retun' . If you dinutized, they are changed back into the wiw [w], even if there is in them a liyn 'sotness' that is not found in the others. The ri? [r] is lkened to the Gif [G] (L. 15). There is no raising in ri? [r]. t has been rendered 'open with an [a]' nd is opened towards the mustafliyah 'raised'. When it prevails over the Gif [G] it is stronger than the ri? [r]. 86 87 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION Know that those who say masagiu - masegidu 'mosques' and fabidun - febidun 'worshiper' erect with an [a] all that you inclined with he ra7 [r]. KnowthatsomeArabpeople say 7al-liruwn -7al-keiruwn ' idels', ra7ytu 7al-liriyn - ra7ytu 7al-keiriyn 'I saw the infidels', 7al-lir - 7al-eir 'the iidel' nd hiya 7al-manabiru - hiya 7al-manebiru 'hey (are) the pulpits' . When the ri7 [r] is distanced and there is between it and the 7alf [A] a letter, it does not have the power of the 'raised', because it is rom he position of lam4 and it is close to the ya7 [y]. Don't you notice that the lisper makes it a ya7 [y]? When that was the case L. 20) the asrah 'break [i] ' did its work, since there was no ra7 [r] ater it. Some other people erected the 7alf[A] in the ra/f 'raise' and the na/b 'erect' and gave it its status, since there does not occur kasrun 'a brek' between it and the 7alf[A]. They made that no barrier to the nas rb 'erect' , as it was not prohibited to the Gaj [G] and its sisters. They inclined in garr 'pull', just as they 'inclined' where there is nothing between it and he 7a/f [A]. (p. 291). It was primary with them, where here was a letter before it, to incline due to it, if there was no ra7 [r] ater it. There are, however, some who say marartu bi-/-himari - 4 he m is he rd radical n he dical pdimatic rootfl. 88 89 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TRANSLATION marartu bi-I-himeri 'I passed by the ass' and who also say marartu bi-l­ iri 'I passed by the iidel' : they erect the 7alf[A]. The reason is that ii you may forego the inclination in the na/b 'erect' and the raf 'raise' the way you forego it with the Gaf[G]. When it became like the Gaf[G] in this the speaker let it in its state in garr 'pull' , where it was erected in most of the cases, that is, in the na/b 'erect' and the raf 'raise ' . t was part of their speech (L. ) to erect as with rabid 'worshiper' . The letter that is before the ra7 [r) caused it be distanced rom being inclned, just as some people did when they said huwa ii fir + huwa eir 'he (is) an inidel', and distanced it rom being erect with an [a). Snce it was distanced, and the na/b 'erect' is more requent among them, they let it in its state, since it is part of their speech to say rabidun 'worshiper' . The original in the fafil form i s that you erect the 7alf [A), but it is inclined for the reason that 1 mentioned to you. Don't you notice that it is not inclined in tabalin 'spice'? Since that was the orignal, they let it in its state, in the r/f 'raise' and in the na/b 'erect'. This language is less requent in the speech of those who say rabid + rebid 'worshiper' and ralim + relim 'scientist' . Know that those who (L. 10) say haoa Garibun + haoa Geribun 'this (is) a boat' also say marartu bi-Gadirin 'I passed by Qadir ' : they 'erect' the 7alf[A), 90 91 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT ND TANSLATION and they do not make it strong when it is distanced, just as it is in the language ofthose who say marartu bi-ii irin 'I passed by an inidel' . t is not srong enough for inclination when it is distanced, for the reason that we mentioned. Some people whose Arabic is acceptable said marartu bi­ Gadirin Gablu - marartu bi-Gedirin Gablu ' I passed by Qadir before', because of the ra? [r], when it is maksuwrah 'broken with an [i]' . They also say Garibun - Geribun 'boat' and garim - gerim 'the hrvester of dates' . So the Gaf[G] and the others have been equalized. When he said marartu bi-Gadirin - marartu bi-Gedirin 'I passed by Qadir' he wanted irin - marartu bi-keirin 'I to make it like your saying marartu bi-ii passed by an idel'. He makes them equal here, just as he makes them equal there. We heard rom a person whom we trust rom among the Arabs L. 1), quoting rom the poet Hudba bin Khasram ({awiyl) rasa ?al-lahu yuyniy ran bi/adi bni Gidirin - Gedirin bi-munhamirin gawni ?al-rababi sakuwbin Would that God would dispense with a flowing torrent of dark clouds on the land of Ibn Qadir 92 93 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION �)A J� - sl i� �)A J� A Ul k lJ �i A J�J A Ul k l J A A� �.I i �I)IJ ��il wJ- A jl y;; � I� S w.l U� ""i j� �)A J� A .lJl ot ��tJ )�I � (201) �"'i l ul l) �i � �)A 1)9 w} � � ul).& u!- wlli HJ � js lll ul �� � � �9 fJ� 1)9 ) �J .JI � � o! � �"'i l fJ�J �! )� � � i ?):.. �t � .,J 1 ul �! )� You say huwa Gidirun 'he (is) Qadir ' . Know that the ones who say marartu bi-iirin + marartu bi-keirin ' 1 passed by an infidel' are more numerous than those who say marartu bi-Gadirin + marartu bi-Gedirin ' 1 passed by Qadir', because there is one of the ?istirla? 'raised' letters. As to the case of ra? [r], I have already mentioned it to you. Know that some Arabs say marartu bi-himari Gsimin 'I passed by Qisim's ass' ; they erect with an [a] due to the Gaf [G], just as na/abuw 'they erected with an [a]' when they said marartu bi-mali Gisimin 'I passed by Qisim's property', except that inclination (L. 20) in himar 'ass'. nd its like, is more requent because it is as though there are two letters maksuwran 'broken-o with an [i] ' between the ?alf[A] and the Gaf1G]. Consequently inclination is more requent in them than in ?ai-mal 'the property' . If, however, they were to say garimi Gsimin + gerimi GSimin 'Qisim's ofence', it does not have the status ofhimari Gasimin 'Qisim's ass', because what inclines the ?alf[A] of garimin + gerimin 'ofence' does not change. So he distinguished between himari GSimin 'Qisim's ass' and garimi GSimin+ gerimi GSimin 'Qasim's ofense' in the same way he distinguished between mali GSimin 'propery of Qasim' and rabidi . . . _ \ -Jc . J �! UQ � S .�! - 94 . 95 TEXT AND TANSLATION SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) \A �I)I UJ � )� �JA j �j )� �JA j aJ .�j " J� �I � �JJ �..1 1 } �J .�I S)� (292�) J� �JA j a � } � j; �JA JoJ . y l -11 u� . . .- .1 ' I .j\ � : l .: ·J J I : ' I .: a ':' � ..J A U!J :' � .lJ I �J JJ�1 � " j.J �j WJJ til �4 a lJ U� i ib �IJ u� ij 9 �JA '. a u. i 0J..& �IJ iJ .lJ I � � .ji � I �JJ JJ� 0\ JoJ ..ol l � � I � 'j�1 u. i� (5 u) a u. I �J .jJ j; �JA �� 1 \J .JJ�I j -.JI �I . . . • ,� . yWI � 96 '. GSimin- febidi GSimin 'servant of Qasim' . The one who said marartu bi-nimari GSimin 'I passed by Qasim's ass' also said marartu bi-safari Gablu 'I passed by Saar before', because raJ [r] here (p. 292) is subject to change, whether in lidafah 'annexation' , or whether with a masculine name, because it is the letter of ?ifrab 'desinence' . You said marartu bi-farrin Gablu- marartu bi-ferrin Gablu 'I passed by a ugitive before' in the language ofthe one who said marartu bil-nimari Gablu - mararu bil-n imeri Gablu 'I passed by the ass before', and said marartu bi-iirin Gablu - marartu bi-kirin Gablu 'I passed by an idel before' , due to the fact that there is only one quiescent letter between the maruwr 'pulled' and the ?alf [A] in farrin 'ugitive', which is rom nowhere except the position of the other. He thus raises his tongue of them as there is nothing ater the ?alf[A] except a raJ [r] masuwratun 'broken with [i] ' . Since marartu bi-iirin - marartu bi-keirin 'I passed by an iidel' is part of their speech, (L. 5) it is necessary for them to incline for this reason. You say haoihi /afariru - haoihi /aferiru 'these (are) eaves', and if the poet were compelled, he would say ?al-mawariru ... al-maweriru 'terrains', as this has the status of marartu bifarin -+ marartu biferrin 'I passed by the ugitive', because if hiya ?al-manabiru - hiya ?al-minebiru 'they (are) the pulpits' were part of ther 97 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION � ')' jS j! �l' ,� �U' 0S ,� i 4J �:..; � JJ.1JJ.1 �J .�l �')' 0Y �l '¥ js� S j o� JiJ wij S � � JI (10u) ) � , j� ��l \! � � i � �Y 0� i w�\ ) t\� ,� 0)� l1\ 0i �'J . is �. is �')I 0Y ); b)A 0)� �I �� b� \� �i J J�� b)A �i mJ f l) � �I) � J! �� �S iJ .b)& lY' � \ �')' bl 3j '� l � J� . .JJJ/� �4 speech, this inclination would be required if the rl? [r] were maksuwrah broken with [i] ' ater the ?aiIA]. He, the Exulted, said anat Gawlriyra, Gawlriyra min iffatin + anat Gaweriyra, Gaweriyra min iffatin 'the vessels were vessels of silver' (Sirah LI: 1-16). The one who said hlOl gldun + hlOl geddun 'this (is) serious' does not say hiOl flrrun + hiOl ferrun 'this (is) a ugitive', due to the strength of the rl? [r] here, as we mentioned. You say iioihi danlniyru + hlOihi daneniyru 'these (are) dinars', just like you said airun + eirun ' idel'. This is better, because the rl? [r] is more distant. Some of them say manSiylu + manesiylu 'combs', which is better. If you were in (L. 10) garr 'pull', its story would be the story of air + keir 'inidel'. Know that those who say hiOl dlr 'this (is) a suppliant' in sukuwt ' silence' would not incline, because they did not pronounce the 'break [i] ' of the ryn wih the kasrah 'break [i] ' .65 They say marartu bi-bimlr + marartu bi-bimer 'I passed by an ass', because the rl? [r] is to them as though doubled, and it is as though garra 'he pulled with an [i] ' a rl? [r] before nother rl? [r]. That is in their saying marartu bi-i-bimlr + marartu bi-i-bimer 'I passed by the ass' and ?astugiyru bi-i-ilhi mina ?ai-nlr + ?astugiyru bi-i-ilhi mina ?ai-ner 'I seek . 65 r'n is the second radical of the paradimatic rotjfl 98 99 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION reuge in God rom he fire' (Sirah LX:15, 1 6). They sayy mahirl -+y maherl 'in leet of camels' : you incline the hl? [h] and what is before it. He6 said, I heard the Arabs say !arabtu !arbah -+!arabtu !arbe(h) 'I struck a blow' and ?xaotu ?xoah -+ ?xaotu ?xoeh) 'I took a n ' . They likened the hl? [h] to ?alf[A], so he inclined what is before it, just as he inclines what is before the ?alf[A]. The one who (L. 15) said ?arada ?an ya!ribahl Gsimun 'he wanted Qasim to srike her' said ?arada ?an yalribahl rSidun -+ ?arda ?n yadrib(ah)e rSidun 'he wanted Rashid to strike hr'. The one who said bi-mlli Gsimin 'with Qasim's property' said bi-mlli rSidin -+ bi-meli rSidin 'with Rashid's property'. The rl? [r] is weker than the Glf[G] for the reason I mentioned to you. You say ra?ytu rrl 'I saw swine', just as you say ra?ytu rilGl 'I saw a jewel' and ra?ytu nyrl 'I saw a caravan', just as you say ra?ytu diYGl ' I saw straits' and hOl nmrlnu 'this (is) mrn', s you say bimGlnun 'insolent'. Know that some people say ra?ytu rrl -+ ra?ytu rre ' I saw swine' : they incline due to the asrah 'break [i] ', because he ?alf [A] is at the end of the baf 'word'. Since the rl? [r] was not like he mustaliyah 'raised' and there was 66 l-bI 7bn 7md l-FIi, the teacher of Sbawayh. 1 00 101 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TANSLATION a asrah 'break [i]' before it and the ?alf [A] was at the end of he word, they likened it to the ?alf [A] ofhubla - huble 'prenant' . This was more required (L. 20) where some of them said ra?ytu rirGa ­ ra?ytu rirGe 'I saw Irqa' . He said ?arada ?an yafGiraha - ?arda ?an yafGir(ah)e 'he wanted to slaughter it', ?arada ?an yafGira ­ ?arda ?an yafGire 'he wanted to slaughter it' and ra?ytuka fsira ­ ra?ytuka fasire 'I found you desperate' . They gave these things the status of that which does not include a ra? [r) . They say ra?aytu fyri - ra?ytu fyre ' I saw a wild ass' . If the kasrah 'brek [i]' inclines, all the more reason then for the ya? [y] to incline. They said ?al-niyranu ­ ?al-niyrenu 'the boiling' where you 'break' the beginning of the word, and the ?alf [A] is aterwards within (p. 293) the same word. So, it is lkened to what is built on the word like the ?alf[A] of hubla - huble 'pregnant'. They said rimran - imren 'Ioran', but do not say birGan - birGen 'lambs' , the plural of baraGin 'lamb', nor himGanun ­ him"enun 'stupid', because they are of the mustaliyah 'raised' letters. Whoever said hOa rimran - haoa rimren 'this (is) Iroran' , he inclined. He said of mn named riGran, haoa riGran - hioa riGren 'this (is) Iqran' . Similrly, they said lbabun - gilbebun 'garment', for what is between hem does not block 1 02 1 03 SIBAWAYH ON 7I.LAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION inclination, just as the /d [Sf] is not blocked in /amaliGa _ sfameliGa 'deserts'. They said oairiSun - oairesun 'his (is) a bed' and haoa girabun - hOa girebun 'this (is) a bag'. When the srah 'break [i] ' was irst and the ?alf [A] was extra, (L. 5) it was likened to niyran niyren 'boiling'. The na/b 'erect with [a] ' in all these is better, because they are not like the ?alf[A] ofnubla - nuble 'pregnant'. 1 04 1 05 Chapter Six (482) �S Chapter Six (482) Ijl Ji A � � �I uJ�1 A � 4 �4 I� .482 o� A � �Ill This is a Chapter on the Letters That are Inclined That Do Not Have the 7alif[A] Ater Them, If the ri7 [r] Ater Them #/ �J �/ �J J�/ � �.i �jJ (6 u 293 � 2 �) iSJ ul.J� uj.' Js � I ) I iS J I/ �J �/ �J --:� .I"'I IY-I.ii �.JI � � · �I u' i ..i l l I Y-1.i1 � C "" ll4 . J ..i (10 u) �A uJ�1 w}...� �� ..il l � o.l� �\ l l �J ..i l l � iS jl �� ..i l l � jji uS ulJ � I) I ..i � (Buwlaq vol. 2, pp. 270- 1 ; Derenbourg vol. 2, pp. 2934; Hiun vol. 4, pp. 142-4) • � IJI a 1 06 is 'Broken With an [iJ ' (I, P. 270, L. 6) Examples re in your saying mina ?al-Iarari � mina ?al-lareri 'rom harm' , mina ?al-barari � mina ?al-bareri 'rom dung', mina ?al-kibari � mina ?al- kiberi 'rom reatness', mina ?al-iiyari � mina ?al-iiyeri 'rom smallness' and mina ?aluGari � mina ?aluGeri 'rom poverty' . When the rl? [r) was s hough it were two masuwrln 'broken with an [i] ' letters, and as thouh similar to the yl? [y], they inclined the matuwh 'open with an [a]', just like they inclined the ?alf [A], because the /amah 'open [a]' is rom the ?alf [A]. Likening the/amah 'open [a]' to the ksrah 'break [i] ' is similar to likening the ?alf[A] to the yl? [y). The letters here (L. 10) would have the same status ifthey were before the ?alf[A) and there is the ro? [r] ater the ?alf[A), even if that which was before the ?alf[A] was one of the mustafliyah 'raised' ones, like 1 07 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT D TRANSLATION flrib - ferib 'hitter' and Glrib - Gerib 'boat'. You say min famri ­ min femri 'rom Amr ' : you incline the fyn [�] because the miym [m] is slkinah 'quiescent'. You say mina lal-mhloari - mina lal-muhloeri 'rom the waner' : you incline the oll [0] and you are not able to incline the lalf [A], because there is/amah 'an open [a]' ater and before the lalf[A]. Hence the inclination does nothing to the lalif[A]. This is just as in your sayingifirun 'attendant', which you do not incline because it is ofthe 'raised' letters. Just as you do not incline the lalf[A] because of the 'brea: [i],' so you do not incline it because of the inclination of the oll [0]. You say hlOl libnu maofuwrin - hlM libnu maofuwerin 'this (is) the son of Math�ur' as though L. 1) you taruwmu 'aim for' the kasrah 'brea: [i]', because the rll [r] is like maksuwrln 'two broken with an [i]' letters. You don't incline the wlw [w] because it is not like the yll [y]. If you were to incline it, you would incline what is before it, but you aim for the kasrah 'break [i]' as you say rudda - ridda 'rened'. Examples of these are their saying fagabtu mina lal-samuri - fagabtu mina lal-samuri - fagabtu mina lal-sameri 'I liked the entertainment', saribtu mina ?al-munGuri - saribtu mina 1al-munGuri - saribtu mina ?al-munGeri 'I drank rom the hollow-out' . They said ra?ytu xabala 1 08 1 09 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION ?al-riyi - ra?ytuxabale ?al-riyi '1 saw the leaves ofthe country' ,just as he said mina ?al-malari - mina ?al-mat'eri 'rom the rain' . They said ra?ytu xabalairindin- ra?ytu xabaleirindin 'I saw the swirls of a garment', just as he said mina ?al-ii irina - mina ?al-eirina 'of the atheists' . They said hlol xabalu riyliin- hlol xabat'e riyi in 'this (is) a swirl of wind', just as he said mina ?al-munGari - mina ?al-munGiri- mina ?a/-munGeri 'of the hollow-out '. He said marartu bi-fyrin - marartu bi-fyrin 'I passed by a wild ass' and marartu bi-xyrin - marartu bi-xeyrin 'I passed in peace' . He did it without ?ismlm 'rounding' because they are concealed with the yl? [y] (L. 20) just as the 'brek [ir in the yl? [y] is more concealed. Similar to it is marartu bi-bafiyrin 'I passed by a he-camel' , because the fyn [] is masirah 'broken with an [ir, but they say p. 294) hlol ?ibnu eawrin - hlol ?ibnu eewrin 'this (is) the ofspring of a bull' . You say hlol Gafl riyiin- hlol Gafe riyliin 'this (is) counter to winds', just as you say ra?ytu xabala riyliin - ra?ytu xabale riyliin 'I saw swirls ofwinds, . You incline the fll ['] ofxabafin due to the muaiilah 'unconnected' rll [r] with a 'break [i]. ' The behavior is similar with the ?alif[A] of Gafln 'back' in this saying. As to the one who said 110 111 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) TEXT AND TRANSLATION marartu bi-moB Gsimin + marartu bi-meli Gsimin 'I passed by Qasim's property' . He does not 'erect' because it is 'unconected. ' He said ra?ytu xabala riyahin 'I saw swirls of winds', and Gala riyaiin 'counter to winds'. He did not incline. All that we have mentioned to you in these chapters about ?imalah 'inclination' and being naib 'erect' we heard rom the Arabs. The one who said min famri + min femri 'rom m', min ?al-nuyari + min ?al nuyeri 'rom the red-beaked sparrows', he inclined. He does not (L. S) incline mina ?al-sariGi 'rom spittle' because ater the ra? [r] there is a 'raised' letter, so that cannot be, just s haoa mariGun + haoa meriGun 'this (is) an apostate' cannot be. 112 113 ANALYSIS 7: Analysis of Chapter One (477) This is a Chapter Where the 7alor [A]s tumalu 'are Inclined' 7.0 The chapters dealing with 7imalah 'inclination' comprise a small section of 7al-Kitab 'the book' of Sbawayh. They include chapters 477-82 in Derenbourg's enmeration ( 1 885), that is, six chapters out of a massive book that is 571 chapters long. The value of this special phonetic topic is that it is a coherent treatment ofa prevalent phenomenon in classical Arabic. 