Avar finds on the eastern coast of the Adriatic

avari i slaveni — ZBOrniK raDOva s MeĐUnarODnOG ZnansTvenOG sKUPa avars anD slavs — PrOCeeDinGs OF THe inTernaTiOnal sCienTiFiC COnFerenCe Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis Collectanea archaeologica svezak 5 volume 5 iMPressUM Collectanea Archaeologica Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis svezak 5 volume 5 Avari i Slaveni Dvije strane pojasnog jezičca — Avari na sjeveru i jugu kaganata Avars and Slavs Two Sides of a Belt Strap End — Avars on the North and South of the Khaganate Zbornik radova s međunarodnog znanstvenog skupa održanog u Vinkovcima 2020. godine Proceedings of the international scientific conference held in Vinkovci 2020 nakladnik publisher Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Gradski muzej Vinkovci Municipal Museum Vinkovci za nakladnika for the publisher Sanjin Mihelić Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Hrvoje Vulić Gradski muzej Vinkovci Municipal Museum Vinkovci urednici editors Anita Rapan Papeša Gradski muzej Vinkovci Municipal Museum Vinkovci Anita Dugonjić Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu Archaeological Museum in Zagreb tehnička urednica copy-editing Martina Korić Tiskanje Zbornika radova financijski je pomogao Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, Gradski muzej Vinkovci i Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja. This Volume is financed by the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the Municipal Museum of Vinkovci, and the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia. recenzenti reviewers Ana Azinović Bebek Hrvoje Gračanin lektura proof reading Barbara Smith Demo Ranko Bugarski (356–372) oblikovanJe i priprema za tisak design & dtp Sensus Design Factory atelier ANII tisak printed by Tiskara Zelina naklada print run isbn 978-953-8143-58-8 cip zapis je dostupan u računalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 001155023. ← naslOvniCa: Pojasni jezičac, Nuštar-Dvorac, grob 34 FrOnT COver: Belt Strap End, Nuštar-Dvorac, grave 34 ← UnUTarnJe KOriCe: Okov falere u obliku veprove glave, Sisak-Kupa Fibula, Zagreb-Stenjevec insiDe COver: Fitting for a phalera in the shape of a boar’s head, Sisak-Kupa Fibula, Zagreb-Stenjevec 300 urednici/editors 2022.   09 Foreword 12 Falko Daim The Beauty of Theoretical Concepts and the Future of the Avars 26 Anita Dugonjić Dinko Tresić Pavičić Mario Novak The Early Medieval Cemetery in Jagodnjak (Croatian Baranja) – First Results of the Archaeological Excavations and Anthropological Analysis 62 Tajana Sekelj Ivančan Ivan Valent Similarities and Differences between 7th and 8th Century Pottery as Shown by Archaeological Sites in the Vicinity of Hlebine 76 Zsófia Básti Bence Gulyás Tamás Czuppon New Methods in the Examination of Avar Period Cemeteries. GIS-Based and Statistical Analysis of the Late Avar Period Site of Pitvaros-Víztározó 88 Anita Rapan Papeša Early Fashion Influencers or just Ordinary Women? 106 Boglárka Mészáros Péter Langó The Budapest-Népfürdő Street Find: The Cultural Background of Earrings with a Flat Triangular Granulation Ornament 130 Miklós Takács Settlement Archaeology of the Avar Age in the Southern Parts of the Carpathian Basin – Similarities and Differences 150 Alpár Dobos Shifting Identities on the Periphery of the Avar Khaganate Settlement Pattern and Social Transformations in the Transylvanian Basin during the Avar Period 180 Naďa Profantová Avar Type Finds in Bohemia and the Traces of Their Local Production 210 Jan Hasil Naďa Profantová Kateřina Levá Metal Artefacts as a Key to the Landscape and Society of Pre-state Bohemia 224 Hana Chorvátová Transitions in Jewellery North of the Danube after the Extinction of the Avar Khaganate   240 Florin Mărginean Mihály Huba K. Hőgyes Sarah Peter Erwin Gáll “The Outskirts of the Khagans” An Overview of the Avar Age Burial Sites near Pecica 256 Jozef Zábojník Grave Structures at the Cemetery from the Avar Khaganate Period in Obid (Slovakia) 266 Pia Šmalcelj Novaković In the North and South of the Khaganate – From Komarno to Croatia: A Scene from Late Antiquity on a Belt Set from Privlaka 282 Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska Status Symbols or Prestige Goods? Interpreting the Belts with Pseudo-Buckles in Avaria 298 Christoph Lobinger About Boars and Emperors – Two Outstanding Belt Motifs and Their Significance in the Late Avar Power Structures 314 József Szentpéteri The Knights of the Avar Period Human-horse burials with metal-inlaid iron phalerae in the Carpathian Basin 344 Călin Cosma Avar Artifacts in Slavic Barrow Cremation Cemeteries From Transylvania and Northwestern Romania 356 Ivan Bugarski Numismatic and Archaeological Evidence of Supra-Regional Trade in the Southern Parts of the Late Avar State 374 Maja Petrinec Avar Finds on the Eastern Coast of the Adriatic ColleCtanea arChaeologiCa 8 05 avari i slaveni — ZBOrniK raDOva s MeĐUnarODnOG ZnansTvenOG sKUPa avars anD slavs — PrOCeeDinGs OF THe inTernaTiOnal sCienTiFiC COnFerenCe foreword The international scientific conference „Dvije strane pojasnog jezičca – Avari na sjeveru i jugu kaganata“ / “Two Sides of a Belt Strap End – Avars on the North and South of the Khaganate” was unique in many ways. It was planned as a closing event of the “Avars and Slavs” project, a project that included two exhibitions, several public lectures and workshops, led by the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb in partnership with the Municipal Museum of Vinkovci. The project was prepared for more than two years and included the Slovak exhibition “Avars and Slavs North of the Danube” and the Croatian exhibition “Avars and Slavs South of the Drava River” with a comprehensive bilingual (Croatian-English) catalogue. The international exhibition project "Avars and Slavs" received the annual award of the Croatian Museum Association in 2020 in the category for inter-museum cooperation. But, just as the Avars came and changed the picture of Europe after their arrival, a few weeks after the conference that was held in Vinkovci, the global pandemic of Covid-19 changed our lives as well. So, this conference was among the last, if not perhaps even the very last big conference held in person and not online or in the now very popular – hybrid form. Additionally, a few weeks after that, a devastating earthquake shook Zagreb and its surroundings, and critically damaged, among others, the building of the Archaeological Museum. All of the above reasons have slowed us down during the preparation and completion of these Proceedings that we are now proudly presenting. The last day of the conference (the 8th of February), the participants took a field trip to Zagreb, where we participated in a programme of the exhibition closure that was a start of a new project that never had the opportunity to be fully realized – The EU Archaeology Festival – an event meant to present the European archaeological heritage in the year when Croatia was presiding over the EU. We would like to thank our colleagues from our home institutions who helped us in the organisation of the project, as well as our directors, who showed full understanding every step of the way. A special thank you goes to the members of the scientific and organisation committee of the conference, and the reviewers, but foremost we would like to thank our colleagues, who have patiently waited for their works to be published. This volume is financed by the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the Municipal Museum of Vinkovci, and the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Croatia, for which we are deeply grateful. Anita Rapan Papeša and Anita Dugonjić Vinkovci – Zagreb, summer 2022 This volume rounds up the contributions from the international conference that took place in Vinkovci, Croatia from February 6th to 7th 2020. The main theme of the conference was divided into six sessions, presenting new finds, cultural interaction, funerary rites, belt sets, Slavs, and the post-Avar period. Themes were discussed by some forty colleagues from ten European countries, who answered the call for papers, submitted an abstract published in the book of abstracts, and presented their results at the conference. The conference, as noted in the title, showed us that the huge area occupied by the Avars had many similarities, but also specific, local versions, just like one of the most recognisable items from the period, the two sides of a belt strap end. We are extremely pleased to present twenty submitted papers from this conference. Due to various reasons, some colleagues were not able to provide their papers, as some had to publish them elsewhere. The book follows the conference structure, so we start with a theoretical introduction, followed by case studies from different parts of the Khaganate or areas influenced by the Avars. 