7imilah was operative across dialectal boundaries in a variety of guises that may have baled many analysts. What Sbawayh accomplished was to produce an overview of the inventory of observed changes of the inclined 7alot [A]s, [a]s becoming [e]s, for the most part, stating the conditions under which 7imalah took place. He showed it to be a regular, if an optional, process. He showed that, as a process, 7imalah was far rom haphazard; it occurred in certain contexts and was altenatively set of or prevented by speciic riggers or blocks. What also fascinates an observer is that diferent dialects took advantage of this process in diferent ways; some applied it to certain classes ofwords, while others did not. But no matter what he predilection of he users might have been, within or across dialectal bondries, the conrolling contextual triggers did not vary or shit rom dialect to dialect but remained constant. Irrespective of the dialect, if 7imalah were to take place it would take place in the same contexts. The only option that speakers of this or that ialect had was whether or not to apply the rules of 7imalah. In he process of 7imalah, certain 7alot[A]s were not prononced as [a], but, as he term indicates, hey were inclined towrds the ya7 [y], pronounced somewhere between an [a] nd an [1], which is a position approximating to that of an [e]. By way of an example, [kitab] 'book' was pronounced [kiteb], nd so on with all the other cases in which the stated conditions were present. 67 abic anscriptions re n itlics. 117 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS A process comparable to ?imalah occurs in many languages, for example in German, and is usually referred to as 'umlauting'. The advantage of keeping the translation closer to the original Arabic is that it is more faithul to the concept, nd secondly, ?imalah is not limited to the ronting of the [a] to [e], but can just as easily apply to the backing of [a] towards [D] as was done in the dialect ofigaz in words like ialat - ialot 'prayer' , zaiit - zaDt 'alms giving' andiyat - iyDt 'life' (II, P. 452, L. 12). This latter process is oten called taxiym 'emphasis' , and is not dwelled on in these chapters. , There is a parallelism between iuwf' letters that re called sawakin 'quiescent' and the iaraiit 'motions' . The iuruwf 'letters' ?alf [A], ya? [y] and wiw [w] are longer versions of the iarakat 'motions' [a], [i] and [u]. They correspond, in the Westen tradition, in certain contexts, to long and short vowels. The iuruwf 'letters' are subject to being set in motion by the iarakat 'motions' , like the ii f [k] in ataba 'he wrote' , kitab 'book' and kutub 'books', and the wiw [w] in walad 'boy', wiladah 'birth', wulida 'he was bon' are all set in motion, but he iaraiit 'motions' cannot themselves be set in motion. We are keeping the iurwf' letters' and the iaraiit 'motions' distinct here for clarity and consistency's ske. In selecting the proper tems in the translation, n attempt has been made to be ' faithul' to the original as much as one could without sacricing accuracy. Sbawayh's book mkes new demands on the translator. It is by all accounts the irst ull analysis of Arabic that we now of. What is more, it does not conform to our Indo-European paradim of analysis, which looks at language rom a certain vantage point. In English, for example, we mke use of the traditional Greek, Latin and Sanskrit paradims, which include inherited terminology such as 'vowel,' 'consonant', 'phoneme,' 'morpheme' and 'sandhi' among many others. Sbawayh and those that followed m did not have this prepackaged wealth of linguistic lore available to them. They created their own paradigm and selected heir own terminology rom their own language. That poses a problem for the translator who must decide whether to pour this Arabic material into an Indo-European mold or to follow the insights ofthe natives who created it. The easiest route would have been to follow one ofthe established Westen paradims and make it as harmonious with our inherited historical paradigm as possible. That route has already been taken by Jn ( 1894) in his German translation - the only translation of the whole book. One is in awe of this massive production and one has nothing but admiration for its author. He did a thoroughjob of ranslating the text, though not all the examples or all the poetry are ranslated, besides he included a rich selection of comments rom Arab commentators on the text. t is a treasury of quotes. He also transcribes the 'inclined' [a] as an [e]. Or, altenately, one might venture into the new Arabic paradim and communicate to the reader its form, its conceptual ramework and its originality. In the present study, this second route was taken. This puts cross-cultural demands on the translator and imposes constraints: all that is new in this new paradigm and the terms that are used must be made available and shared with the reader. Here, the rich translation format is used in order to achieve this, hence the plethora of Arabic terms within the translation. The aim was to make not only the translation but also the terminology accessible to the reader who may not have expertise in the language. It is hoped that this mkes Sbawayh's system accessible in its original form. Whether it is precisely the sound [e] or something slightly diferent is a legitimate concen. The text only says that the ?alf[a] is ' inclined' towards the ya? [y] and approximated to the sound [i] of the context (I, P. 279, L. 13). This statement of Sbawayh, and many others, were taken as indicative of his intention that the [a] is moving towards the [i] position, andwithin a three-vowel system, [e] is intermediate between the two. ?imalah, and not some other term, was used, and this intepretation sounds reasonable, though there is no absolute certainty how close it is to [i]. The motion of [a] becoming an [e] in modem dialects is pervasive. A good example would be Lebanese Arabic, but that is only suggestive and not a guarantee of its truth. Umlauting comes to mind as a choice but what ' inclines' in Sbawayh is very speciically deteined by context. Not all [a]s incline. t is clear that those [a]s that are in the context of raised letters (Ch. 480), the back [a]s, for exmple, do not incline. This is not similar to he Germn. Basically only the non-back, low vowels are raised towrds [e], so tis is a much more phonetically deined process. One feels compelled to follow the tng of the author and to be thoughtul of the radition to show its originality and newness by being more faithul to its formulation by Sbawayh. The term 'inclination' was chosen for ?imalah for simple reasons. As mentioned above, the translation attempts to be faithul to the text and the tem 'inclination,' though new to the technical linguistic vocabulary, is the term Sbawayh selected - and he is a very careul 1 18 1 19 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS writer -is hannonious with what he proposed, is faithul to his concept nd is descriptive of the process under discussion. It is also the selection of Troupeau ( 1 976: 1 98) where he gives: 'inlechir, lexion.' The selection of 'inclination' dictated reng the sructure of the vowel triangle to make it a better it of the new conception by re-imagining the relationship of the hree vowels not in a rigid rianglular representation but in a more flexible T-fonation to accommodate the shiting of an [a] towards an [e] by the process of 7imalah 'inclination'. This allows one to change one sement/sound in relation to the others without disturbing the positions of the unafected others. The three iuruwf liyn and madd/ baraiit 'letters of sotness and lengh/motions' of Arabic are represented by a T-formation thus: in these chapters, which is to say chapters 477-82. The latter chapters provide the contexts in which 7imalah takes place. n the present chapter the general contexts for 7imalah and reraing rom 7imalah will be isolated, and the relevant exempliication will be given with references to the text. These comments will attempt, as much as possible, to keep close to he original terminology and phrasing, and to use the technical vocabulary developed by the school of Basrah. This chapter sets the template that will be followed in the subsequent chapters, ceteris paribus, in deteng the riggers for 7imalah 'inclination'. n general, the rigger is the presence of a srah [i] either before or ater an 7alf [A], and by extension the presence of a ya7 [y] in he same contexts. ya7srah [y/i] -- O -- [w/u] wiwldammah (ra' 'raising') garr 'pulling') ! [Ala] 7allfahah (naib 'erecting ,) This tri-partite system adjusts accordingly when one of its components shits its regular position to accommodate the process of 7imalah. Thus: [i] - [el - - - --0 - - - - - [u] / 7imalah � � � � � [a] 7.1 The 7alf[A] is inclined if it is followed by a letter set in motion with a asrah [i] II, P. 279, L. 10). For exmple: rabid ralim masagid maotiyb ruoairun habiylu - rebid relim masegid maotiyb ruoeirun hebiylu 'worshiper' II, P. 279, L. 11) 'scientist' II, P. 279, L. 11) 'mosques' II, P. 279, L. 11) 'keys' II, P. 279, L. 11) 'coarse' II, P. 279, L. 11) 'Abel' II, P. 279, L. 11) 7.2 The 7alf[ A] is inclined if the irst/preceding letter of the word is set in motion with a srah [i]. II, P. 279, L. 11.17). 68 For example: limadun kilabun imedun kilebun 'imad' II, P. 279, L. 17) 'dogs' II, P. 279, L. 21) 7.3 The 7alf [A] is inclined if there re two letters between the 7alf [A] and the srah [i], but the irst letter is sakin 'quiescent' since the quiescent is not a strong barrier to inclination. (Ch. 477. P. 279, L. 18).69 For example: n general, SIbawayh discusses phonetic changes by dividing the sound system of Arabic into two main subclasses. For the class of 7al-buruwf 7al-sakinah 'he still/quiescent letters', their detailed descriptions and the changes in heir articulations are discussed in the section on 7iyam 'assimilation', which comprises he last part of Sbawayh's book, that is, chapters 565-7 1 . On the other hand, some of the changes that afect 7al-buuwf 7al-lyyinah 'the sot letters' and he baraiit 'motions', wich may be varied, such as in 7imalah 'inclination', are discussed 68 Rules 1 & 2 re not sd by he spekers rom bigiz II, P. 280, L. 21). 69 'Quiescent' mens that it s not mutharik 'set n moion' by one of the re moions, hat is, [a), [i) or [u). 1 20 121 sirbalun simlalun 7iswidad sirbelun simlelun 7iswidd 'shirt' II, P. 279, L. 21) 'agile' II, P. 279, L. 21) 'blacness' II, P. 279, L. 21) SISAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS kibi fii maki 7.4 The ?alf[A] is not inclined if ater the ?alf[A] there is a letter set in motion with an [a] or an [u] (I, P. 280, L. 1). For example: ?igurrin xitamin tibalin 'rewarder' (I, P. 280, L. 2) 'nger ring' (I, P. 280, L. 2) ' spice' (I, P. 280, L. 2) 7.5 The ?alif [A] is not inclined if before the ?alif [A] there is a letter that is mauwh 'open with an [a]' or madmuwm 'closed with a [u] ' (I, P. 280, L. 4). For example: rabibin gamidin ?al-baIMl ?al-gummif ?al-xullf ' iddle' (I, P. 280, L. 4) ' inanimate' (I, P. 280, L. 4) 'the conusion' II, P. 280, L. 4) 'the totality' (I, P. 280, L. 4) 'the swallows' (I, P. 280, L. 5) (fdw) (snw) (Gnw) (fiw) 'nng ' (I, P. 280, L. 10-13) 'watering' (I, P. 280, L. 10-13) ' canals' (I, P. 280, L. 10-13) ' sticks' (I, P. 280, L. 10-13) 7.7 The ?alf[A] is not inclined in three letter structures with a wiw [w] in order to distinguish them rom the sructures with a yi? [y] (T, P. 280, L. 10-14). For exmple: Gao (n) fsfi {n) ?al-Gani ?al-Gali (Gv) (fiw) (Gnw) (Glw) 'back' (I, P. 280, L. 15) ' stick' (I, P. 280, L. 15) 'the aquiline nose' (I, P. 280, L. 15) 'the sand rouse' (I, P. 280, L. 15) 7.8 The nal ?alf[A] is inclined in similar forms when the lim [1] is not a ww [w] but a yi? [y] (I, P. 280, L. 1 6). For example: 70 lim [1] is the third radical of the pradigmatic root [ill. 1 22 + + + kibe 'horse' (I, P. 280, L. 17) fase 'dimness of sight' (I, P. 280, L. 17) make 'burrow for a lizard' T, P. 280, L. 17)71 7.9 The nal ?alif[Alis inclined in ?smi? 'names' whose final element is ?alifziridah ' an extra ?alf[A]' which is for the feminine or something else (I, P. 281, L. 5). For example: mifzi hubli mifze huble 'goat' (I, P. 281, L. 6) 'prenant' (I, P. 281, L. 6)2 7.10 'The ?alif [A] is inclined where a yi? [y] or a wiw [w] is in the fyn [) position,73 on the patten offafaltu. ' For these actions there is an [i] that sets the first segment in motion. That is, there is inclination n medially weak forms with either a [w] or a [y]. (I, P. 281, L. 10). For example: xifa mita liba hiba s fara xiba 7.6 The wiw [w] is changed into a yi? [y] in sructures with more than three letters, if wiw [w] is the lim [1].70 One may consider this a complete inclination where the first letter becomes like the second. [w ] + [y] (I, P. 280, L. 10-11). For example: mafdiyun msniyyun ?al-Gunniy ?al-fisfiiy (kbw) (fsw) (mkw) (w) (mwt) (lyb) hyb) (iyr) (xyb) + + + + + + xefa meta leba Mba iera xeba 'he feared' (I, P. 281, L. 13) 'he died' (I, P. 281, L. 10) ' he enjoyed' (I, P. 281, L. 13) 'he revered' (I, P. 281, L. 13) 'he became' (I, P. 281, L. 14) 'he failed' (I, P. 281, L. 19)74 7.11 The ?alf [A] is not inclined where a wiw [w] is in the fn [l] position,75 on the patten offafaltu. For these actions there is a [u] setting the irst segment in motion, that is, in medially weak forms with a [w]. This is in contrast to xifa / xitu 'he feared / I feared' . Thus: lst sing Gimi diri 2nd sing Gumtu 'he got up, I got up' (I, P. 281, L. 1 8) durtu 'he ned, I ned' (I, P. 281, L. 1 8) 71 The people of Bniy Tamiym do not incline these (l, P. 281, L. -). 