9 ColleCtanea arChaeologiCa 10 05 avari i slaveni — ZBOrniK raDOva s MeĐUnarODnOG ZnansTvenOG sKUPa avars anD slavs — PrOCeeDinGs OF THe inTernaTiOnal sCienTiFiC COnFerenCe vinkovci 2020 11 camaz 05 AVAR FINDS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF THE ADRIATIC Maja Petrinec Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments S. Gunjače 3 HR-21000 Split Croatia [email protected] The paper considers objects of Avar provenance from the area of the eastern Adriatic coast, with known or at least partially known archaeological contexts. All such objects can be regarded as belonging to the same archaeological horizon as the finds of early Carolingian type. They are dated to the end of the eighth or the beginning of the ninth century. Key words: Avars, eastern Adriatic coast, Biskupija-Crkvina horizon, Komani-Kruje culture, Byzantium 374 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC Since I have already provided a detailed review of all Avar-period finds from Dalmatia in the catalogue of the “Avars and Slavs” exhibition, here I will consider only the objects that originate from known or at least partially known archaeological contexts.1 (Fig. 7). These are two belt strap-ends (one with a motif of circular tendrils, and the other with a figural representation), and two heart-shaped belt mounts. They are all characteristic of the late Avar and post-Avar periods, and can be dated to the late eighth century or the initial decades of the ninth century, just like the finds of Carolingian provenance. Therefore, it can be said that the Carolingian and Avar finds at Crkvina appear in the same burial layer. In the first place, I am referring to Crkvina in Biskupija, as one of the most important early mediaeval Croatian sites (Fig. 2).2 The renowned graves with Carolingian weapons and equestrian equipment, dated by means of Byzantine gold coins, were found here, in the area south of the Basilica of St. Mary, and under its narthex and south aisle (Fig. 3). In 1974, based on these, as well as other related finds from Croatia, U. Giesler distinguished a whole horizon with a related archaeological inventory and designated it as the Biskupija-Crkvina horizon.3 Since the graves were discovered in the late 19th century and lack supporting documentation, they are located in the plan according to descriptions from the diaries of the then amateur investigators (Fig. 4). I would like to point out in particular that all these graves precede all structures at the site, as I have indicated in a number of papers.4 However, it is less known that, in addition to 13 graves with luxurious Carolingian finds, the same layer also contained an unknown number of plain graves with more modest finds or no artefacts at all, mostly buried in the bare ground or in wooden coffins. Therefore, it can be assumed that the erection of the basilica was preceded by a small row cemetery, rather than only burials with luxurious finds. Some of the graves were destroyed during the construction of the basilica. More were devastated later, when its narthex was annexed to the basilica. Nowadays, it is no longer disputed that the Biskupija-Crkvina horizon covers the period of the final decades of the eighth and the initial decades of the ninth century, and that the Byzantine coins struck under Constantine V and Leo IV found in the Biskupija and related graves have a dating validity, exactly as assumed by U. Giesler long ago (Fig. 5).5 This is corroborated by two new systematically investigated sites in Croatia, with grave inventories identical to those from Biskupija, and with the same Byzantine gold coins, presumably originating from a Syracusan mint whose exact ___location is still unknown (Fig. 6).6 Here I would like to point out for the first time a less known grave with early Carolingian spurs, discovered during the 1953 reinvestigation near one of the walls of the extension to the Basilica of St. Mary (Fig. 8).7 In the course of my revisory excavations at this site in 2015, I found remnants of the grave pit and skeletal remains from said grave (Fig. 9: a). Based on the records, it is now quite clear that the grave was located under the wall and that it is earlier than the structure near the Basilica of St. Mary (Fig. 9: b). This is further confirmed by a rather damaged early mediaeval grave (grave 125) in the vicinity of grave 88 and in the same excavated stratum, which earlier investigators failed to discover, despite later re-excavations (Fig. 10) This grave contained a fragment of a pottery vessel. Its inventory probably also included a T-shaped bone container, not entirely preserved (Fig. 11). All T-shaped bone containers (Fig. 11, Pl. 1: a–d) with known circumstances of discovery in the territory of present-day Dalmatia, i.e. the area of the later Croatian Principality, have been found in the same cultural layer as the early Carolingian finds.8 The undecorated recipient of this type from the Gorica site in Stranče was