72 'Mny people do not incline these nd say': hubla 'prennt' (l, P. 281, L. 9) mifza 'goat' ll, P. 281, L. 10) 73 f�n [] is the second radical of the paradigmatic root [i). 74 The examples have thejarltu foms: xiftu. mittu. libtu. hibtu. /irtu nd xiblU, respectively, s opposed to forms like: Gama 'he rose' Gumtu 1 rose ' nd saGa 75 'he drove', suGtu '1 drove' . f�n s the second radical of the paradigmatic root [il). 1 23 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) 7.12 The ?alf [A] is inclined when there is a yi? [y] before it, which is similar to when it has a srah [i] before it (I, P. 281, L. 20). For example: kyyil byyil kyyel 'thony ree' (II, P. 281, L. 20) -+ byyel 'vendor' (II, P. 281, L. 20) 76 -+ Those who do not incline these do not incline the following either (II, P. 282, L. 3): ?al-syil -+ ?ai-ayin -+ sybin -+ Iylin -+ yylin -+ -+ zydi ?al-syel ?ai-ayen syben Iylen yylen zyde 'he brook' (II, P. 282, L. 1) 'he skimmed milk' (II, P. 282, L. 1) ' Shayban' (I, P. 282, L. 2) 'Aylan' (II, P. 282, L. 2) 'Ghaylan' (II, P. 282, L. 2) 'Zayd-d.' (II, P. 282, L. 6) They also do not incline the following since they don't contain a yi? [y] : labdi kaslin 'servant' (I, P. 282, L. 7) ' lazy' (II, P. 282, L. 8) 7.13 The ?alf [A] is inclined in garr 'pull', 77 that is, 'prepositional phrases', where it is preceded by a ksrah [i] on the patten of the ilil form, as in: -+ ketib kitib 'writer' (I, P. 282, L. 4) -+ segid sigid 'worshiper' (I, P. 282, L. 4) -+ marartu bi-bebihi '1 passed by his door' marartu bi-bibihi II, P. 282, L. 3) ?xaotu min milihi -+ ?xaotu min melihi '1 took of his wealth' (II, P. 282, L. 3) marartu bi-?al-mili -+marartu bi-?al-meli '1 passed by the property' (II, P. 282, L. 11) -+ min ?ahli ldin 'for the people of ad' min ?ahli Iodin (II, P. 282, L. ) ANALYSIS y ?al-gidyn -+ marartu bi-Iaglinia marartu bi-milin kaeiyrin y ?al-gedyn ' in your sword-belts-. ' (II, P. 282, L. 9) -+ marartu bi-Iaglenia '1 passed by your bows-d ' (I, P. 282, L. 10) -+ marartu bi-melin aeiyrin '1 passed by great wealth' (II, P. 282, L. 11) This is just like their saying: mSin dilin -+ -+ mesin delin 'walker' (II, P. 282, L. 11) 'caller' (II, P. 282, L. 10) 7.14 The ?alf [A] is inclined when the kasrah [i] is considered like a yi? [y] (II, P. 282, L. 5) as in the following: dirhamin -+ dirhamen ra?ytu Gihi -+ ra?ytu Gihe ra?aytu lilmi -+ ra?ytu lilme 7.15 'The ?alf[A] in inclined following another inclination. The second ?alf[A] is inclined due to the inclination ofthe rst ?alf[A]' (I, P. 282, L. 14), as in: imidi -+ imdi -+ imede 'Imad-d.' (I, P. 282, L. 14) ra?ytu limidi -+ ra?ytu limede '1 saw Imad-d' ra?ytu miyzini (I, P. 282, L. 14) -+ ra?ytu mizene ' 1 saw the scales ' (I, P. 282, L. 14) 76 ' Mny people ofhigz do no incline hese 7a/ot [A]s'. D, P. 282, L. 1). 77 gar nd magrwr create n enironment for imalah to take efect by marking the magrwr wih n [i]. 1 24 'two dirhams' (II, P. 282, L. 8) '1 saw Qizh' (II, P. 282, L. 8) '1 saw knowledge' (I, P. 282, L. 9) 125 ANALYSIS yuriydu ?an yanzifaha - yuriydu ?an yanzif(ah)e ' he wants to remove it' (I, P. 282, L. 21) 8 : nalysis of Chapter Two (478) This is a Chapter on the 7imilah 'Inclination' of 7alf[A] : A Great Number of Arabs Incline It. 8.2 The feminine marker ha? [h] can be hidden, in which case the resulting form resembles another form on the surface, the dual. For example: yuriydu ?an yadribaha - yuriydu ?an yadriM 8.0 n this chapter, Sibawayh pauses to make a statement about the state of ?imalah 'inclination' among the speakers. He makes the point that there is variation, when he says: Know that not everyone who inclines the ?a/it [A]s agrees with the other Arabs who incline. Rather, each member of the group may difer rom his colleague so that someone yaniub 'erects' what his colleague yumiylu 'inclines ', and yumiylu 'inclines' some others that his colleague yaniub 'erects ' . Similarly, whoever, in whose dialect the naib 'erection' plays a part may not agree with the others who erect. Rather, his case and the case of his colleague are the same case as that of the irst two with respect to the kasr 'break [i] '. If you were to see n Arab of that persua­ sion do not fault m as though he mixed his dialect, rather, this is their style. n, P. 283, L. 16) Tis chapter continues to indicate the contexts where ?imalah 'inclination' takes place, using the same triggers s in the previous chapter but in more reined contexts and with more expected variations. There is n extended discussion of the feminine marker, the ha? [h] and its potential and actual hiddenness in pronunciation. The hiddenness of the ha? [h] creates shorter sequences and consequently more immediate contexts for ?imalah ' inclination' when there is a kasrah [i] before the ?alf [A] . The rest of this chapter lists the relevant rules a s given b y Sibawayh. 8.1 The feminine markr ha? [h] can be hidden, that is unpronounced, in which case the inal ?alif[A] is inclined in the context of a preceding asrah 'break [i] ' . For example: yuriydu ?an yadribaha - yuriydu ?an yadrib(ah)e 'he wants to hit her ' (n, P. 282, L. 20) 126 This leads to the inclination of the final ?alif[A] in the relevant contexts. For example: yuriyu ?an yadribaha - yuriydu ?an yadriM - yadriM 'he wants to hit her' II, P. 282, L. 22) 8.3 There is inclination of the ?alf[A] in forms with the feminine ha? [h], and the forms without this ha? [h] are even more likely to incline. The following examples show the inclination when the [h] is prononced: 'rom her' (I, P. 283, L. 2) - minhe minha madribaha - madribahe 'her camp site' (I, P. 283, L. 2) 'in her ' (I, P. 283, L. 2) - bihe biha The following examples illustrate the pronunciation when the ha? [h] is hidden, as in: min(h)a 'rom her' (I, P. 283, L. 4) - min(h)e madrib(h)a - madrib(h)e ' her camp site' (I, P. 283, L. 4) 'in her ' (I, P. 283, L. 4) - b(ih)e b(ih)a 8.4 Inclination of he ?alf [A] is riggered by a preceding ya? [y] just as it was triggered by a preceding srah 'brek [i] ', s in the following examples: yuriyu ?an yakiylaha - yuriydu ?an yakiyl(ah)e lam yakilha 'he wants to weigh her ' II, P. 283, L. ) - lam yakilh)e 'he did not weigh her' (II, P. 283, L. ) 1 27 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS 8.S There is no inclination of the ?alf [A] in the rajf 'raising' marked with a dammah ' closed [u] ' , where [u] prevents inclination, as in the following: 8.9 There is inclination ofthe ?alf[A] in derived names rom bi-radicals like rom oih 'this'. For example: huwa yakiyluhi 'he weighs her' II, P. 283, L. 7) 8.6 There is no inclination of the ?alf [A] where there is neither a yi? [y] nor a kasrah 'break [i] ' to trigger it, as in the following examples: lam yalamhi lam yxahi ra?ytu dami damahi 'he does not know her' II, P. 283, L. 10) 'he does not fear her' II, P. 283, L. 10) 'I saw blood' II, P. 283, L. 13) 'her blood' II, P. 283, L. 13) 8.7 There is inclination of the ?alif [A] when the yi? [y] immediately precedes the ?alf[A], as in the following: ' in s ' (II, P. 283, L. 11) ' against s ' II, P. 283, L. 11) byniy wa bynahi + byniy wa byn(ah)e 'between me and her' II, P. 283, L. 11) + ra?ytu yade ra?ytu yadi 'I saw her hand' II, P. 283, L. 12) + ra?ytu ziyane 'I saw beauty' ra?ytu ziyani II, P. 284, L. 6) These are comparable to similar forms with a ksrah [i] s a trigger for inclination of the ?alf[A], as in the following: yni falyni yadribi yadribahi yne + falyne + + + yadribe 'they-d strike' II, P. 283, L. 12) yadribahe 'he strikes her' II, P. 283, L. 13) 8.8 There is no inclination of the ?alf [A] when barriers intervene between the ?alf[A] and the ksrah 'break [i] ' , like an intervening [a], s in the following examples: ra?ytu finabi 'I saw rapes' II, P. 283, L. 18) huwa indani 'he is with us' II, P. 283, L. 18) ra?ytu 8awbahu bitaii 'I saw his garment-with-bands' II, P. 283, L. 19) 1 28 ra?ytu oihi + ra?yu oihe 'I saw 5iha' II, P. 283, L. 20) This is parallel to the dialect of those who say: yadribi marra bini + + yadribe 'they-d strike' II, P. 284, L. 1) marra bine 'he passed by us' II, P. 284, L. 1) 8.10 Those who incline the ?al[A] in general may still pronounce words without inclination despite the presence of the triggers, as testimony to the variation mentioned above. For example: ra?ytu yadi + ra?ytu yadahi + ziyani + *ra?ytu yad(ah)e 'I saw her hand' II, P. 284, L. 11) *ra?ytu yad(ah)e 'I saw her hand' II, P. 284, L. 11) *ziyane 'beauty' II, P. 284, L. 12) 8.11 There is no inclination of the ?alf [A] when the potentially inclnable form is in construction with the following word. Inclination is shown in the relevant words when they are not in construction, as in the following: + yadribahe 'he strikes her' II , P. 284, L. 16) yadribahi ' rom us' II, P. 284, L. 16) + minne minni + minhe minhi ' rom her' II, P. 284, L. 16) ' n s ' II, P. 284, L. 16) + bine bini byni wa bynahi + byni wa bynahe 'between me and her' II, P. 284, L. 21) The lack of inclination is shown when a word ending in [a] is in consruction with the following word, s follows: yuriydu ?an yadribahi zydun 'Zayd wants to strike her' II, P. 284, L. 16) minni zyun 'Zayd is one of s ' II, P. 284, L. l6) byni wa bynahi milun 'there is propery between her and me' II, P. 284, L. 21) 129 SIBAWAYH ON 7LH (INCLINATION) 8.12 There is inclination of the ?alf [AJ by some when there is no obvious trigger in the context, even when in construction with the following word, as the contrast in the following pair: lulibni zydun + lulibne zydun lalabani zydun + lalabane zydun 'Zayd requested us' 9: nalysis of Chapter Three (479) 'we were requested by Zayd' II, P. 284, L. 22) This is a Chapter on What is Inclined not According to Giyis 'Patten' ; Rather, it is Exceptional II, P. 284, L. 23) 8.13 There is nclination of the inclination, s in: ?alf[AJ that is triggered by a previous 9.00 As a first formalization of the rammar of Arabic, Sbawayh in milzini + milzeni + milzene- 'our goat' II, c n. 285, L . 1) fimidi + fimedi + fimeae- 'm ad-d. ' II, n c. 284, L. 1) Though this chapter touched on some vriation and exceptions, the next chapter will pick up the theme of exceptions aresh. his book isolates the regularities he finds in the language according to Giys. As illustrated Giyis states that ?imilah ' nclination' about if the ?alif[AJ has a kasrah [i] or a yi? (yJ the pattens of the language. This patten he calls in the previous two chapters, the of an ?alf[AJ comes n its immediate environments. But Sbawayh also notices irregularities. These irregulrities, or the so-called exceptional cases, are when there is ?imilah without the phonetic riggers that afected the ?imilah changes that he had observed in their proper environments. n accounting for the data available to m he does not overlook such irregularities but pauses to give us examples of them. n addition, he reaches into the deeper sociallinguistic contexts to give a rationale for their occurrence. He puts such irregularities beyond phonetics into a larger social context to justiy their occurrence. The justiication of their occurrence is the greater requency of use of some lexical items, which afects their usage by the language users, who prefer the use of the inclined to the un-inclined ?alf[AJ. The preference on the part of the users for the use of ?imilah in forms with n ?alf[A] in requent lexical items is the justiication for these unusual forms. 9.1 There is nclination of ?alf [A] in requently occuring personal names. For example: ?al-iagig + ?al-iaggeg '7al-haggag' II, P. 285, L. ) srah [iJ nor a yi? [y] in the ?al-iaggig to justiy the change, There is neither expressed nor implied immediate context of the ?alf [A] in except that it is a requently used name. 9.2 The nclination of 130 ?alf [A] does not take place in a requently 131 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) occuring common /fah 'descriptive/adjective' of a personal name. For example: ?al-haggig 'a pilgrim to Mecca' (II, P. 285, L. 8) 9.3 The inclination of ?alf [A] happens in a requently occuing common ?ism 'name'. For example: ?al-ns 1 0 : nalysis of Chapter For (480) This is a Chapter on Those Whose ?alot [A]s are Prevented rom ?imilah 'inclination', but hich You Inclined Before - ?al-nes 'the people' (II, P. 285, L. 8) This inclination is paralleled to that ofam -ilii ' actor' when in garr 'pull', that is as the object of a preposition. 9.4 The inclination of ?alf [A] occurs when it is perceived as a substitute for yi? [y] in requently occurring common ?asmi? 'names' . For example: hioi bibun - Moi bebun 'this (is) a door' (II, P. 285, L. 10) hioi milun - hioi melun 'this (is) property' (II, P. 285, L. 10) hioi fibun - Moi febun 'this (is) a disrace' (II, P. 285, L. 10) Even though such cases occr, the majority ofthe people does not incline these forms and pronounces them with the ?alf [A] (I, P. 285, L. 13). For example: Moi bibun 'this (is) a door' (II, P. 285, L. 10-13) Moi milun 'this (is) wealth' (I, P. 285, L. 10-13) hioi fibun 'this (is) a disgrace' (II, P. 285, L. 1 0-13) 10.0 In the previous chapter (Chapter 9 (479» , Srbawayh discussed exceptional cases to the ?imilah of ?alf [A] , that is, those in which the ?imilah 'inclination' of the ?alf [A] took place without there being a asrah [i] or yi? [y] in the immediate context of the ?alf [A]. In this chapter, he discusses phonetically systematic cases where inclination is prevented. The thrust of the chapter is the efect that ?al-huruwf ?al-mustafliyah 'he raised letters' - he /id [Sf], the did [df], the li? [{], the ofi? [Of], the yyn [y], the Gif [G] and he xi? [x] - have when they precede or follow the ?alf[A). 10.1 Inclination of ?alf [A] does not occur if one of the seven letters /id [Sf], did [df] , li? rtf], Ofi? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[G] or xi? [x] is before the ?alf[A] (II, P. 285, L. 18-20). For example: /ilidun li?un yi?ibun Gilidun ximiun diminun ofilimun 'climber' II, P. 285, L. 19) 'wanderer' (II, P. 285, L. 19) 'absent' (II, P. 285, L. 19) 'seated' (II, P. 285, L. 19) 'inactive' (I, P. 285, L. 19) 'guarantor' (II, P. 285, L. 20) 'oppressor' (II, P. 285, L. 20) 10.2 Inclination of ?alf [A] does not occur if one of the seven letters /id [Sf], did [df], li? rtf], ofi? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[G], or xi? [x] is ater the ?alf[A] II, P. 286, L. -). For example: niGidun filsun fsfimun fididun 1 32 'critic' (I, P. 286, L. ) 'sneezer' (I, P. 286, L. ) 'protector' II, P. 286, L. 5) 'supporter' (I, P. 286, L. ) 133 ANALYSIS SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) riOfilun 'repetitious ' T, P. 286, L. 6) nxilun ' siter' T, P. 286, L. 6) wiyilun 'iltrator' T, P. 286, L. 65) 78 10.3 Inclnation of the ?alf[A] does not occur if one of the seven letters iid [Sf], did [df], li? [{], Ili? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[G], or xi? [x] is one letter ater the ?alf[A] T, P. 286, L. 7-9). For example: nixun nibiyun niiGun shilun rinlun nihidun niSilun 'blower' T, P. 286, L. 8) 'gited' T, P. 286, L. 8) ' impious' II, P. 286, L. 8) 'remote' T, P. 286, L. 8) 'branded' T, P. 286, L. 8) 'rising' (IT, P. 286, L. 8) 'energetic' (IT, P. 286, L. 8) The letter that is between the ?alf [A] and the raised letter does not hinder it rom this, 'just as siyn [s] is not precluded rom becoming iid [Sf] n sabaGtu + SfabaGtu "I preceded", when there is a letter between the siyn [s] and the Gif[G], and smilar ones' T, P. 286, L. 9). This prohibition against inclnation in the context of raised letters seems to have been universal. The text says, 'we now of no one who inclines this ?alf[A] except the one whose dialect is not acceptable' (IT, P. 286, L. 6 & 9-10). 10.4 Inclination ofthe ?alf[A] does not occur if one of the seven letters iid [Sf], did [df], li? [{], (ii? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[G] or xi? [x] follows the ?alf [A] ater two intervenng letters T, P. 286, L. 12-13). For example: maniSiyl 'combs ' T, P. 286, L. 11) manyx 'bellows' T, P. 286, L. 11) mariliG 'pluck of anmals' (IT, P. 286, L. 12) maGiriyd 'single blades of shears' II, P. 286, L. 12) mawiiyof 'sermons' T, P. 286, L. 12) mabiliyy 'sums of money' (II, P. 286, L. 12) 78 This is taken rom Buw1aq edition I, p. 24. Derenbourg repeats niGidun. 1 34 Two letters between the ?alf [A] and the raised letter do not hinder it rom this, just as siyn [s] is not precluded rom becoming iid [Sf] in suwyG + s fuwyG 'little market', where there are two letters between the siyn [s] and the Gif[G] and smilar ones T, P. 286, L. 14). There is an aside to this list when SIbawayh states that when the consraints are relaxed some people incline the ?alf[A] and say: manisiyl + manesiyl ' combs' T, P. 286, L. 14) There is L. 14) . n inclnation of the ?alf [A] here, but this is rare (IT, P. 286, 10.5 Inclination of the ?alf [A] is not prevented if one of the seven letters iid [Sf], did [df], li? rtf], Ofi? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[G] or xi? [x] is before the ?alf[A] by a letter and is masuwran 'broken with n [i] ' T, P. 286, L. 14). For example: ?al-dirif iirib linib if Gibib G of xibi8 yilib + + + + + + + + ?al-diref 'weaklings' (IT, P. 287, L. 1) 'diiculties' T, P. 287, L. 1) lineb 'ropes' T, P. 287, L. 1) 'descriptives' T, P. 287, L. 1) itf 'domes' T, P. 287, L. 1) Gibeb 'round boats ' T, P. 287, L. 1) Gtf xibe8 'evils' T, P. 287, L. 1) 'contests' T, P. 287, L. 1) yileb iireb This change parallels the diferent efects on siyn [s] n the enviroment of the raised letters. It is changed to a iid [Sf] in words like: suGtu sabaGtu + + iuGtu iabaGtu 'I drove' (IT, P. 286, L. 17) 'I preceded' T, P. 286, L. 17) In words like the followng there is no change in siyn [s] : Gsawtu 'I was cruel' T, P. 286, L. 20) Gistu 'I measured' T, P. 286, L. 20) Here there is no such change T, P. 286, L. 20). The issue here is the direction of assmilation which these examples illustrate. Fundamentally, assimilation in Arabic is regressive. 79 79 Assimilation will e taken up n a book on assimilation which is n prepra­ tion. 135 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS 10.6 Inclination of ?alf [A] occurs if the benng of a word is masuwran 'broken with an [i]' and between the 'brek [i]' and the ?alf [A] there are two letters, one of which is quiescent, and the quiescent one is one of the 'raised' letters, /ad [Sf], dad [df], la? [{], (ia? [<n, yyn [y], Gaf [G] or xa? [x]. In this case he inclination will afect the ?alf [A] because the break [i] is one letter removed rom the ?alf [A] by a quiescent letter, and quiescent letters do not afect the power of a break [i] to cause an ?alf[A] to be inclined - it is as though they re not there and the break [i] is immediately before the ?alf[A]. This happens with the Gaf[G] in: letters /ad [Sf], dad [df], la? [tf], Ofa? [Of], yyn [y], Gaf[G], or xa? [x]. For example: 'round boats' II, P. 287, L. 8) - Gtf Gof naGatun miGlat - naGatun miGlet 'a roasted camelf.' II, P. 287, L. 8) 'the lamp' II, P. 287, L. 8) - ?al-mi/bh ?al-mi/b. 'the one that pierces' - ?al-milren ?al-milran II, P. 287, L. 8) 10.7 Inclination of the final ?alif [A] occurs if it is preceded by one of the raised letters /ad [Sf], dad [df], la? [tf], (ia? [Of], yyn [y], Gaf[G], or xa? [x] with an [i]. For example: ra?ytu Gizii - ra?ytu Gizie ?atytu dimna - ?atytu dimne 'I saw he rainbow' II, P. 287, L. 12) 'I accompanied' II, P. 287, L. 12) 10.8 Ifthe ?alf[A] follows one of the 'raised' letters /ad [Sf], dad [df], la? [{], (ia? [Of], yyn [y], Gaf[G] or xa? [x], because they are erected as in the positions of the yyn [y] in yanim 'Ghnim' and the Gaf [G] in Ga?im 'upright', they are not inclined For example: ra?ytu firGa - ra?ytu firGe ra?ytu milya - ra?ytu milye 'I saw a root' II, P. 287, L. 13) 'I saw the oensive one' II, P. 287, L. 13) 10.9 Inclination ofthe inal ?allA] occurs when preceded by a feminine ha? [h], but there is no inclination when followed by one of he raised 1 36 ?arada ?an yadribaha zydun - ?arada ?an yadrib(ahje zyun 'Zayd wanted to strike her' II, P. 287, L. 14) ?arada ?an yadribaha Gablu 'he wanted to strike her before' II, P. 287, L. 15) 10.10 There is inclination of the ?alf [A] that is in place of a ya? [y]. These forms have thefaraltu form with a asrah [i] like xafa - xtu 'he feared - I feared', because he [the speaker] is looking for the 'break [i] ' that is in xtu 'I feared'. For example: naba (nwb) mala (my) bara by» xafa (w) - - neba mela bera xefa 'represent' II, P. 287, L. 15) 'he inclined' II, P. 287, L. 15) 'he sold' II, P. 287, L. 15) 'he feared' II, P. 287, L. 13) 10.11 Inclination occurs in the nal ?alot [A]s that are prts of struc­ tures with a ya? [y], and the 'raised' letters /ad [Sf], dad [df], la? [tf], Ofa? [Of], yyn [y], Gaf [G] and xa? [x] do not prevent their inclination. For example: hubla hbly) murla (mry) saGa (SGy) /aya (/yy) daya (dy) huble mure saGe /aye daye 'prenant' II, P. 287, L. 18) 'it' II, P. 287, L. 18) 'watered' II, P. 287, L. 19) 'listened-d' II, P. 287, L. 20) 'cheated-d' II, P. 287, L. 20) 10.12 Inclination of ?alf [A] does not occur in those forms that are he doubled of theofil andfawail forms and heir likes, in which the letter before the ?alf[A] is 'open [a]' and the letter ater the ?alf[A] is quiescent with no asrah 'break [i] '. In these cases there is no trigger for inclination. For example: haoa gaddun 'this (is) serious' II, P. 287, L. 22) haoa madun 'this (is the) substance' II, P. 287, L. 22) gawaddun 'these (are the) main streets' II, P. 287, L. 22) marartu bi-ragulin gaddin 'I passed by a serious man' II, P. 287, L. 22) 1 37 ANALYSIS SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATIO) 10.13 Inclination does not occur across word boundaries in ?idifah , 80 'annexation when the ?alif[A] is followed by one of the raised letters iid [Sf], did [df], li? rtf] , ori? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[ G] orxi? [x] but there yuriydu ?an yadribahi zyun -+ yuriydu ?an yadrib(ahje zydun 'Zayd wants to strike her' , is inclination when it is not followed by such a letter. For example: marartu bi-mili Gsimin marartu bi-mili yanGulu 10.15 Inclination of the ?alif[A] across word bondaries occurs in the speech of many when there is a Gif[G). For example: L. 5) 'I passed by the propery of Maliq' II, P. 288, L. 5) bi-mili Gisimin -+ bi-meli Gsimin 'I passed by the property ofYangulu' P. 288, L. 5) marartu bi-mili zydin -+ marartu bi-meli zydin 'I passed by Zayd's property' (I, P. 288, L. 5) (II, ?idifah munii/ 'un-annexed' and ?alif[A] say: bi-mili Gisimin -+ bi-meli Gisimin 'by the property of Qasim' (II, P. 288, L. 6) 10.14 Inclination ofthe ?alf[A] does not occur across word boundaries when it is followed by a Gif[ G], but it occurs when followed by a non­ raised letter. For example: ?arida ?an yadribahi Gsimun 'he wanted Qasim to strke her ' (II, P. 288, L. 9) 'Faql is one of s ' minnifaGlun (II, P. ?arida ?an yaflamahi maliGun 288, L. 10) 'he wanted that Maliq know her' (II, P. 288, ?arida ?an yadribahi samlaGun ?arida ?an yadribahi yanGalu L. 10) 'he wanted YanquI to strke her' (II, ?arida ?an yadribani bisawlin L. 10) 'he wanted Samlaq to strike her ' (II, P. 288, P. 288, L. 10) 'he wanted to strike us with a whip' (II, P. 80 7iJifah 'anexation' creates 288, L. 10) environment for nmilah 'inclination' to take efe�t by mng the mudif7ilayhi 'nnexed to' with n [i). n 1 38 'with the propery of Qisim' P. 288, L. 1 7) hioi filimu Gisimin -+ hioi felimu Gsimin 'This is a scientist of Qasm' (I, P. 288, L. 17) nufmi Gsimin -+nufme Gsimin ' race of Qasim' (II, P. 288, L. 18) (II, ' annexation' for everyone, as some incline the This power to ' erect' does not carry across the in zydun minni 'I passed by the property of Qasim' (I, P. 288, marartu bi-mili miliGin P. 288, L. 8) -+zydun minne 'Zayd (is one) of us' (II, P. 288, L. 9) (II, 10.16 Inclination ofthe ?alf[A] occurs where it must not occur according Giyis 'patten' in the speech of some, which is rare. They are likened to the ?alf[A] ofiubli 'pregnant' . For example: to the -+ talabani -+ finabi -+ fanati ra?aytu firGi -+ ra?ytu diyGe-+ Forms like talabane 'he requested us' (I, P. 289, L. 2) finabe ' grapes' (II, P. 289, L. 3) fanate 'Anata' (I, P. 289, L. 3) ra?ytu firGe 'I saw roots' (I, P. 289, L. 2) ra?ytu diyGe 'I saw straits ' (I, P. 289, L. 2) talabani -+ talabane 'he requested s ' and irGi -+ firGe 'roots' are exceptional since they are so rare. 10.17 Inclination of the ?alf[A] does not occur in forms that look lke ?asmi? 'names' but are not names. For example: iafi ?ammi ?illi Ii mi P. 289, L. 8) P. 289, L. 8) 'except' (I, P. 289, L. 8) 'no' (I, P. 289, L. 11) 'whatever' (I, P. 289, L. 11) 'until ' (I, 'however' (I, 10.18 Inclination occurs in the ?alf[A] of the following, because they ?asmi? 'names' . For example: behave like 1 39 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH NCLINATION) ?anna li-?anna oa ii ta ? anne li-?anne de be te 'whence' (II, P. 289, L. 10) 'because' (II, P. 289, L. 10) 'this' (II, P. 289, L. 11 ) 'b' (II, P. 289, L. 13) 't' (I, P. 289, L. 13) 1 1 : nalysis of Chapter Five (48 1 ) This is a Chapter on the ra? [r] 11.00 n the previous chapter (Chapter 10 (480» , Sbawayh discussed the efect that ?al-huruwJ?al-mustaliyah 'the raised letters' - the iad [ Sf], the lad [df], the la? rtf], the Ofa? [in , the yyn [y], the GaJ[G] and the xa? [x] - have on the ?alot [A]s. They prevent ?imalah ' inclina­ tion'. n this chapter he takes up the case of ra? [r] and its efect on the ?imalah of the ?alf[A]. ra? [r] is a unique sound in that it is mukarrar 'repeated', which gives it greater solidity than a single letter. Every ra? [r], when it is set in motion, is like having two letters with two Jahahs [a]s, two dammahs [u]s or two kasrahs [i]s. n this it vies with the raised letters for dominance ofthe environment of the ?alf[A]. 11.1 'The ra? [r] comes out doubled as though spoken with two [a]s or two [u]s, and it has the status of GaJ [G]' t prevents inclination when it comes before the ?alf[A] ' (I, P. 289, L. 20). For example: hioa rSiun 'This (is) Rashid' (I, P. 289, L. 20) hioairasun 'This (is) a bed' (II, P. 289, L. 20) 11.2 There is no inclination ofthe ?alif[A] if the ra? [r] follows the ?alif [A] and the following ra? [r] is with a dammah [u] or with aJahah [a]. For example: hioa himarun 'this (is) an ass' (II, P. 290, L. 1) 11.3 There is inclination ofthe ?alflA] ifthe ra? [r] is maruwr 'pulled', marked with a asrah 'break [i]' and follows the ?alf[A] . It is as though there were two letters with an [i] ater it. For example: min himariki - min h imeriki ' rom your-fass' (I, P. 290, L. 5) min 'awarihi - min'awerihi ' rom your shame' II, P. 290, L. 5) min ?al-mu'ari - min?al-mu'eri ' rom the borrowed' (II, P. 290, L. 5) min ?al-duwari - min?al-duweri 'rom the dizziness' (II, P. 290, L. 5) 1 40 141 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS 11.4 There is inclination ofthe ?al�f[A] if the ri? [r] with a 'break [ir is ater the ?al�f[A], even in a context of preceding 'raised' lettrs. The ri? [r] overpowers the constraint of the 'raised' letters before the ?alif[A]. This is due to the doubling of the ri? [r] with the [i]. For example: 11.7 There is a distinction made between an ?alf[A] that is immediately followed by a ri? [r] with 'break [i] ' and one thatis separated by a segment. When both these ?aliot [A]s follow a Gif[G] one has no inclination while the other has it. For example the followng contrastive pair: Giribun yirimun t'iridun min Giriria - Geribun 'round boat' II, P. 290, L. ) yerimun ' debtor' (II, P. 290, L. ) t'eridun 'expeller' (II, P. 290, L. ) min Girerika 'rom your basis' (II, P. 290, L. 11) 11.5 The ?alf [A] does not incline n cases where alhough there is a ri? [r] with a asrah 'break [ir it is followed by a raised letter. The raised letter, Gif[G], neuralizes the efect of [-ri] and prevents ?imilah ' inclination' of the ?alf[A]. For example: hioihi niGatunoriGun 'this (is) a distinctive/-cmel' (II, P. 290, L. 10) hioihi ?ynuGun maoriYGu 'these (are) distinctive/-camels' (II, P. 290, L. 10) This is done on the same patten of words, such as in the following where the raised letter follows the ?alf[A] : , croaker' (II, P. 290, L. 11) nifiGun muniGun 'hypocrite' (I, P. 290, L. 11) manaslytru 'combs' (II, P. 290, L. 11) -v· 11.6 There is inclination of the ?alf[A] when a ri? [r] that is not with a 'break [ir does not immediately follow the ?alf [A], when there is between it and the ?alf [A] a letter. t does not have the power of he raised letters to prevent ?imilah 'inclination' of he ?alf [A] rom a distance. The kasrah 'break [ir does its work, since there was no ri? [r] immediately ater the ?alf[A]. For example: - ?al-eiruwn 'the idels' (II, P. 290, L. 17) ?a-ii iruwn ra?ytu ?a-iriyn - ra?ytu ?a-keiriyn 'I saw the infedels' ?al-iir hiyi ?al-manibir (I, P. 290, L. 17) Giribun - Geribun 'a boat ' (II, P. 291, L. 10) bi-Gidirin 'in Qadir' II, P. 291, L. 10) 11.8 There is inclination of the ?alf [A] before a asrah 'break [ir in the speech of some, irrespective of the presence of a raised letter. For example: Giribun - Geribun 'a boat' (II, P. 291, L. 13) girimun - gerimun 'a harvester ' (II, P. 291, L. 13) There are more speakers for the second type of inclination than the rst like in the following phrases (II, P. 291, L. 17): marartu bikiirin - marartu bikeirin 'I passed by an idel' (II, P. 291, L. 17) marartu biGidirin - marartu biGdirin 'I passed by Qadir' (II, P. 291, L. 17) 11.9 There is no inclination of an ?alf[A] ater [-ri] when a raised letter like Gif [G] follows it immediately, but there is nclination if the raised letter is not in such a close proximity. For example, without inclination: iimiri Gisimin 'Qasim's ass' (II, P. 291, L. 22) mili Gsimin'Qasim's property' (II, P. 291, L. 22) bisori Gablu 'by Safar before' (II, P. 291, L. 23) And with inclination: girimi Gisimin - gerimi Gisimin 'Qasim's ofence' (II, P. 291, L. 22) ribidi Gisimin - rebidi Gsimin 'worshiper of Qsim' (I, P. 291, L. 23) (II, P. 290, L. 17) 11.10 There is inclination of the ?alf[A] when the ri? [r] is a repeated letter. It is also called a rilled letter with a srah [i], as in the case of marartu borrin - marartu blrrin 'I passed by a ugitive', where the 1 42 1 43 - ?al-eir 'the inidel' (I, P. 290, L. 17) - hiyi ?al-manebir 'they re the pulpits' ANALYSIS SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) [-ri] follows a quiescent [r] and is thus once removed, that is, a single ri? [r] is like a repeated [r], which is like [r-ri] or even like [-ri-ri]. For example: hioihi iafiriru - hioihi iaferiyru 'these are eaves' II, P. 292, L. 5) 'terrains' II, P. 292, L. 6) ?al-mawiriru - ?al-maweriru 'vases' II, P. 292, L. 7) - Gaweriyr Gawarzyr 'these are dinars' hioihi daniniyr - daneniyr II, P. 292, L. 8) 11.11 There is no inclination of the ?alif [A] in cases of quiescence where there is no pronounced ksrah [i], as in: hioi dif 'this is a suppliant' II, P. 292, L. 10) Where dif ends in quiescence without showing the kasrah [i] motion. This does not hold for the final, without a motion, ri? [r]. The repeated nature ofthe letter makes the first ri? [r] as hough it is with a kasrah [i] before a quiescent other ri? [r] and hence the inclination of the ?alef[A] in the following examples: bi-bimir - bi-bimer 'by an ass' II, P. 292, L. 11) mina ?al-nir - mina ?al-ner 'rom the ire' II, P. 292, L. 13) y mahiri - ly maheri 'in leet of camels' II, P. 292, L. 14) 11.12 Final hi? [h] where it is comparable to an inclined ?alf[A]. For example: farabtu farbah - farabtu farbe 'I struck a blow' II, P. 292, L. 14) ?xaotu ?xoah - ?xaotu ?xoe 'I took a n' II, P. 292, L. 14) 11.13 ri? [r] is weker than Gif [G] in preventing inclination. For example, for [G]: ?arida ?an yafribahi Gsimun 'he wants Qasim to strike her' II, P. 292, L. 15) bimili Gsimin 'with he property of Qasim' II, P. 292, L. 15) For examples with [r]: ?arida ?an yafribahi risidun - ?arida ?an yafribahe risidun 'he wanted Rashid to hit her' II, P. 292, L. 15) bimili risidin - bimeli rSidin 'with the property of Rashid' II, P. 292, L. 15) 11.14 ri? [r] is weaker than Gif[G] in preventing ?imilah 'inclination' as shown in the following examples: ?arida ?an yafribahi Gsimun 'he wanted that Qasim it her' II, P. 292, L. 15) bi-mili Gsimin 'in the wealth of Qasim' II, P. 292, L. 15) ?arida ?an yafribahi rSidun 'He wanted that Rasid hit her' II, P. 292, L. 15) bi-mili rSidin 'in the wealth of Rasid' II, P. 292, L. 15) 11.15 There is no inclination of a inal ?alf[A] ater a ri? [r] or Gif[G] preceded by a kasrah [i] with a letter intervening. For example: ra?ytu fri 'I saw the swine' II, P. 292, L. 16) ra?ytu raGi8! 