discovered in grave 128 in the original, earliest part of the cemetery, where grave 154 with Carolingian spurs was also excavated (Pl. 1: a; 2).9 Two more containers originate from the currently largest excavated early mediaeval cemetery, located on the sandy beach of Ždrijac in Nin near Zadar.10 Particularly interesting are the decorated specimen from grave 161 at Ždrijac11 and a similar recipient from Kapitul near Knin.12 These two are closely related to the recipient from grave 48 in Sopronkőhida.13 They are all ornamented with depictions of the tree of life, next to which there are two animals (Fig. 12: a–b). It is important to point out that there are four objects of Avar provenance among the finds from the devastated and unrecorded graves that preceded the building of the Basilica of St. Mary The mentioned depictions have been variously interpreted, and therefore opinions differ concerning the origins of these objects. 1 Petrinec 2019, 125–139. 7 Petrinec, Jurčević 2015, 353–354. 2 For more details on the site of Crkvina in Biskupija, see: Petrinec, Jurčević 2015. 8 For more details, see: Petrinec 2009a, 214–218. The tripartite container recently discovered at Bribirska glavica was in the same layer as the child early Carolingian spurs (cf. Uroda 2019, 129, 136, cat. no. 4.9 and 4.30). 3 See: Giesler 1974. 4 Petrinec 2006; 2009a; 2009b; Petrinec, Jurčević 2015. 5 Jurčević 2019, 94–95; Bilogrivić 2019, 121–125. 6 Jović, Krnčević 2019, 175–176; Madiraca et al. 2017. 9 Cetinić 2011, 91, 104, 163, 170, Pl. 44, 51. 10 For more details on the grave, see: Belošević 2007. 11 Belošević 2007, 132–136, 183, Pl. 78: 10. 12 The recipient was first attributed to the site of Ivoševci (cf. Belošević 1980, 128), and then to the site of Đevrske-Ardalića bašta (cf. Petrinec 2009a, 214–215). However, an old inventory book has recently been found in the Museum Archives, which quite clearly indicates that it originates from Kapitul near Knin. The circumstances of the discovery are not known. I am grateful to A. Jurčević for this information. 13 Török 1973, 57, 31, Pl. 11. 375 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 Some authors assume that they display religious scenes connected to a shamanistic cult of the dead. According to such an interpretation, saddled and bridled horses are depicted next to the tree of life as they represent animals that carry the dead, wearing head masks of horned livestock (bulls). All the more interesting is the situation in the eastern Ždrijac cemetery; it can be concluded that it was developed in the late eighth century or during the initial decades of the ninth century around a group of graves with Carolingian artefacts. Three graves with early Carolingian finds were discovered there.21 Of particular importance is grave 322 with three simultaneous burials, which contained a Carolingian sword, a spear, and spurs, as well as glassware and female jewellery, and a domed mount on the waist of an infant skeleton (Pl. 5).22 A similar domed mount was also discovered in grave 324, together with a unique bronze cross appliqué (Pl. 6).23 There are no analogies for the three finds in the horizon of early mediaeval cemeteries on the territory of the later Croatian Principality. They are probably parts of a horse harness from the late Avar period, here in secondary use.24 Janko Belošević concluded that antler recipients were Avaric cultural goods that Croats had obtained as spoils during the Frankish-Avar wars in the late eighth century.14 Some Croatian authors consider these objects to be Croatian cultural goods and seek an explanation for the symbolism of the depictions within the Iranian cultural circle.15 But the most convincing interpretations are those that point out the similarity to the Christian world, assuming that the significance of the symbols on these objects already exhibited Christian religious features.16 It is primarily important to stress the depiction of the cross, which should indisputably be viewed as a Christian symbol. The entire ornamentation on the specimen from Ždrijac could be explained as the tree of life in heavenly Jerusalem, from which grows a fruit symbolized by the cross, i.e. Christ’s monogram, with the animals depicting deer and antelopes. In the depiction on the recipient from Kapitul, the tree of life is emphasized by four-petal rosettes, also ending in a cross with wide arms. The animals by the tree are oxen, Christian symbols of suffering for the benefit of others. In addition to the above, the source of the “tree of life” concept need not necessarily be sought in Asiatic cultures, due to the fact that Christians interpreted this idea with the same symbol. It can be assumed that these objects, which had been used earlier within the framework of a pagan cult (in the Avar milieu), were chosen precisely for this reason at the time when Christianity was beginning to spread. Regarding the depictions itself, it can be concluded that Christianity used symbols that had already been formed in order to address the pagans. The cross was added to such symbols to differentiate them from pagan ones and to give them a new meaning at the same time.17 The cross appliqué is decorated with human masks and human figures with arms raised in an adorant position (Fig. 13). In Croatian archaeological literature, it has most often been compared with the two small crosses from Moravia and Bohemia and the spurs from grave 44/II in Mikulčice,25 of the so-called BlatnicaMikulčice style, utterly rejected in recent Czech and Slovak literature.26 Given the ornamentation (masks and adorant positions), it is my view that this exquisite find is to be associated with related finds from late and even post-Avar period cemeteries. In this regard, I would like to point out the original ornament from the horse headgear found in grave 10 from the Žitavská Tôn cemetery,27 and the strap-end with masks from grave 232 in Nové Zámky,28 as well as a number of crotal bells ornamented with human masks from cemeteries of the same horizon. As to the small cross, I am of the opinion that its appearance in grave 324, as well as the tripartite containers made of bone with Christian representations, is to be associated with the beginnings of Christianization (Fig. 13).29 This conclusion corresponds to the historical information. The presence of the first missionaries from Aquileia in our region at the end of the eighth century is verified by several significant sacral artefacts from the early Carolingian cultural circle, as well as the titulars of certain pre-Romanesque churches and the Germanic names of clergymen on fragments of stone furnishings. The T-shaped container from Ždrijac was discovered in grave 161, together with early Carolingian spurs (Pl. 3).18 It is important to note that two partially concurrent mediaeval cemeteries were discovered at Ždrijac in the 1970s.19 The above-mentioned grave was part of the larger western cemetery, where initial burials date to as early as the beginning of the eighth century. Here we should note a larger group of graves with early Carolingian finds.20 All the graves were placed in a single row, side by side (Pl. 4). The horse harness mounts discovered at the waists of infant skeletons in graves 322 and 324 were probably used as decorative appliqués. These are not the only horse harness mounts found in the territory of Dalmatia, i.e. in the hinterland of the eastern Adriatic coast. The following two examples made from gilded bronze originate from Smrdelje near Skradin, while one is from an unknown site. Only the latter of the three has been preserved (Fig. 14).30 14 Belošević 1980, 125–128. 21 15 Smiljanić, Sambunjak 1982. Graves 74, 312, and 322 (Cf. Belošević 2007, 151, 237, 241, 243, Pl. 57, 100, 102–103). 16 Vojvoda 1990. 22 Belošević 2007, 243, Pl. 103: 26. 23 Belošević 2007, 245, Pl. 104: 5, 12. 24 Petrinec 2009a, 166–168; Milošević 2012. Belošević 2007, 183, Pl. 73: 1–8. 25 For more details, see: Petrinec 2009a, 166–168. Belošević 2007, 12–15. 26 Robak 2017. Graves 160, 161, 166, 167, and 168 (cf. Belošević 2007, Pl. 72–77). 27 Budinský-Krička 1956, 16, 18–20, 111, Pl. 18: 2–4. 28 Čilinská 1966, 49, 9. 286, Pl. 44: 1. 29 For more details, see: Petrinec 2010, 195–198. 30 Milošević (ed.) 2000, 234–235; Petrinec 2009a, 178–179; 2019, 132–135. 17 18 19 20 376 For more details on T-shaped containers, see: Petrinec 2009a, 214–218; 2010, 194–197. avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC The two mounts, now lost, were discovered together with a number of other objects in a pit with the remains of burnt wood and coal at the early mediaeval cemetery in Smrdelje. At the time, six more artefacts from this group were purchased for the museum, along with the two mounts. These are parts of the well-known gilded belt set from the late Avar period (Pl. 7: a). The Smrdelje cemetery has never been excavated.31 All the items originating from it are subsequently purchased chance finds, discovered in the course of land cultivation. The belt set elements from Smrdelje also originate from the very end of the eighth century or the initial decades of the ninth century. There are no adequate analogies for the strap-end, but it is comparable to similar strap-ends with the