'I saw a jewel' II, P. 292, L. 16) ra?ytu firGi 'I saw rrrqa' II, P. 292, L. 16) ra?ytu fiyri 'I saw a wild ass' II, P. 292, L. 16) fiyGi 'straits' II, P. 292, L. 17) hioi imrin 'this is ran' II, P. 292, L. 16) bimGinun 'insolent' II, P. 292, L. 16) ra?ytuka fasiri - ra?ytuka fasire 'I found you desperate' II, P. 292, L. 20) 11.16 There is inclination of the ?alf[A] when the asrah 'break [i] ' is first, and the ?alf[A] is a zi?idah 'added' ?alf[A]. For example: imrin gilbibun oilrSun hioi giribun iGrin niyrin - imren 'edice' II, P. 293, L. 2) - gilbebun 'garment' II, P. 293, L. 3) - lresun 'that is a bed' II, P. 293, L. 4) - girebun 'this is a bag' II, P. 293, L. 4) - fiGren 'drugged' II, P. 293, L. 3) - niyren 'boiling' II, P. 293, L. 5) 81 s is s fond n Buwliq Vol. 2, p. 270. Derenbourg s no . 1 44 1 45 ANALYSIS mina lal-muhaari - mina lal-mhaeri 'rom the wner ' mina la/-malari II, P. 293, L. 12) 'rom the rain ' II, P. 293, L. 19) - mina lal-maleri 1 2 : nalysis of Chapter Six (482) This is a Chapter on the Letters that are Inclined That Do Not Have the 7alif[A] Ater Them, if the ri 7[r] Ater Them is 'Broken with an [i] ' 12.00 This chapter concludes the section on the lima/ah 'inclination' of la/f[A] with the extension of the process beyond the letter la/if[A] to the other letters, or, more specifically, to the haraiit 'motions' of the other letters. n the previous chapters, lima/ah 'inclination' afected a letter of madd ' length', namely the la/f [A]. The harakit 'motions' are considered to be parts or pieces of huruwf 1al-madd 'the letters of length' II, P. 293, L. 9). The long la/f [A] and short la/if [A], the famah 'open [a] ', and the other haraiit 'motions' are now subject to the process of inclination when followed by the ral [r] maksuwrah 'broken with an [i] ', that is, by [-ri]. The process of lima/ah is focused on the efect of the following [-ri] on the preceding lalf [A] as this power is extended to the other letters with heir motions. 12.1 Letters that are withfamah 'open [a]', not an lalf[A], are inclined if he ral [r] ater them is 'broken with n [i]. ' For example: mina lal-darari - mina lal-dareri 'rom the harm' mina lal-bafari mina lal-kibari - mina lal-baferi 'rom the dung' II, P. 293, L. 7) - mina lal-kiberi 'rom the greaness' mina lal-iiyari - mina lal-iiyeri 'rom the smallness' mina laluGari - mina laluGeri 'rom the poverty' min famri II, P. 293, L. 7) II, P. 293, L. 7) II, P. 293, L. 7) - min femri 146 II, P. 293, L. 7) 'rom Amr' II, P. 293, L. 11) 12.2 There is inclination of an lalif [A] before the [-ri] even when the lalif[A] is preceded by a raised letter. For exmple: Garib - Gerib 'boat' (II, P. 293, L. 11) drib - derib 'hitter ' II, P. 293, L. 11) 12.3 There is inclination of a dammah 'closed [u] ' before the [-ril For example: fagabtu mina lal-samuri - fagabtu mina lal-sameri 'I liked the entertainment' II, P. 293, L. 16) saribtu mina lal-munGuri- saribtu mina la/-munGeri 'I drank rom the hollow-out' II, P. 293, L. 17) 12.4 here is inclination of harakat 'motions ' in the muil 'un­ connected', that is, even when the [-ri] is across word boundary. For example: ralytu xabala 1al-riyi -ralytu xabale 1al-rii 'I saw the leaves of the countryside' II, P. 293, L. 17) - Moa xabale riyanin 'this (is) a swirl of wind' II, P. 293, L. 18) ralytu xabalairindin - ralytu xabaleirindin 'I saw the swirls of a garment' II, P. 293, L. 18) Moa xabalu riyiin 12.5 There is inclination when the haraah 'motion', that is hidden within the yal [y], is before the [-ri]. For example: marartu bi-fyrin - marartu bi-fyrin 'I passed by a wild ass' II, P. 293, L. 19) marartu bi-xyrin - marartu bi-xyrin 'I passed in peace' II, P. 293, L. 19) 12.6 There is inclination when theharaah 'motion' that is hidden within the wiw [w] is before the [-ril For example: 147 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH INCLINATION) haoi ?ibnu maruwrin - haoi ?ibnu maofuwerin 'this (is) the son of Math fur ' (II, 12.7 P. 293, L. 14) There is no inclination with the harakah 'motion' if the [-ri] is 1 3 : Dialects followed by a raised letter. For example: mina ?al-sariGi 'rom spittle' (II, haoi miriGun P. 294, L. 5) 294, L. 5) 'this is an apostate' (II, P. 13.00 ?iaah and the Dialects in Sibawayh82 n his discussion of ?imilah 'inclination', Sbawayh is careul to point out that even though ?imilah is a common phenomenon, found to a reater or lesser extent in diferent dialects, it is neither a uni form nor a universal phenomenon in all its manifestations. There are individual speakers, certain roups of spekers, or whole speech communities that may or may not use ?imilah in their speech in specific contexts. There are scattered references to these speakers throughout the six chapters discussed above. It is of interest to students ofArabic and linguistics that Sibawayh gave so much attention to the dialects of Arabic. By taking account of their diferences at this early stage of the analysis ofArabic he showed his positive attitude to the dialects. t is of equal fascination that Sibawayh isolated the sme rules and the same postulated generaliza­ tions that were operative across dialectal boundaries. n this approach, the ?imilah rles assme the status of language rules that apply to the Arabic language in all its dialectal variations. Throughout his discussion of ?imilah, Sibawayh requently refers to speciic ibal preferences in the use of?imilah. He also ofers his opinion on the acceptability, unacceptability or the degree of acceptability of he use or non-use of ?imilah when looked at rom he vntage point of the rules. There is, however, no social stigma attached to its use or non-use. The tust ofthe analysis of ?imilah is aimed more at accounting for the phenomenon, that is, at exploring the question of who uses it nd under what conditions they use it, than on prescribing its use or non-use. The nalysis aims at capturing generalizations that characterize the use of ?imilah in cerain classes of words that are equally subject to its rules. n isolating the roups of speakers who do or do not use ?imilah it is not always possible to be precise, nor to be geographically accurate as 82 .-Ghunaym (1985) provides the most thorough nd up-to-date discussion of the dialects n the bok of Sbawayh. 1 48 149 SIBAWAYH ON 7ILH (INCLINATION) to whom the author has in mind. n the above analysis, approximately seventy generalizations about ?imalah were isolated and highlighted, which is not necessarily an exhaustive accounting of all the cases. Sbawayh does not always provide specific adherents or non-adherents to each generalization; he is oten content with stating the general norm with illustrative examples without specic attribution. When he does attribute, he covers a large geographical area rom Tamiym to liga., rom the east to the west of the Arabian peninsula. The following sections will, in a smmary fashion, attempt to isolate those dialectal or tribal groups whom he characterizes, by name or by implication, by the use or the non-use of ?imalah. Before he delves into the details of accounting for the speakers who do or do not use ?imalah, SIbawayh points to the similarity of he process of ?imalah 'inclination' to the process of ?idyam 'assimilation', in that ?imalah is also a process in which ?araduw ?anyUGarribuw 'they want to approximate' ll, P. 279, L. 13) ?al�f[A] to ksrah [i] in certain contexts. To illustrate this similarity to ?iyam he gives the examples of /ad [s r] being approximated to zy [z] in /adara + iadara 'sent' and siyn [s] becoming like a /ad [sr] in sabaGtu + /abaGtu 'I preceded' ll, P. 279, L. 18 ). ?imalah, for hm, then, is a subspecies of ?idyam. He discusses ?idyam in detail much later in a section at the end of ?al-Kitab, ll. Chs. 565-71). What follows here is an inventory of statements about the use or non-use of ?imalah attributed to specific roups of speakers of Arabic. SIbawayh appeals to several principles in this process. The principle of ease of articulation, called by SIbawayh ?iltims ?al-xff ah 'in search of lightness ', explains why rabs use ?imalah ll, P. 279, L. 13): They want to bring ?alif[A] closer towards the asrah [i] ll, P. 279, L. 12). As Sibawayh says, 'inclination of the ?alf [A] towards the ya? [y], ?imalah, is more requent in their speech' ll, P. 285, L. 6). Similarly, the [w] becomes a [y] 'because the ya? [y] is easier for them than wQw [w], so they lened towards it' ll, P. 280, L. 13). He is cautious about making the process absolute, as there is some lexibility in the use of ?imalah. He says: Know that not everyone who ?amila 'inclined' he ?alot [A]s arees with the other Arabs who 'incline' them. Rather each member of the roup may difer rom his colleague so that someone yaniub 'erects with an [a]' what his colleague 'inclines with an [e] ', and 'inclines' some others that his colleague ' erects'. Similarly, those in whose language the 1 50 ANALYSIS 'erect' plays a pt may not aree with the others who ' erect'. Rather his case and the case of his colleague is the same case as that of the rst two with respect to 'break [i]'. If you were to see an Arab ofthat persuasion, do not fault him as though he mixed his language, but, rather, this is their style D, P. 284, L. 1�. This is a generous statement on how much variation there might have been among speakers rom diferent dialects or rom the same dialect. Below follow some specific dialectal characteristics. 13.01 The Dialect of figz ?imilah 'inclination' is triggered in the presence of asrah [i] before or ater the ?alf[A]. None of these ?aliot [A]s re inclined in the dialect of higaz ll, P. 279, L. 21), as n: fibid fimidun sirbilun + + + *febid ' worshiper' ll, P. 279. L. 11) *fimun ' tmad' ll, P. 279, L. I7) *sirbelun ' shirt' ll, P. 279, L. 21) 13.02 The Dialect of figz but not the general populace ?imalah 'inclination' is triggered in the presence of srah [i] in the fafaltu fom where the fyn [] is a ya? [y] or a wQw [w] changed to an ?alf [A]. Some people of ligaz, but not the general populace, incline these forms ll, P. 281, L. 11), as in: x/a (xw) laba (lyb) + + xefa leba 'he feared' ll, P. 281, L. 13) ' he enj oyed' ll, P. 281, L. 13) 13.03 The Dialect of igz and many Arabs ?imalah 'inclination' is triggered in the presence of a ya? [y] before the ?alf[A]. Many Arabs and the people of ligaz do not incline these ?alit [A]s ll. P.282, L. 1), as in: kyyal byyaf + + *yyel 'thony ree' ll, P. 281, L. 20) *byyef 'vendor' ll, P. 281, L. 20) 13.04 The Dialect of some of the people of figz 'Those whose ?alf [A] they incline include everything that belongs to the structures ofya? [y] and wQw [w], and in whatever they constitute the fyn [r] ofthe form. If the beginning of thefafaltu form is maksuwran 151 SlBAWAH ON 7LH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS ''broken with an [i]", hey leaned towards he yi7 [y] in those cases where the 7alf[A] was in the position ofyi7 [y]. This is the language of some ofthe people of tigaz' (II, P. 281, L. 13), as in 13.09 Many People 'Mny people do not incline the extra 7alf[A] offorms like mifzi "goat" and hubli "pregnant" but leave it erect, ' as in: yyil y) xifa (xw) xiba (xwb) + + + yyel 'thony ree' II, P. 281, L. 20) xefa 'he feared' II, P. 281, L. 13) xeba 'he failed' II, P. 281, L. 13) 13.05 Baniy Tamiym and others 7imilah 'inclination' is riggered in names with a wiw [w] that reach four letters or more, but many people rom Baniy Tamiym nd others do not incline these (I, P. 281, L. 4-5), as in: mafdiyun fw) 'nng ' (I, P. 280, L. 13) msniyun (snw) 'watering' (II, P. 280, L. 1 0-13) 13.06 The Dialect of Baniy Tamiym, Qays and 7asad 'The feminine hi7 [h] is hidden, like saying yadribi (for yafribahi). These are the people ofTamiym, and people of Qays and 7asad also say it' (II, P. 283 L. 16), as in: yuriydu 7an yad ribahi + yuriydu 7an yadrib(ah)e 'He wants to hit hubli mifzi + + *hubie 'prenant' (I, P. 281, L. 9) *mifze 'goat' (II, P. 281, L. 10) 13.10 Some Arabs When the 7alf[A] is in the garr 'pull with an [i] ,construction, and the desinence (that is, word-end morphological markings) is not obligatory, some of the Arabs leave it as it is in pause, as in: marartu bi-I-mil 'I passed by the wealth' (II, P. 282, L. 11-13) 13.11 Greater frequency It is less requent to say in pausal form: bi-l-mil + *bi-l-mel 'by the wealth' (II, P. 282. L. 13) than it is to say: marartu bi-milika + marartu bi-melika 'I passed by your property' (II, P. 282. L. 17) her' (I, P. 283, L. 15) They also say: minni + minne 'rom us' (II, P. 283, L. 16) 7inni 7ila 7al-lihi rigifuwn + 7inne 7ila 7al-lihi rigifuwn 'Indeed, to God we ren' (I, P. 283, L. 16) 13.07 The Dialect of Baniy Tamiym and others Regrding the chnge of [w] to [y]: 'All this is not inclined by mny people of Baniy Tamiym, and others, ' as in mafdiyyun (fw) 'nng ' (II, P. 281, L. 10-13) 13.08 The Dialect of Ku9ayr �azah Kueayr lazzah incline an 7alf[A] even ater a raised letter as in: /ira + /era 'become' II. P. 281, L. 14) 13.12 Some Comparisons 'Know that those who do not incline the 7alot [A]s in what we have mentioned before this chapter [Chapter 477], they do not incline them in this chapter [Chapter 478]' (II, P. 284, L. 7-8). For example: 7alot [A] s in the context of [i] are not inclined by people oftigaz and 7alot [A] s in the context of [y] are not inclined by people ofBniy Tamiym. 'Those who do not incline the 7alf[A] in the context of [i] and [y] do not incline it in the context ofthe feminine hi7 [h]' (II, P. 284, L. 78). 'Those who say masigid + msegid "mosques" erect all that you inclined with the ri7 [r]' (II, P. 290, L. 1�17). 'Those who say hOi Giribun + hioi Geribun "this is a boat" say marrartu beGidirin "I passed by Gadir''' (II, P. 291, L. 10). 13.13 People say: People incline due to previous inclination, as in: ra7ytu fimdi + ra7ytu imede ' I saw Imd-d.' (II, P. 282, L. 14) 152 1 53 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) 13.14 Unmotivated inclination 'There are some people who speak and incline items without any of the reasons that we have previously mentioned, but that is requent' (1. P. 284, L. 22). For example: lalabani zydun - lalabane zydun 'Zayd requested us' (1. P. 284, L. 22) 13.15 Majority of the Arabs 'Those who do not incline the raf "raised with an [u]" and the naib "erect with an [a]" are the majority of the Arabs'. (1, P. 285, L. 13-14) 13.16 Unacceptable inclination in the context of raised letters 'now that no one inclnes these ?aliot [A)s, n the context of the "raised" letters, except the one whose language is not acceptable' (1, P. 286, L. 9-10), as in: Gindun 'seated' (1, P. 285, L. 19) niGiun 'critic' (1, P. 286, L. 5) nxun 'blower' (1, P. 286, L. 8) manSiyl 'combs ' (1, P. 286, L. 12) 13.17 Inclination and ral [r] 'Know that those who say: masigiu - msegidu 'mosques' (1, P. 290, L. 16-17) ribid - rebid 'worshiper' (1, P. 290, L. 16-17) "erect" all that you inclined with ri? [r) ' 11, P. 290, L. 15-17). 13.18 Some folks with acceptable Arabic incline with raised letters ' Some folk, whose Arabic is acceptable, said: marartu biGidirin Gablu - maratu biGedirin Gablu '1 passed by Qadir before' (1, P. 291, L. 12) Girib - Gerib 'round boat' 11, P. 291, L. 13) girim - gerim 'harvester of dates' (1, P. 291, L. 13)' Here the speakers do not distinguish the 'raised' rom the 'non-raised' letters with respect to inclination. The power of the 'raised' letter is overpowered by the following [-ri). The [r) is a mukarrar 'repeated' 1 54 ANALYSIS letter, and derives its power rom beng like two consecutive [-ri)s. Still, those who say: marartu biiifrin - marartu bikirin ' 1 passed by an idel' (1, P. 291, L. 17) are more numerous that those who say: marartu biGidirin - maratu biGdirin '1 passed by Qadir' (1, P. 291, L. 17) The requency of one and the other implies clearly the distinction between the raised and non-raised letters. The raised letters exercise some preventive control on the occurrence of the inclination of ?alf [A). 