representations of a griffon in a tendril-like medallion (Tiszafüred, Artánd, Mödling, etc.).39 Medallions with portraits have analogies with the depictions on the strap-end from Zemun Polje,40 as well as in the related mounts from Monoszentjános, Györ, Čunovo, and Edelstal, and ultimately with certain examples from the mentioned equestrian graves in Komárno, Žitavská Tôn. Medallions with portraits on strap-ends and belt-buckle mounts have also been found in the cemeteries of Szetes-Nagyhegy, Szebeny, Fehérto, and Alsópáhok. The circumstances of discovery concerning the belt set parts and horse harness mount from Smrdelje are described in the diaries of Lujo Marun, an amateur antiquarian and Franciscan priest, who was the director of the Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments at the time, as well as in letters of his agent Vlado Ardalić, who purchased them.32 Here I will merely offer the information from said records in a summarized form. 1. The objects were discovered in a pit with bulky remains of burnt wood and coal. 2. There were a few more such pits in the same area. Allegedly, there were heaps of coal in several places, with objects carbonized due to fire, as well as vessel sherds among them. 3. The pits with burning were located among skeleton graves buried in the bare ground, which indicates the earliest burial horizon in the territory of the later Croatian Principality. 4. Several belt mounts and strap-ends originate from another pit, which also contained a quantity of burnt wood remains (Pl. 7: b). 5. The number of artefacts unearthed from the first excavated pit was much greater than the eight purchased items. It is explicitly noted that 90 objects were discovered in total; in particular, the record cites the following finds: 30 identical large and 20 small horse harness mounts, another identical belt strap-end, albeit smaller in size, as well as a total of 16 shieldshaped belt mounts. The mounts from the equestrian grave in Hortobágy-Árkus are identical to those from Smrdelje.33 Cast gilded mounts made using the perforated technique also have analogies in late Avar equestrian graves (Komárno,34 Žitavská Tôn,35 Zalakomár,36 Devínská Nova Ves).37 All of the above graves date from the final decades of the eighth to the initial decades of the ninth century, which is in full concurrence with the dating of Carolingian finds in Dalmatian graves. The bulk of the finds from Smrdelje, as well as a number of other individual items with unknown circumstances of discovery from Dalmatia, have analogies in the interesting hoard from Dolné Orešany, also approximately dated to the year 800.38 Finally, I would like to point out three finds from northern Dalmatia, to date associated solely with the so-called Komani-Kruje Culture from the mountainous areas of northern Albania, Montenegro, and western Macedonia. These are crescent-shaped belt pendants or appliqués, until recently dated to the seventh century exclusively (Fig. 15). In Croatian archaeological literature they were even regarded for quite a while as direct evidence of the significant presence, if not numerical predominance, of the Late Antiquity inhabitants compared to the Slavic population in Dalmatia during the seventh and eighth centuries.41 In the chronological sense, the most interesting find is from grave 6, buried in the Duševića Glavica prehistoric mound between Podvršje and Krneza in Ravni Kotari (Fig. 16).42 Most likely it is a belt set, consisting of a so-called Komani pendant, as well as an appliqué with bird protomes. Several more graves were discovered in the same burial horizon at Duševića Glavica. The results of radiocarbon analysis showed a range between the years 640 and 777. Given some other factors, the excavators believe that the grave with the belt set should be dated to the eighth century. It is also important to note the appearance of similar appliqués with bird protomes and a trapezoidal loop in the Avar milieu, as discovered in graves from the late seventh century or the first half of the eighth century (Fig. 17).43 The find from equestrian grave 53 in Bernolákovo is particularly interesting: a bronze appliqué with bird protomes was found at the waist of the interred person. The grave also contained weapons of western type (Pl. 8).44 In the chronological sense, the correlations among the graves at the edges of the early mediaeval cemetery at Maklinovo brdo in Kašić are also relevant (Pl. 9).45 This is where a crescent-shaped belt pendant was discovered in grave 54 (Pl. 10), with a late Avar belt strap-end in the adjacent grave 55 (Pl. 11). Grave 52 contained the remains of a male with Carolingian spurs identical to 31 See: Gunjača, 1989. 