13.19 People whose Arabic is rustworthy People whose Arabic is trustworthy incline where there is no trigger for inclination. They use exceptional inclination (1, P. 285, L. 10), as in: hioi bibun - hioi bebun 'this (is) a door' (1, P. 285, L. 10) hioi milun - hioi melun 'this (is) wealth' 11, P. 285, L. 10) hioi ribun - hioi rebun 'this (is) a disgrace' (1, P. 285, L. 10) 13.20 ?al-rammah 'the people' The people do not incline when the ryn [] of the form is a wGw [w), except those whose irst letter is with a srah [i) (1, P. 281, L. 12). For example: xifa (xw) - xefa 'he feared' (1, P. 281, L. 13) (see 7.10) xiba (xwb) - xeba 'he failed' (1, P. 281, L. 13) (see 7.10) But not: Gima 'he stood up' (1, P. 281, L. 18) dira 'he ned' (1, P. 281, L. 18) 13.21 General Attribution A commonly occurring reference to the general public is a saying such as: Giluw 'they said . . . ' (1, P. 281, L. 19), (1, P. 281, L. 19), (1, P. 282, L. 6, 8, 10), (1, P. 283, L. 2, 7, 11), among many others. 155 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS Dialect and Language Sibawayh's concept of Arabic is of that type. It is comprehensive and A feature ofthe discussion of ?imatah by Sbawayh is that there is varia­ inclusive of all the varieties ofArabic, so that his rules and generalizations tion among speakers, but the triggers for the variation are common to all speakers. There are dialectal features, even if not all of them are speci­ fied, that are distinctive and distinguish one dialect rom another by the use or non-use of ?imilah. It appears that for the spekers of Baniy Tamiym and the easten ribes kasrah [i] or yi? [y] triggered the ?imilah of ?alf [A], while for are applicable to this language and consequently to all its varieties across dialectal lines. From his perspective, the spoken Arabic is the true manifestation of rarabiyyah. He concludes this discussion on ?imilah "inclination" and II, P. 294, L. 4). na/b "erection", we heard rom the Arabs ' some of the people ofhigaz it was more the underlying second radicals, like yi? [y] or wi? [w] that were the rigger for ?imilah. There are many contexts in which the changes are atributed to 'Arabs' without her specification. Dialects will also have rmmatical idiosyncrasies, which are not discussed here. They are distinguished rom each other, in as much as ?imilah is diagnostic of dialects, and are referred to in general terms as distinct individual speech communities. But even though he treats them as distinct dialects, Sbawayh does not speciy rules that are exclusive to hem individually nd that would be potentially inapplicable to the other dialects. t is of interest to linguists to ferret out he distinction between dialect and language that Sbawayh had in mind in his analysis. One thing that one can gain rom the sampling given above is that Sbawayh keeps referring to rarabiyyah 'Arabic ' , or saying that someone's luyah ' language' was or was not acceptable, across dialectal boundaries. So language, or Arabic language, is not identiied with any one dialect. Rather, rarabiyyah is a realization of the sum total of all the dialects. The rules and generalizations that he is fashioning are he conditions nd contexts that apply to this rarabiyah. This is no minor accomplishment when one considers the number of dialects that are referred to in the book. al-Ghunaym ( 1 99 1 ) tabulates 284 dialects that are mentioned by Sbawayh in his book. Writing rules that will be applicable to this many dialects is a remarkable achievement, even f it were done for just one process like ?imilah. It cn useully be argued that if a particular language, say English, with all its varieties and dialects could be defined, then language in the abstract would be closer to deinition. t is not easy to define language in a way that would satisy every theoretician. A concept oflanguage that is not necessarily identiied with any one roup of speakers, or any one dialect, but that in its deinition includes all the dialects and all the spekers irespective of their dialectal preferences, is a denition that takes the reality oflanguage into account. 1 56 ?imilah by saying 'll that we have mentioned to you in these chapters about 157 ANALYSIS byya f - byyef 'vendor' II, P. 281, L. 20) sybin - syben ' Shayban' (I, P. 282, L. 2) ra?ytu fimada - ra?ytu fimede ' I saw Imad' (II, P. 282, L. 14) 1 4: Conclusions (see 7.15) The ?alf[A] is inclined in feminine forms where the ha? [h) is hidden as is illustrated in the following example (cf. 8.1): yuriyu ?an yafribahi - yuriydu ?n yafrib(ah)e 'He wants to hit What is of interest in Sibawayh's analysis of ?imalah is that he does not limit it to the overt nd expressed contexts for ?imalah but kes into account its absent, covert and unexpressed contexts. This obviously takes phonetics and phonology beyond the traditional limits of being sensitive only to what is expressed in the context and to no other. n his discussion and analysis of ?idyam 'assimilation ', Sibawayh states that ?al-?a/luy fal-?idyam ?an yatbafa ?al-?awalu ?al-?xara 'the principle of assimilation is that the rst follow the other' (II, P. 472, L. 17). This is his way of stating that the irst becomes like the second or, more in harmony with current terminology, that assimilation is undamentally reressive. Ifwe were to consider ?imalah 'inclination' a species of assimilation, then what applies to one is equally valid for he other. He illusrates this connection when he is discussing how ?imalah 'inclination' , as a process of changing [a] to [e) in the context of kasrah [i) or a ya? [y], is similar to the changing of the siyn [s] to a /ad [s r] in the context of a Gaf[G] as in: sabaGtu - /abaGtu 'I preceded' (II, P. 279, L. 18) Sibawayh, in his discussion of ?imalah, focuses on the contexts that igger ?imalah. n the process of his accounting for ?imalah, he provides exmples of a bidirectional process, that is, of progressive and regressive ?imalah, where both the following or the preceding contexts determine ?imalah, even if not all of his examples can be patently grouped under these two rubrics. As the foregoing chapters illusrated, there is no great diference between progressive and regressive cases of ?imalah; they apply equally reely when the expressed triggers of asrah [i) and ya? [y] are present in he environment of?alf[ A] as illustrated in the sample of examples: fimadun - fimeun ' rnd' (I, P. 279, L. 17) sirbilun - sirbelun ' shirt' (I, P. 279, L. 21) 1 58 her' (II, P. 282, L. 20) The ?alf[A] is inclined following a raised letter with a srah [i), as is illustrated in the following example: /ifab - /ifeb 'diiculties' (II, P. 287, L. 1) (see 10.5) The ?a/f[A] is inclined when it follows a kasrah [i) ater a cluster with a quiescent raised letter as is illusrated in the following example: ?al-miibin - ?al-miiben 'the lmp' (II, P. 287, L. 8) ra?ytu qizna - ra?ytu qizie 'I saw the cooking spices' (II, P. 287, L. 12) ?alfza?idah 'the added ?alif [A) ' is inclined when it follows a kasrah [i), as is illustrated in the following example: fimran - fimren ' fimran' II, P. 293, L. 2) Regressive ?imalah is the reverse of the proressive ?imalah where the following contexts of a asrah [i) or ya? [y] trigger ?imalah in the preceding targeted ?alf[A]: fabid - febid 'worshiper' II, P. 279, L. 11) The ?alf[A] is inclined when it precedes a kasrah [i) in a prepositional phrase as is illusrated in the following example: marartu bi-mali zydin - marartu bi-meli zydin 'I passed by Zayd's property' (I, P. 288, L. ) The ?alf[A] hat follows a raised letter is inclined when followed by a [ri] as is illustrated in the following example Garibun - Geribun 'round boat' (II, P. 290, L. ) 1 59 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) ANALYSIS There are consraints on ?imilah, mostly exercised by the raised letters and the ri? [r], and these show how strong an influence these segments exert on the occurrence or non-occ��nce of ?imilah. The . r ference to phonetic context, its proximity and relative positlon wIth � the ?alf [A] re important factors in ?imilah. The phonetlc contexts required for ?imilah to take efect are an expressed or implied kasrah [i] or ayi? [y], before or ater the ?alif[A]. . . When two 'motions,' [a] or [u], are in ?alf [A]'s tmmediate context ?imilah will not take place, as was illustrated in: A 'raised' letter prevents ?imilah of a previous ?alf [A], even across a word boundary as in the following example: xitam-in ?al-xullif 'inger ring ' T, P. 280, L. 2) ' swallows' T, P. 280, L. 5) When one of the 'raised' letters: /id [Sf], did [l], li? [{], ori? [Of], yyn [y], Gif[G] or xi? [x] occurs before the?alf[A], ?imilah does not take place, as in the following: Giid-un ' seated' T, P. 285, L. 19) When when one of the 'raised' letters: /d [Sf], did [df], li? [tf], ori? [Of], yn [y], Gif[G] or xi? [x] follows he ?alf[A] in sequence ?imalah is blocked, as in the following: niGid-un nx-un 'critic' T, P. 286, L. 5) 'blower' (II, P. 286, L. 85) When the ri? [r] is set in motion by an [a] or an [u] ?imilah is blocked, as in the following: hioi rSid-un 'This (is) Rashid' T, P. 289, L. 20) ?? � When a 'raised' letter precedes the ?alf[A] and a [-ri] follo�s t e al [A], the following [-ri] overcomes he strength ofthe pr�ceding raIsed letter, and ?imilah tkes place as is shown in the followmg: Giribun + Geribun 'round boat' T, P. 290, L. 7) When a 'raised' letter follows a [-ri] ater an ?alf[A], the 'raised' letter overpowers the [-ri], and prevents ?imilah rom taking place, as in the following: hioihi niGatun oriGun 'This (is) a distinctive f-camel' T, P. 290, L. I0) 1 60 marartu bi-mili Gisimin 'I passed by the property of Qasim' T, P. 291, L. 19) Progressive and regressive ?imilah can not explain all he cases that do occur with ?imilah. n this analysis, not all cases are phonetically conditioned. To give but two illustrations, the feminine ending does not resemble either [i] or [y], yet it is subject to ?imilah, with the other concomitant changes in the word, as in the following: 'goat' (II, P. 281, L. 6) 'pregnant' T, P. 281, L. 6) milzi nubli Other cases of ?alf[A] are inclined due simply to the high requency of occurrence of certain lexical items, as in the following: ?al- naggig ?al-nis --- ?al- naggeg ?al-haggag ' T, P. 285, L. 5) ?al-nes 'the people' T, P. 285, L. 7) n ?imilah, both what precedes the ?alf [A] and what follows it as well as what the ?alf [A] stands for have an efect on its status. The contexts that follow ?alf [A] are the actual control mechanisms and exercise more powerul contextual iluences on the ?alf[A] than hose that precede it. The 'raised' letters, for example, prevent ?imilah rom taking place, but they are efective in the preceding contexts only ifthey are contiguous to it, and no other trigger interferes with them as in the following: Gifidu 'seated' T, P. 285, L. 19) When the preceding 'raised' letters are not contiguous to the ?alif [A], the preceding contexts are all equalized, as in the following example: /of + /lf 'descriptives' T, P. 287, L. 1) The contexts that follow the ?alf [A], however, show distinctly diferent degrees of strength in controlling the occurrence or non-occurrence of ?imilah as illustrated in he cases where an ?alf[A] is followed by a 'raised' letter or a [-ri]. Whenever there is a colict in contextual triggers, the 'raised' letters dominate the contexts of [-ri] 161 SlBAWAYH ON 7lMALAH (INCLINATION) NLYSIS and overpower them when both follow the ?alf[A]. Other things being equal, regressive ?imilah is the more dominant form of assimilation, and it extends over longer domains, while progressive ?imilah is confined to the immediate contexts within narrower domains. Many surface ?alot [A]s are not constituents of the root but are derived. Examples of these are the roots with weak radicals where the weak letter is deleted and the surface form appears with an ?alf [A], *xawfa, or Mba 'he revered' is *hyaba, and so on, with all the other roots with a [w] or a [y] as the second radical. These ?aliot [A]s have been explained by way of a derivation, that is, when the glides yi? [y] and wiw [w] are elided and for example xifa 'he feared' is rom rom the two remaining motions re combined to give the [a] as explained in Brame ( 1 970). This is not the explnation of Sbawayh. He considers he presence of an ?alf[ A] as a replacement of the glide (II, P. 280, L. 7 and 9). The naraiit 'motions ' let behind would be present only when their respective letters are present and would delete with them. It is assumed that ?imilah occurs yi? [y] here due to the al presence of a kasrah [i] or a of the root, but it is not clear whether the change in the ?alf[A] should be considered a progressive or a regressive type of ?imilah. n these forms, the actual ?alf [A] inclines towards the letters yi? [y] and the changed wiw [w] to a yi? [y] of the mid-radical, as exemplified in the following: mita xifa liba Mba /ira xaba (mwt) - meta (xw) - xefa (lyb) - leba hyb) - Mba (/yr) - /era (yb) - xeba P. 281, L. 10) P. 281, L. 13) 'he enjoyed' (II, P. 281, L. 13) 'he revered' (II, P. 281, L. 13) 'he became' (II, P. 281, L. 14) 'he failed' (II, P. 281, L. 1 9) 'he died' (II, 'he feared' (II, n discussing the reasons for ?imilah, Sbawayh provides what he considers to be an articulatory justification, ' The ?alf [A] is similar to yi? [y] so they approximated it to it. ' (II, P. 280, L. 13-14 et passim). It is the actual presence of [i] or [y] that triggers changes in the adjacent ?alf [A]s, as was illustrated above. The more subtle changes in the ?alot [A]s are due not so much to the actual presence of n ?alf [A] in the sequence, but what the origin of the ?alf[A] was. When the ?alf [A] is in place of a yi? [y] or a wiw [w] 'in structures with a yi? [y] and wiw [w] whose fyn [ f ] is open' (II, P. 280, L. 6), these two letters are represented by surface ?alf[A]s. 1 62 'As to the structure with a yi? [y), ?alf [A] its is in place of yi? [y], and its substitute' is inclined because it (Ch. 477. p. 260). It should be pointed out that 'the wiw [w] is inclined towards the yi? [y] n suctures that exceed three letters. It is changed to a yi? [y] ', as in the following examples: mafdiyyun (mfw) msniyun (msnw) ?al-Gunniyy (Gnw) ?al-li//(y(f/w) P. 280, L. 13) (see 7.6) P. 280, L. 13) 'the canals' (II, P. 280, L. 13) 'the sticks ' (II, P. 280, L. 13) 'rnning ' (II, 'watering' (II, A more remote rigger is in the ?alf [A] of the past tense that changes to an [e] in forms where the third person is on the patten the first person is [xiu], this kasrah [xifa] while [i] triggers the inclination, as in the following examples: xifa (xw) mita (mwt) - xefa - meta P. 281, L. 13) P. 281, L. 19) 'he feared' (II, 'he died' (II, Any root that has a yi? [y] as a second radical, its ?alf [A] is inclined obligatorily, as in the following: _ mela mila (my) _ hefa bafa byf) nubli ibiy) - nubie mufli (mfly) _ mufle _ saqe saqi (sqy) L. 15) L. 15) 'pregnant' (II, P. 287, L. 18) 'git' (II, P. 287, L. 18) 'watered' (II, P. 287, L. 1 9) 'he inclined' (II, P. 287, 'he sold' (I, P. 287, In brief, Sbawayh ranges in his analysis of ?imilah over he various contexts where the [a] is inclined to [e] and ferrets out both the expressed nd the implied contexts where justiication can be found for such a change. n the process he is both deep and wide in his search and brings in not only immediate contexts but collateral contexts to explain the phenomenon of ?imilah. The obvious contexts n which ?imilah takes place fall within the purview of all linguistic approaches to analysis of such a phenomenon. With reference to the expressed triggers for ?imilah there is no noticeable diference between the progressive and the regressive ?imilah. They both occur equally reely; there is no strong preference to reressive over the progressive processes. There are constraints due to certain roups ofletters, the raised letters and the [r], or both. What is intrigung 163 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) about ?imalah n classical Arabic as Sibawayh presents it is that it makes demands that go beyond the obvious evidence for the justification of its occurrence, that is, where there is nothing n the expressed context to cause the [a] to change into [e]. What would be the phonetic! phonological rationale for the ?alf [A] n mata 'he died' to change to meta with no expressed or obvious contextual trigger n the immediate or remote context for it to take place? When Sibawayh says that the change is justified because n the faraltu form, that is, the past tense of the rst person singular of mata 'he died', there is a ksrah [i] when one says mittu 'I died', this is beyond the consideration of phonetics/ phonology and is similar to a Saussuran idea of associative relationships or to a Mendelian meandering through the genetic branches n search of a recessive context that has become dominant. If Sibawayh's claim is correct, and there is no altenative explanation that is better, then the deep structure is even deeper and wider n Arabic. It scours the total paradigm, as with the case of mata 'he died', in search of relevant contexts. 