39 Daim 2000, 126, Fig. 48: 4–5. 32 Marun 1998, 56, 62, 70, 77, 84, 89, 101, 115, 175, 182; Kumir (ed.) 2019, 13, 17, 20, 23, 75. 40 Dimitrijević 1966, Pl. 1: 1. 41 33 Meier-Arendt, Bott (ed.) 1985, 83, Fig. 87. Milošević 1989; 2000; 2009. For more information on this topic, see: Petrinec 2015, 109–125. 34 Trugly 1993, 265, Pl. 28: 6–10. 42 Gusar, Vujević 2012, 112–117, 132, Pl. 6: 1–2. 35 Budinský-Krička 1956, 33–35, 124, Pl. 31: 1–21. 43 Zabojník 1991, 315, Pl. 36: 16–17. 36 Meier-Arendt, Bott (ed.) 1985, 77. 44 Kraskovská 1962, 436–437, 473, Pl. 12. 37 Eisner 1952, 189–190, Fig. 90: 9–15, 91: 1–2. 45 Belošević 2010, 51–53, 228, 230–231, Pl. 33: 1–4, 35: 4, 36: 7. 38 Pieta, Ruttkay 2017. 377 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 those from grave 161 in Ždrijac (Pl. 12). Since this is a single-layer cemetery, it can be assumed that there are no major chronological differences among the three graves, and that they are to be dated like the other mentioned examples – to the late eighth or the early ninth century. and 224 according to Zábojník; Fig. 19).53 They have been found in equestrian graves, which, along with the latest sheet-metal sets, also contained cast objects (belt strap-ends, mounts with griffons),54 exactly like in the Vrap find from Albania. In addition to crescent-shaped pendants and appliqués with bird protomes, a number of related circular pendants and appliqués with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic motifs have been found in the area of the so-called Komani-Kruje Culture (Pl. 13: a). One of the more precisely dated tombs with such belt decorations is grave 321 at the site of Komani (ancient Dalmace), with the remains of a female in a family tomb with multiple burials. She was the last individual buried in this tomb. Radiocarbon dating of anthropological material suggested this was a burial from the eighth century.46 For the time being, the question of the appearance of such objects (pendants with bird protomes or trapezoidal loops, as well as pendants with hanging links) in early mediaeval graves in Dalmatia remains open. I consider that they are more likely Byzantine products, which arrived in the Dalmatian and Albanian hinterlands from Byzantine coastal towns (in the Croatian case from Zadar), rather than from workshops of the Avar milieu in the Carpathian Basin.55 Nonetheless, one incomplete strap-end originating from Biskupija near Knin, leaves open the possibility of the local production of individual items (Fig. 20).56 Conclusion A bronze belt set from the second half of the eighth century originates from the same cemetery.47 Instances of late Avar period objects as found at sites of the same type, such as pendants and appliqués with bird protomes of the so-called Komani-Kruje Culture, have also been recorded at cemeteries on the island of Corfu (Pl. 13: b).48 One appliqué with bird protomes was discovered in grave 21 at the early mediaeval cemetery from the first half of the ninth century near the south wall of the fortification in Keszthely-Fénekpuszta.49 Although the general consensus is that this object had been in secondary use, it should be noted that it was found in the grave layer with Carolingian weapons, as was the case at Maklinovo brdo in Kašić (Pl. 14). Not a single Avar burial has been discovered in the territory of southern Croatia (that is, mediaeval Croatia and its neighbouring sclavinia), and generally along the whole eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland. Hence, there is no evidence whatsoever of a substantial Avar presence in Dalmatia during the seventh and eighth centuries. Their presence has not been recorded much further north either, and therefore I would dare say that the westernmost truly Avar cemeteries in present-day Croatia have only been found in the area around Vinkovci and further east. Maklinovo brdo in Kašić is the site of discovery of yet another find, quite intriguing in the context of the topic at hand. Sadly, it is lost, and the drawing depicting it is a mere approximation. It consisted of two belt mounts with hanging links, discovered at the waist of the deceased person interred in grave 6 (Pl. 15: a).50 Most of the Avar objects in Dalmatia belong to the late or even post-Avar periods. They are individual finds in graves of the Biskupija-Crkvina horizon. Therefore, they are to be dated to the final decade and a half of the eighth century or the first two decades of the ninth century. This is confirmed by their joint appearance with Carolingian weapons and