1 64 Appendices Appendx 1 List of Tecnical Tems, Soted by rabic oi ..:.1 u\i '.lj �..j. �..i. I..j. :.) ..\ ..i. J.a,\ -, 1 " Wi ..li , �j )�j � u� 4i .i � � � � » ' ... » u� w.� S� u'� �y \ � ?aJar ?xaf ?xawat ?idyam ?istifla? ?asma? ?iifid ?iydi ?adfaj ?idmar ?ilbiG ?ajf/ ?alf ?imalah ?ihidar badal banat ta?niy8 tasaful tuSbihu tumaJu tamnaf tanasiru garr hagiz haf haraiit harakah huruwj ianak ?al-?ala more requent, more numerous lighter, weaker sisters, members of a clas& assimilation raising names/nouns raising, ascending clarity weker implicitness, pronominalization covenng actions 7alif [a] inclination descending, sliding down substitute structures femininization lowering resembles be inclined prevents, it breaks pull, mark with an [i) barrier letter, word motions motion letters, words upper palate 167 APPENDICES SIBAWAYH ON 7I.LAH (INCLINATION) .'- � .. ..J �J �j � .. �.. u.. �I.. �. � � �I' � - � � yr �r ; � � � i y) i "s - oS .. u.J W l l jA � "" �� nawigiz xayyah xallala rw ra' rafafa sikin sakt sukuwt sukuwn sawikin siJ sabah sadiyd sawiJ iaffada iilah dafufat dammah farab farabiyah fillah yunnah fatn faiah i! Garab Galb Gyis asrah kalimah lisin luyah liyn /yyin mu?anna8 mubdalah mubham mutharrik barriers hidden, inconspicuous he mixed loose raise he raised still, quiescent silence silence stillness, quiescence still letters exceptional similarity tight exceptions raised annexation weakened close [u] Arabs, spekers of Arabic Arabic (language) cause, reason nasal opening with an [a] open [a] action he approximated change patten, norm, analogy break [i] word tongue dialect, language sotness sot feminine substituted unspeciied in-moion, in motion with n [a], [i] or [u] 1 68 .. JJA J� t� t!y � � � �... u... ll u... "� � � :� J. J... u� uo y� .. � .. "... "'A � � J4 JI J ujJ ..J ..J! � �! ,4 �� -, y! �� � muttaiil magruwr maghuwr mw)akar mauwf mustaisan mustafliy mustaliyah mudifafah mudif mudif?ilyhi madmuwm mulbaq mufgam matuwh muarrar maksuwr muharf manzilah maniuwb manafat munfati muil mahmuws mawdif nib naba hiwi wiw wazn waial waGf yuxaJu bihi yi? yafaf yu§immu yuGarrib yufalu bihi yamiylu connected pulled with an [i] loud masculine raised, raised with a [u] favored, thought good raised raised, raised ones doubling annexed annexed to closed, close with an [u] covered dictionary open, open wih an [a] doubled, trilled broken, broken with a [i] deviant, lateral status erected, erected with an [a] prevented, i/she opened unconnected muted position erection wih an [a] he erected falling waw [w] measre connected pause is tken as correct ya7 [y] he raises he rounds he approximates is pronounced he inclines 1 69 APPEDICES Appendix 2 List of Technical Tems, Sorted by English li 7alif [a] action actions annexed annexed to annexation Arabic (language) Arabs, speakers of Arabic assimilation barrier brriers be inclined break [i] breaks broken, broken with an [i] cause, reason change clarity close [u] closed, close with a [u] connected connected covered covering descending, slidng down deviant, lateral dialect, language dictionary doubled, trilled doubling d Wi u... �I u... � .:� Y� ��I. � ' . > .l", W .� i J& . � c..�l � �� .. -, � -.. . .\ ' J \ �.\ u� � � J. �... 1 70 ?alif fin ?afal mudaf mudaf?ilyhi iilah rarabiyyah rarab ?iyam hagiz iawagiz tumalu ksrah tansiru maksuwr rillah Galb ?iydh dammah madmuwm muttsfil wsfal mulbaG ?ilbaG ?ihidar muharif luyah murgam mukarrar mudarafah Y� erected, erected with an [a] erection with an [a] exceptional exceptions fallng favored, thought good femnine femzarion he approximated he approximates he erected he inclines he mixed he raised he raises he rounds hidden, inconspicuous implicitness, pronominalization inclination in-motion, in motion with an [a], [i] or a [u] is pronounced is taken as correct letter, word letters, words lighter, weaker loose loud lowerng masculine measure more requent, more numerous motion motions muted names/nouns nasal open [a] open, open with an [a] ...; " . �.. jl� jA � .'. J' 4; Y) -, Y; - - ...; .: . �j �. . � � J.\. ..) �� ! :: . ,� u. u . u,. ...1 �J J� .i i.. 0J, sl �. wS. I" "ol � S Co 171 maniuwb nsfb sa5 sawa5 hawi mustaisan mu?anna8 ta?niye Garrab yuGarrib naiaba yamiylu xallala rafara yafar yusimmu xayyah ?idmar ?imalah mutharik yuja5fu bihi yu?xaJu bihi haf huruwf ?xaf rxw maghuwr tasaul mu5aar wzn ?aear haraah haraiit mahmuws ?asma? yunnah fahah mawh SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) � � opened opening with an [a] patten, nonn, analogy pause position prevented, it/she prevents, it pull, mark with an [i] pulled wih n [i] raise raised raised raised, raised ones raised, raised with a [u] raising raising, ascending resembles silence silence similarity sisters, members of a class sot sotness status still letters still, quiescent stillness, quiescence structures substitute substituted tight tongue unconnected unspeciied upper palate wiw [w] weakened weker word yi7 [y] "9 • sJ �A A � » )JA �) � � � t!o �..j l...-j � . .J� � .J'l . '! u . l �o �'" � u.. .J� � � � uU .. " kJI & J'J � ..l. � 1 72 �4 munfath fatn Giys waGf mawlif manafat tamnaf garr magruwr rajf mustafliy iaffada mustafliyah mauwf 7istina7 7iifad tusbihu sakt sukuwt sabah 7xawat lyyin /iyn manzilah sawakin sakin sukuwn banat badal mubdalah sadiyd lisan muiil mubham nanak 7al-7ana waw dafufat 7adfaf alimah ya7 Appendx 3 List of Technical Terms, Sorted by Transcription badal banat dammah dafufat fatn fahah il garr nanak 7al-7ana nawagiz hawi kalimah kasrah lyyin lisan liyn luyah madmuwm matuwh maghuwr magruwr mahmuws masuwr manafat mniuwb manzilah mauwf mawdif mubdalah mubham � substitute structures close [u] weakened opening with an [a] open [a] action pull, mark with an [i) upper palate barriers falling word break [i] sot tongue soness dialect, language closed, close with a [u] open, open with an [a] loud pulled with n [i] muted broken, broken with an [i] prevented, it/she erected, erected with an [a] status raised, raised with a [u] position substituted unspecied .J� � � � ...! d » kJ' & .'.. JA � o� l uU l W '� :o )� )JA "... J& o y� �o t!o �A �w " 1 73 APPENDICES SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) mudafafah mudaf mudaf?ilyhi mukarrar munfaiil munfath munharif mustansan mustafliy mustafUyah mutaharrik �... muttaiil mulbaG mu5akkar mu?anna8 mufgam naib naiaba rafafa rajf rxw sabah sadiyd sakt sawa5 sawakin sukuwn sukuwt sakin sa5 iaffada iilah tamnaf tanksiru tasaul ta?niy8 tumilu tusbihu .. doubling annexed annexed to doubled, trilled unconnected opened deviant, lateral favored, thought good raised raised, raised ones in-motion, in motion with n [a], [i] or a [u] connected covered masculine feminine dictionary erection with an [a] he erected he raised raise loose similarity tight silence exceptions still letters stillness, quiescence silence still, quiescent exceptional raised annexation prevents, it breaks lowering feminzation be inclined resembles .... . . 11 .... .i . J.. � � ...i� � � � �� � o l4 � � - � �; �J �J � � .. �I: Sl " 0.. w.. �. � - � � i 4b � � 1 74 waial wiw wazn waGf xaiyyah xallala ya? yamiylu yafaf yuxa5u bihi yuja5fu bihi yusimmu UGarrib yunnah Ga/b Garrab Giys harakah haraiit haf huruwf hagiz ?afal ?adfaf ?ak8ar ?alf ?asma? ?xaf ?xawat ?iyam ?ydi ?idmar ?imalah ?ihidar ?stif/a? ?iifad ?ilbiG farab farabiyah fillah connected waw [w] measure pause hidden, inconspicuous he mixed ya7 [y] he inclnes he raises is tken as correct is pronounced he rounds he approximates nasal change he approximated patten, norm, analogy motion motions letter, word letters, words barier actions weaker more requen, more numerous 7alif [a] names/nouns lighter, weaker sisters, members of a class assimilation clarity implicitness, pronominalization inclination descending, slidng down raising raisng, ascending covenng Arabs, spekers of Arabic Arabic (language) cause, reason .., ,1, jj, S, � :.. .4 � �� �! � .! . � -, �� � � �) ".5 _ S"" wS"" ...i." ..,"" .i ' , » WI ..,\ ol .ll ....1 ...1 wl�i -� ll. C J..I J�I• ..l J I�\• .�l l..J.-.1 " . . y. �. � 1 75 APPEDICES diyGi 'straits ' (T, P. 292, L. 17) #11.15 (lilimun 'oppressor' (II, P. 285, L. 20) #10.1 b(ih)i -+ b(ih)e 'in her' (IT, P. 283, L. 4) #8.3 byni wa bynahi -+ byni wa bynahe 'between me and her' (IT, P. 284, L. 21) #8.11 byni wa bynahi milun 'there is property between her and me' (IT, P. 284, L. 21) #8.11 byniy wa bynahi -+ byniy wa byn(ah)e 'between me and her' (IT, P. 283, L. 11) #8.7 byyi f -+ byye f 'vendor'(lI, P. 281, L. 20) #7.12 bihi -+ bihe 'in her' (IT, P. 283, L. 2) #8.3 bi-mili Gisimin 'in he wealth of Qasim'(T, P. 292, L. 15) #11.14 bi-mili risidin 'in the wealth of RSid'(T, P. 292, L. 15) #11.14 bi-mili rSidin -+ bi-meli rSidin 'with the money of Rshid' (IT, P. 292, L. 15) #11.13 bi-mili Gsimin -+ bi-meli Gsimin 'with the property of Qasim' (II, P. 288, L. 17) #10.15 bi-mili Gisimin 'with the money of Qasim' (T, P. 292, L. 15) #11.13 bi-mili Gisimin -+ bi-meli Gisimin 'by the property of Qasim' (II, P. 288, L. 6) #10.13 bini -+ bine 'in us' (IT, P. 284, L. 16) #8.11 bi-saori Gablu 'by Safar before' (T, P. 291, L. 23) #11.9 bi-Gidirin ' in Qadir' (T, P. 291, L. 10) #11.7 bi-nimir -+ bi-nimer 'by an ass' (IT, P. 292, L. 11) #11.11 bi -+ he 'b' (T, P. 289, L. 13) #10.18 bifa by) -+ hefa 'he sold' (T, P. 287, L. 15) #10.10 damahi 'her blood' T, P. 283, L. 13) #8.6 dirhamin -+ dirhamen 'two dirhams' (T, P. 282, L. 8) #7.14 oilrSun -+lresun 'that is a bed' (IT, P. 293, L. 4) #11.16 oi -+ oe 'this ' (T, P. 289, L. 11) #10.18 diri -+ durtu 'he ned, I ned' (T, P. 281, L. 18) #7.11 difin -+ defin ' caller' (IT, P. 282, L. 10) #7.13 dayi (dyy) -+ daye 'cheated-d' (IT, P. 287, L. 20) #10.11 fiminun 'guarantor' (II, P. 285, L. 20) #10.1 dirib -+ ferib 'hitter' (IT, P. 293, L. 11) #12.2 y mahiri -+y maheri 'in leet of camels' (T, P. 292, L. 14) #11.11 ly ?al-gidyn -+ly ?al-gedyn 'in your sword-belts-d' (IT, P. 282, L. 9) #7.13 yni -+yne 'in us' (IT, P. 283, L. 11) #8.7 gamidin 'inanimate' (IT, P. 280, L. 4) #7.5 gawidun 'these (are the) main streets' (IT, P. 287, L. 22) #10.12 gilbibun -+ gilhebun 'garment' (IT, P. 293, L. 3) #11.16 girimi Gisimin -+ gerimi Gisimin 'Qasim's ofence' (IT, P. 291, L. 22) #11.9 girimun -+ gerimun 'a harvester' (IT, P. 291, L. 13) #11.8 hioi miriGun 'his is an apostate' (IT, P. 294, L. 5) #12.7 hiyi ?al-manibir -+ hiyi ?al-manebir 'they are the pulpits ' (IT, P. 290, L. 18) #11.6 huwa yakiyluhi 'he weighs her' (T, P. 283, L. 7) #8.5 huwa findani 'he is with us' (T, P. 283, L. 18) #8.8 hiba hyb) -+ heba 'he revered' (T, P. 281, L. 13) #7.10 hibiylu -+ hebiylu 'Abel' (T, P. 279, L. 11) #7.1 hioa xabalu riyihin -+ hioa xabale riyihin 'this (is) a swirl of wind' (T, P. 293, L. 18) #12.4 hOihi aniniyr -+ daneniyr 'these are dinars' (T, P. 292, L. 8) hOihi niGatun oriGun 'this (is) a distinctive f-camel' (IT, P. 290, L. 10) #11.5 hioihi /afiriyru -+ hioihi /aferiyru 'these are eaves' (IT, P. 292, L. 5) #11.10 hioihi ?ynuGun maoriyGu 'these (are) distinctive f-camels ' (T, P. 290, L. 10) #11.5 hioi bibun 'this (is) a door' (IT, P. 285, L. 1-13) #9.4 hioi bibun -+hioi hebun 'this (is) a door' (IT, P. 285, L. 10) #9.4 hioi dif ' this is a suppliant' (T, P. 292, L. 10) #11.11 hOilrSun 'his (is) a bed' (T, P. 289, L. 20) #11.1 hioi giribun -+ girebun 'this is a bag' (T, P. 293, L. 4) #11.16 hioi giddun 'this (is) serious' (T, P. 287, L. 22) #10.12 hOi middun 'this (is the) substnce' (T, P. 287, L. 22) #10.12 hioi milun 'this (is) property' (T, P. 285, L. 10-13) #9.4 hioi milun -+ hioi melun 'his (is) property/wealth' (IT, P. 285, L. 10) #9.4 1 76 1 77 Appendix 4 List of Examples SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) APPENDICES hOa rasidun 'This (is) Rashid' (II, P. 289, L. 20) #11.1 hOabimaun 'this (is) an ass' (II, P. 290, L. 1) #11.2 Moa ?ibnu maofuwrin - haoa ?ibnu maofuwerin 'this (is) the son of Mahfur' (II, P. 293, L. 14) #12.6 haoa fimran 'this is Imran' (II, P. 292, L. 16) #11.15 hOa fabun 'this (is) a disgrace' (II, P. 285, L. 10-13) #9.4 Moa fabun - Moa febun 'this (is) a disgrace' (II, P. 285, L. 10) #9.4 Moa falimu Gasimin - Moa felimu Gasimin 'This is one who nows Qasim' (II, P. 288, L. 17) #10.15 kaslan 'lazy' (II, P. 282, L. 8) #7.12 yyal - kyyel 'thony tree' (II, P. 281, L. 20) #7.12 kiM kbw) - kibe 'horse' (II, P. 280, L. 17) #7.8 kilabun - kilebun 'dogs' (II, P. 279, L. 21) #7.2 atib - ketib 'writer' (II, P. 282, L. 4) #7.13 lam yakilha - lam yakilh)e 'he did not weigh her' (II, P. 283, L. 6) #8.4 lam yxaha 'he does not fear her' (II, P. 283, L. 10) #8.6 lam yaflamha 'he does not now her' (II, P. 283, L. 10) #8.6 li-?anna - li-?anne 'because' (II, P. 289, L. 10) #10.18 la 'no' (I, P. 289, L. 11) #10.17 maMliy 'sums of money' (I, P. 286, L. 12) #10.4 madrib(h)a - madribh)e 'her camp site' (II, P. 283, L. 4) #8.3 madribaha - madribahe 'her camp site' (II, P. 283, L. 2) #8.3 maotiyb - maotiyb 'keys' (II, P. 279, L. 11) #7.1 maa (mkw) - make 'burrow for a lizard' (II, P. 280, L. 17) #7.8 manax 'bellows' II, P. 286, L. 11) #10.4 mansiyl - manesiyl 'combs' (II, P. 286, L. 14) #10.4 mansiyt 'combs' (II, P. 286, L. 11) #10.4. manasiylu 'combs' (II, P. 290, L. 11) #11.5 marartu bi-Mbihi - marartu bi-bebihi 'I passed by his door' (II, P. 282, L. 3) #7.13 marartu bi-airin - marartu bi-keirin 'I passed by an infidel' II, P. 291, L. 17) #11.8 marartu bi-mali maliGin 'I passed by the property of Maliq' (II, P. 288, L. 5) #10.13 marartu bi-mali yanGulu 'I passed by the property of Yanqulu' (II, P. 288, L. 5) #10.13 marartu bi-mali zydin - marartu bi-meli zydin 'I passed by Zayd's property' (II, P. 288, L. 5) #10.13 marartu bi-mali Gsimin 'I passed by the property of Qasim' (II, P. 288, L. 5) #10.13 marartu bi-malin ka8iyrin - marartu bi-melin ka8iyrin 'I passed by great wealth' (II, P. 282, L. 11) #7.13 marartu bi-ragulin gaddin 'I passed by a serious man' (II, P. 287, L. 22) #10.12 marartu bi-xyrin - marartu bi-xyrin 'I passed in peace' (I, P. 293, L. 19) #12.5 marartu bi-Gadirin - marartu bi-Gedirin 'I passed by Qadir' (II, P. 291, L. 17) #11.8 marartu bi-?al-mali - marartu bi-?al-meli 'I passed by the property' (II, P. 282, L. 11) #7.13 marartu bi-faglanika - marartu bi-faglenika 'I passed by your bows-d' (I, P. 282, L. 10) #7.13 marartu bi-fyrin - marartu bi-fyrin 'I passed by a wild ass' (II, P. 293, L. 19) #12.5 marra bina - marra bine 'he passed by us' (II, P. 284, L. 1) #8.9 masniyun (snw) 'watering' II, P. 280, L. 1 0-13) #7.6 masagid - masegid 'mosques' (II, P. 279, L. 11) #7.1 mawafyof 'semons' (II, P. 286, L. 13) #10.4 maGariyd 'single blades of shears' (II, P. 286, L. 13) #10.4 mafdiyyun fw) 'rnning' (II, P. 280, L. 10-13) #7.6 mafaliG 'pluck of nimals' (II, P. 286, L. 13) #10.4 min Giraria - min Girerika 'rom your basis' (II, P. 290, L. ll) #11.4 min bimariki - min bimeriki 'rom yor/. ass' (II, P. 290, L. 5) #11.3 min ?ahli fadin - min ?ahli fedin 'of the people of ad' II, P. 282, L. 5) #7.13 min ?al-duwari- min ?al-duweri 'rom the dizziness' (II, P. 290, L. 5) #11.3 min ?al-mhaofari _ mina ?al-mhaoferi 'rom the wner' II, P. 293, L. 12) #12.1 min ?al-mufari - min?al-muferi ' rom the borrowed' II, P. 290, L. 5) #11.3 min famri - mina femri 'rom Amr' (I, P. 293, L. 11) #12.1 min fawarihi - min fawerihi 'rom your shme' (I, P. 290, L. 5) #11.3 min(h)a - min(h)e 'rom her' (II, P. 283, L. 4) #8.3 mina ?al-bafari- mina ?al-bareri 'rom the dung' (I, P. 293, L. 7) #12.1 mina ?al-darari - mina ?al-dareri 'rom he harm' (II, P. 293, L. 7) #12.1 mina ?al-uGari - mina ?al-iGeri 'rom the poverty' (II, P. 293, L. 7) #12.1 178 1 79 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) APPENDICES mina ?al-kibari- mina ?al-kiberi 'rom the greatness ' (I, P. 293, L. ) #12.1 mina ?al-malari - mina ?al-maleri 'rom the rain' II, P. 293, L. 19) #12.1 mina ?al-nir - mina ?al-ner 'rom the ire' (II, P. 292, L. 13) #11.11 mina ?al-sariGi 'rom spittle' II, P. 294, L. 5) #12.7 mina ?al-/iyari - mina ?alJiyeri 'rom the smallness' II, P. 293, L. 7) #12.1 minha - minhe 'rom her' II, P. 284, L. 16) #8.11 minni zydun 'Zayd is one of us' II, P. 284, L. 16) #8.11 minha - minhe 'rom her' II, P. 283, L. 2) #8.3 minni - minne 'rom us' II, P. 284, L. 16) #8.11 minnifaGlun 'Faql is one of us' (I, P. 288, L. 10) #10.14 milzi - milze 'goat' II, P. 281, L. 6) #7.9 milzini - milzeni - milzene 'our goat' II, P. 285, L. 1) #8.13 muniGun 'hypocrite' II, P. 290, L. 11) #11.5 mUlli (mlly) - mUll e 'git' (II, P. 287, L. 18) #10.11 mi 'whatever' (II, P. 289, L. 11) #10.17 mila (myl) - mela 'he inclined' (II, P. 287, L. 15) #10.10 mili Gsimin 'Qasim's property' II, P. 291, L. 22) #11.9 msin - mesin 'walker' II, P. 282, L. 11) #7.13 mita (mw) - meta 'he died' II, P. 281, L. 10) #7.10 niyrin - niyren 'boilng' II, P. 293, L. 5) #11.16 nulmi Gsimin - nUlme Gsimin 'race of Qsim' (II, P. 288, L. 18) #10.15 niba (nwb) - neba 'represent' II, P. 287, L. 15) #10.10 nibiyun 'gited' II, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 nxun 'blower' II, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 niGun 'impious' (II, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 nihidun 'rising' (II, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 nasilun 'energetic' (I, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 nxilun 'siter' II, P. 286, L. 6) #10.2 niGatun miGlit - niGaun miGlet 'a roasted she camel' II, P. 287, L. 8) #10.6 niGidun 'critic' II, P. 286, L. 5) #10.2 ni'iGun 'croaker' II, P. 290, L. 11) #11.5 rabibin 'fiddle' II, P. 280, L.4) #7.5 ra?ytu oihi - ra?ytu oihe 'I saw 6hi' (II, P. 283, L. 20) #8.9 ra?ytu dami 'I saw blood' II, P. 283, L. 13) #8.6 ra?ytu diyGi - ra?ytu diyGe 'I saw straits' II, P. 289, L. 2) #10.16 ra?ytu milyi - ra?ytu milye 'I saw the ofensive one' II, P. 287, L. 13) #10.8 ra?ytu miyzini - ra?ytu miyzene 'I saw the scales' (II, P. 282, L. 14) #7.15 ra?ytuxabatla ?al-riyi - ra?ytu xabale ?al-riyi 'I saw the leaves of the countryside' II, P. 293, L. 17) #12.4 ra?ytu xabalairindin- ra?ytu xabaleirindin 'I saw the swirls of a garment' II, P. 293, L. 18) #12.4 ra?ytu yadaha - *ra?ytu yad(ah)e 'I saw her hand' II, P. 284, L. 11) #8.10 ra?ytu yadi - *ra?ytu yad(ah)e 'I saw her hand' II, P. 284, L. 11) #8.10 ra?ytu yadi - ra?ytu yade 'I saw her hand' II, P. 283, L. 12) #8.7 ra?ytu ziyani - ra?ytu ziyane 'I saw beauty' (II, P. 284, L. 6) #8.7 ra?ytu 8awbahu bitaki 'I saw his garment-with-bands' II, P. 283, L. 19) #8.8 ra?ytu Gizia - ra?ytu Gizie 'I saw the rainbow' II, P. 287, L. 12) #10.7 ra?ytu Gihi - ra?ytu Gizne 'I saw Qizah' II, P. 282, L. 8) #7.14 ra?ytu ?a-iiriyn - ra?ytu ?a-eiriyn 'infidels' (II, P. 290, L. 17) #11.6 ra?ytu lri 'I saw the swine' II, P. 292, L. 16) #11.15 ra?ytu 'ilmi - ra?ytu 'ilme ' I saw nowledge" (I, P. 282, L. 9) #7.14 ra?ytu ilGi 'I saw a jewel' II, P. 292, L. 16) #11.15 ra?ytu 'imadi - ra?ytu 'imede 'I saw md-d' II, P. 282, L. 14) #7.15 ra?ytu inaba 'I saw rapes' II, P. 283, L. 18) #8.8 ra?ytu 'irGi - ra?ytu 'irGe 'I saw a root' II, P. 287, L. 13) #10.8 ra?ytu 'irGi 'I saw iirqa' II, P. 292, L. 17) #11.15 ra?ytu 'irGi - ra?ytu 'irGe 'I saw roots' II, P. 289, L. 2) #10.16 ra?ytu iyri 'I saw a wild ass' II, P. 292, L. 16) #11.15 ra?ytua lasiri - ra?ytua lasire 'I found you desperate' II, P. 292, L. 20) #11.15 sabaGtu - /abaGtu 'I preceded' (II, P. 286, L. 17) #10.5 saribtu mina ?al-munGuri- saribtu mina ?al-munGeri 'I drank rom the hollow-out' II, P. 293, L. 17) #12.3 syban - syben ' Shayban' II, P. 282, L. 2) #7.12 saGi (SGy) - saGe 'watered' II, P. 287, L. 19) #10.11 1 80 181 SIBAWAYH ON 7I.LAH (INCLINATION) APPENDICES simlalun � simlun 'agile' II, P. 279, L. 21) #7.3 sirbilun � sirbelun 'shirt' II, P. 279, L. 21) #7.3 suGtu � /UGtu 'I drove' II, P. 286, L. 17) #10.5 sigid � segid 'worshiper' II, P. 282, L. 4) #7.13 sbilun 'remote' II, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 /ayi (/y) � /aye 'listened-d' II, P. 287, L. 20) #10.11 /iof� /ef 'descriptives' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 /ilib � /ileb 'diiculties' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 s'ira (/yr) � /era 'he became' II, P. 281, L. 14) #7.10 /ilidun 'climbing' II, P. 285, L. 19) #10.1 talabani � talabane 'he requested us' (II, P. 289, L. 2) #10.16 ti � te 't' II, P. 289, L. 13) #10.18 tibalin ' spice' II, P. 280, L. 2) #7.4 lalabani zydun � lalabane zydun 'we requested Zayd' II, P. 284, L. 23) #8.12 linib � lineb 'ropes' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 lulibni zydun � lulibne zydun 'we were requested by Zayd' II, P. 284, L. 22) #8.12 liba (lyb) � leba 'he enjoyed' II, P. 281, L. 13) #7.10 liridun � leridun 'expeller' II, P. 290, L. 6) #11.4 li7un 'wandering/wanderer' II, P. 285, L. 19) # 10.1 wiyilun 'iltrator' II, P. 286, L. 65) #10.2 xibi) � xibe) 'evils' (II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 xiba (yb) � xeba 'he failed' II, P. 281, L. 19) #7.10 xifa (w) � xefa 'he feared' II, P. 287, L. 13) #10.10 xifa (w) � xefa 'he feared' II, P. 281, L. 13) #7.10 ximidun 'inactive' II, P. 285, L. 19) #10.1 xitamin 'nger ring' II, P. 280, L. 2) #7.4 yadribahi � yadribahe 'he srikes her' II, P. 284, L. 16) #8.11 yadribahi � yadribahe 'he strikes her' II, P. 283, L. 13) #8.7 yadribi � yadribe 'they-d strike' II, P. 283, L. 12) #8.7 yadribi � yadribe 'they-d strike' II, P. 284, L. 1) #8.9 yuriydu tan yadribahi zydun � yuriyu tan yadrib(ah)e zydun 'Zayd wants to ske her' II, P. 288, L. 8) #10.14 yuriydu tan yadribahi � yuriydu tan ydribi II, P. 282, L. 22) #8.2 yuriydu 7anyadribahi � yuriyu 7anyadrib(ah)e 'he wants to hit her' II, P. 282, L. 20) #8.1 yuriydu 7an yadribahi zydun 'Zayd wants to strike her' II, P. 284, L. 16) #8.11 yuriydu 7an yadribahi � yuriydu 7an yadribi � yadribe II, P. 282, L. 22) #8.2 yuriydu tan yakiylahi � yuriydu tan yakiyl(ah)e 'he wants to weigh her' II, P. 283, L. 6) #8.4 yuriydu ?an yanzilahi � yuriydu 7an yanzil(ah)e 'he wants to remove it' II, P. 282, L. 21) #8.1 zydun minni � zydun minne 'Zayd (is one) of us' II, P. 288, L. 9) #10.14 zydi � zyde 'Zayd-d' II, P. 282), L. 6) #7.12 ziyani � *ziyane 'beauty' II, P. 284, L. 12) #8.10 yylin � yylen 'Ghayn' (II, P. 282, L. 2) #7.12 yilib � yileb 'contests' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 yirimun � yerimun 'debtor' II, P. 290, L. 6) #11.4 yi7ibun 'absent' II, P. 285, L. 19) #10.1 darbtu darbah � darbtu darbe 'I struck a blow' (II, P. 292, L. 14) #11.12 Gao (n) (Gv) 'back' (II, P. 280, L. 15) #7.7 Gsawtu 'I was cruel' II, P. 286, L. 20) #10.5 Gawiriyr � Gaweriyr 'vases' II, P. 292, L. 7) #11.10 Gibib � Gibeb 'domes' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 Giof � Gef 'small boats' II, P. 287, L. 8) #10.6 Gof � G ef 'round boats' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 Gistu 'I measured' II, P. 286, L. 20) #10.5 Gimi � Gumtu 'he got up, 1 got up' II, P. 281, L. 18) #7.11 Girib � Gerib 'round boat' II, P. 293, L. 11) #12.2 Giribun � Geribun 'a boat' (II, P. 291, L. 10) #11.7 Giribun � Geribun 'a boat' (II, P. 291, L. 13) #11.8 Giribun � Geribun 'round boat' II, P. 290, L. 6) #11.4 Gilidun 'seated' II, P. 285, L. 19) #10.1 hatti 'until' II, P. 289, L. 8) #10.17 himGinun 'insolent' II, P. 292, L. 16) #11.15 h imiri Gsimin 'Qasim's ass' II, P. 291, L. 22) #11.9 hubli � huble 'prenant' II, P. 281, L. 6) #7.9 hubli hbly) � huble 'pregnant' II, P. 287, L. 18) #10.11 7al-balbil 'the cousion' II, P. 280, L. 4) #7.5 7al-ummif 'the totaliy' II, P. 280, L. 4) #7.5 7al-xullif 'the swallows' II, P. 280, L. 5) #7.5 7arida tan yadribahi Gisimun 'he wanted that Qasim hit her' II, P. 292, L. 15) #11.13 7arida tan yadribahi rSidun 'He wanted that Rasid hit her' II, P. 292, L. 15) #11.14 1 82 183 SIBAWAYH ON 7IMALAH (INCLINATION) APPENDICES ?al-ir - ?al-keir 'he idel' (II, P. 290, L. 17) #11.6 ?al-kiiruwn - ?al-eiruwn 'the inidels' (I, P. 290, L. 17) #11.6 ?al-dyi - ?al-dyi 'the skim milk' (II, P. 282, L. 1) #7.12 ?al-difiJ- ?al-difef welings' II, P. 287, L. 1) #10.5 ?al-mawiriru - ?al-maweriru 'terrains' II, P. 292, L. 6) #11.10 ?al-mi/bi - ?al-mi/beh 'the lamp' (II, P. 287, L. 8) #10.6 ?al-milfin - ?al-mitrfen 'the one that pierces' (II, P. 287, L. 8) #10.6 ?al-nis - ?al-nes 'the people' (II, P. 285, L. 8) #9.3 ?al-syil - ?al-syel 'the brook' (II, P. 282, L. 1) #7.12 ?al-Gani (Gnw) 'he aquiline nose' (II, P. 280, L. 15) #7.7 ?al-Gali (Glw) 'the sand grouse' (II, P. 280, L. 15) #7.7 ?al-Gunniy (Gnw) 'canals' (I, P. 280, L. 16-13) #7.6 ?al-hagig 'a pilrim to Mekka' (II, P. 285, L. 8) #9.2 ?al-hagig - ?al-haggeg ?al-haggag' (II, P. 285, L. 7) #9.1 ?al-n//iyy f/w) ' sticks' (II, P. 280, L. 16-13) #7.6 ?ammi 'however' (II, P. 289, L. 8) #10.17 ?anni - ?anne 'whence' II, P. 289, L. 10) #10.18 ?arida Jan yadribahi risidun - ?arida Jan yadribahe risiun 'he wants Rashid to hit her' (II, P. 292, L. 15) #11.13 ?arida Jan yadribahi samlaGun 'he wanted Samlaq to strike her' (II, P. 288, L. 10) #10.14 ?arada Jan yadribahi yanGalu 'he wanted YanquI to strike her' (II, P. 288, L. 10) #10.14 ?arida ?anyadribahizyun - ?arida ?anyfrib(ahjezydun 'Zayd wanted to srike her' (I, P. 287, L. 14) #10.9 ?arada ?an yadribahi Gablu 'he wanted to strike her before' (II, P. 287, L. I5) #10.9 ?arda Jan yadribahi Gsimun 'he wanted Qasim to strke her' (II, P. 288, L. 9) #10.14 ?arda Jan yadribahi Gisimun 'he wants Qasim to hit her' (II, P. 292, . L. 15) #11.13 ?arada Jan yadribani bisawlin 'he wanted to strike us with a whip' (II, P. 288, L. 10) #10.14 ?arada Jan yalamahi maliGun 'he wanted that Maliq now her' (I, P. 288, L. 10) #10.14 ?xaotu min milihi - ?xaotu min melihi 'r took of his wealth' (II, P. 282, L. 3) #7.13 ?xotu ?xoah - ?xotu ?xoe 'r took a n ' II, P. 292, L. 14) #11.12 ?illi 'except' (I, P. 289, L. 8) #10.17 ?swidid - ?swidd 'blacness' (I, P. 279, L. 2 1) #7.3 ?igurrin 'rewarder' II, P. 280, L. 2) #7.4 ?itytu dimni - ?itytu dmne 'r accompanied' (I, P. 287, L. 12) #10.7 fabdi 'servant' (II, P. 282, L. 7) #7.12 fagabtu mina ?al-samuri - fagabtu mina ?al-sameri 'r liked the entertainment' (II, P. 293, L. 16) #12.3 falyni - falyne 'against us' (II, P. 283, L. 11) #8.7 fanati - fanate 'Anata' (II, P. 289, L. 3) #10.16 fSi fSw) - fSe 'dimness of sight' (II, P. 280, L. I7) #7.8 fa/i (n) (f/w) 'sta/stick' (II, P. 280, L. 15) #7.7 fylin - fy/en 'Aylan' (I, P. 282, L. 2) #7.12 nmrin - nmren 'ediice' (I, P. 293, L. 2) #11.16 nmiun - nmun 'Imad' II, P. 279, L. 17) #7.2 nmidi - nmdi - nmde 'Imad-d' (II, P. 284, L. 1) #8.13 nmidi - nmedi - nmde 'Imad-d. ' (II, P. 282, L. 14) #7.15 nnabi - nnabe 'grapes' (I, P. 289, L. 3) #10.16 nGrin - riGren 'drugged' (II, P. 293, L. 3) #11.16 fuoirun - fuoeirun 'course' (II, P. 279, L. 11) #7.1 fibid - febid 'worshiper' II, P. 279, L. 11) #7.1 fibidi Gisimin - febidi Gisimin 'worshiper of Qasim' (II, P. 291, L. 23) #11.9 fididun 'supporter' (II, P. 286, L. 6) #10.2 fiorUun 'repetitious' (II, P. 286, L. 6) #10.2 filim - felim 'scientist' (I, P. 279, L. 11) #7.1 fililun 'branded' II, P. 286, L. 8) #10.3 fi/imun 'protector' (I, P. 286, L. 5) #10.2 filisun 'sneezer' II, P. 286, L. 5) #10.2 nrGi - *nrGe 'roots' (I, P. 287, L. 13) #10.18 1 84 1 85 ' REFERENCES f ?al-Ghunaym, S alihah, R.A, ( 1 985), ?al-Lahjaty ?al-kitab li-sfbawyh: ?aiwatan wa bunyatan, Mecca: Jami�at Un ?al-Qura. Grunert, Max (1 875), 'Die Imaala, der Umlaut im Arabischen, ' References Baalbaki, Ramzi ( 1979), ' Some Aspects of Harmony and Hierarchy in Sbawayhi's Grammatical Analysis,' Zeitschrt for Arabischen Linguistik, 2:7-22. 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Muhammad 7abu 7al-fa'l 7ibrahiym, Cairo: Dar 7al-ma�arif �abd Rabbu, �Abd �al-Latflf(1984), Sharh Iyin Kitib Sfbawyh, Cairo: Matba�at Hassan. �all, Yusuf( 1 983), he Holy Qur 'in: Txt, Translation, and Commentary, Brentwood, D: Amana Corp. 7al-�attar, 7AbU Fatb Mtammad isa bin �uthman ( 1 979), sarh 1amei/at Sfbawyh, 7asyit: Matba�at 7al-Tall �ah. �ibadah, Muhmmad 7ibrahiym (1985), Mujam Muilalbitlal-nbw waf-ia/wal-Iuruwd: Arabic-English, Cairo: Dar 7al-ma7arif. 1 90 ndex Action. ii, 1 9, 2 1 , 55, 57, 123 Adjective, 53, 1 32 Annexation, 73, 79, 97, 1 3 8 Annexed-to, 69 Approximation, I I , 1 5, 59, 79, 1 1 9, 1 50, 1 62 Arabic language, 1 49, 1 56 rabic dialect, 1 1 7, 1 1 9, 1 49-57 Arabs, 3 1 , 4 1 Asad, 41, 1 52 Ascending, 63 Assimilation, I I , 1 3n, 65, 87, 1 20, 127, 1 35, 1 50, 1 58, 1 62, 1 78 Barrier, 1 3, 37, 4 1 , 89, 1 2 1 , 128 Basrah, 3, 1 21 Bayd'a7, 3 dammah see Close [u] i?, 57, 63, 1 33-9, 1 60 Ease, 1 7, 59, 61, 63, 83, 1 50 Erect, 49, 53, 59, 68, 72, 78, 80, 93, 95, 97, 99, 1 03, 1 39, 1 56, 1 8 3 Exception, 52-5, 77, 1 30-2, 1 55 FarazdaG, 1 5 Jatnah, 1 3, 3 9, 45, 63, 65, 83, 1 07, 1 09, 1 4 1 , 1 46 Favored, 8 9 Fene, 21 , 123, 126-7, 1 36, 1 52-3, 1 59, 1 6 1 Frequency, 3 1 , 49, 5 3 , 9 1 , 95, 1 3 1-2, 1 50, 1 534 Greek, 1 1 8 Change, 70, 82, 95, 1 02, 123, 128-30, 1 32, 1 47-8, 1 54-5, 1 80, 1 83 , 1 89 Clarity, 83 Close [u], 25, 37, 3 9, 55, 85, 1 22, 128, 1 47 Connection, 47, 49 yyn, 57, 1 33-8, 1 4 1 , 1 60 fUddenness, 35, 37, 4 1 , 43, 126-7, 1 47, 1 52, 1 59 Hudba bin Khasram, 93 higiz, 1 3, 23, 25, 1 1 8, 121n, 1 24n, 1 5-3, 1 56 Descent, 6 1 , 63, 70, 87 Descriptive see Adjective Dialect see Arabic Language Dictionry, 79, 87 Doubled, 69, 82-1 05, 1 37, 1 41 , 1 42 ku9ayr �azzah, 23, 1 52 lad, 35, 57, 1 33-8, 1 41 , 1 60 Language see Arabic language Impliciness, 47, 53 In-motion, 1 1 , 1 3, 65 1 91 DEX Latin, 1 1 8 Sbawayh, 3-5, 79n, l O I n Lighness see Ease Silence, 3 1 , 99 Similarity, 1 1 , 1 5, 2 1 , 39, 5 9 1 50 Lowering, 63, 70 Sotness, 87, 1 20 magruwr, 27n, 97, 1 24n, 1 4 1 Still letters, 9n, 27n, 1 20 Measure, 87 Sructure, 1 5-23, 57, 122, 1 5 1 , 1 62-3 Substitution, 1 5 , 49, 59, 65, 69, 76, 1 32, 1 63 Name, 2 1 , 79, 1 32 Norm, 5 1 Open [a] Sirah, 99, 1 0 1 /ad, 1 1 , 1 3 , 56-8 1 , 1 05, 1 334 1 , see fatiah 1 50, 1 5 8, 1 60 Pi, 3 /ifah Paradigm, ii, 1 1 8- 1 9 Patten, 5 1 , 53, 77, 1 3 1 , 1 39; see Descripive T-fomation, 1 20 see also Tamiym, 2 1 , 4 1 , 1 23n, 1 52-3, 1 56 Norm Trilled see Doubled Pause, 27n, 3 1 , 47n, 49, 83, 1 53 Position, 1 1 - 1 5 , 2 1 -3 1 , 4 1 , 5 1 , 5563 , 89, 97, 123, 1 36, 1 52 la?, 56-8 1 , 1 3 3-4 1 , 1 60 Preposition see Pull Unconnection, 7 1 , 75, I l l , 1 1 3 Prevention, 37, 56-8 1 , 128, 1 3345, Unspeciied, 79 1 60-1 Pronominalization see Implicitness Upper palate, 63, 1 95 Pronunciation, 4 1 wUw, 1 5-25, 39, 55, 87, 1 09, 1 1 8, Pull, 27, 29, 5 3 , 69, 7 5 , 85-9 1 , 99, 1 22-3, 1 47, 150-2, 1 55-6, 124, 1 32, 1 53 162-3 Qur7an, 3 Veakening, 2 1 , 25 Raised letters, 56-8 1 , 1 3 3-43, 147-8, xa?, 56-8 1 , 1 334 1 , 1 60, 1 1 8 1 52, 1 54-5, 1 59, 1 63 Raising, 1 1 , 1 3, 27n, 29, 37, 39, 57, 83, 89, 9 1 , 1 5 7 ya?, 1 1 -33, passim Yuwnis, 3 ra?, 82- l 05 , 1 1 3 , 1 4 1-8, 1 5 3-4, 1 60 Resemblance, 47, 73, 1 27, 1 6 1 Ga, 1 3, 5 6-8 1 , 83, 87, 89, 95, Rich ranslation format, vii, 1 1 9 1 3 3-45, 1 5 8, 1 60 Rounding, I l l , 1 1 9 7al-KhalTI, 3, 79, l O I n Sansrit, 3, 1 1 8 7al-Siyraiy, 4 Separation, 3 1 , 7 1 ?iyam Shiraz, 3 1 92 see Assimilation