equestrian equipment. Some such objects (containers made of bone, horse harness cross appliqués) were used in the Christianization of the Slavs/ Croats in the late eighth and early ninth centuries. Related mounts have also been discovered at some sites of the Komani Culture in Albania (Bukel, Lesh, Koman, Kruje) and Montenegro (Mijele near Virpazar).51 In grave 1 at the Komani site and grave 12 in Bukel, such mounts were found together with appliqués with bird heads Pl. 15: b).52 The exceptions are pendants with bird protomes and trapezoidal loops, as well as pendants with hanging links, which belong to the later Middle Avar Period. They are seemingly to be attributed to contemporary Byzantine production in towns along the eastern Adriatic coast. Furthermore, the above finds can also be related with the Avar milieu. Firstly, I would like to mention the well-known hoard from Vrap in Albania, dated to the end of the seventh or the initial decades of the eighth century (Fig. 18). The presence of individual Avar objects in Dalmatia and Albania and generally along the eastern Adriatic coast, far from the Avar Khaganate proper, has usually been interpreted in the literature as a result of Avaro-Slavic incursions or spoils from the FrankishAvar wars. However, most such objects belong to the late Avar period, when one can no longer speak of raids to the south. The incomplete strap-end from Biskupija near Knin still leaves open the possibility of the local production of individual items. Mounts with rivets and hanging links have also been discovered in some Avar cemeteries from the eighth century (types 226 46 Nallbani 2017, 326–327, 331, Fig. 6. 53 Zábojník 1991, 317, Pl. 38: 4–5, 14–15. 47 Nallbani 2017, 325–326, 326, Fig. 5. 54 For more details, see: Petrinec 2015, 117–119. 48 Јанковић 2007, 172; Curta 2011, 442–443, Fig. 12. 55 Petrinec 2015, 119–120. 49 Müller 2010, 204, 270, Pl. 23. 56 Piteša 2006, 12, 20, Fig. 3. 50 Belošević 2010, 35; 219, Pl. 24: 1. For more details, see: Petrinec 2015, 118–119. 51 Zagarčanin 2018, 126–127, 155, Pl. 4: 33. 52 Werner 1986, Pl. 24–26. 378 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC BiBliography Belošević 1980 – J. Belošević, Materijalna kultura Hrvata od 7. do 9. stoljeća, Sveučilišna naklada Liber, 1980. Brekinjova Kosa archaeological site (Results of Excavations in 2011 and 2015), Archeologia Adriatica 11, 2017, 145–215. Belošević 2007 – J. 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Столећа / Serbian maritime from 7th to 10th century, Српско археолошко друштво, Повремена издања 5, 2007, 157–172. Jović, Krnčević 2019 – J. Jović, Ž. Krnčević, Ratnik-konjanik iz Vaćana, in Brstilo, M., Gotić, K. (ed.), Bribir, Varvaria, Berberium – razotkrivanje slojeva, Hrvatski povijesni muzej, 2019, 175–176. Jurčević 2019 – A. Jučević, Funde frühkarolingischer Waffen und Reiterausrüstung aus der Entstehungszeit des kroatischen Fürstentums, in Poláček, L., Kouřil, P. (ed.), Bewaffnung und Reiterausrüstung des 8. bis 10. Jahrhunderts in Mitteleuropa, Waffenform und Waffenbeigaben bei den mährischen Slawen und in den Nachbarländern, Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice 9, Archäologisches Institut der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Tschechischen Republik, 2019, 67–100. Jurić 2013 – R. Jurić, Starohrvatski nakit u Dalmatinskoj Hrvatskoj i Istri od 7. do 11. stoljeća, unpublished PhD thesis, Sveučilište u Zadru, 2013. Kraskovská 1962 – L. 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Petrinec, A. Jurčević, Crkvina-Biskupija: Insights into Chronology of the Site from late 8th to 15th Century, in Vicelja-Matijašić, M. (ed.), Swords, Crowns, Censers and Books, Francia Media, Cradles of European Culture, Centre for Iconographic Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, 2015, 328–372. Pieta, Ruttkay 2017 – K. Pieta, M. Ruttkay, Zeit der Untergangs – Ein Hort spätawarischer Bronzen aus Dolné Orešany in der Westslowakai, in Valentin Eriksen, B., Abegg-Wigg, A., Bielle, R., Ickerodt, U. (ed.), Interaktionen ohne Grenzen – Beispiele archäologischer Forschungen am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts / Interaction without borders, Exemplary archaeological research at the beginning of the 21st century, Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen, 2017, 541–554. Piteša 2006 – A. Piteša, Kasnoavarski pojasni jezičci iz Arheološkog muzeja u Splitu, Starohrvatska prosvjeta 33/3, 2006, 7–20. 379 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 internet soUrCe Robak 2017 – Z. Robak, The Origins and the Collapse of the Blatnica-Mikulčice Paradigm, Slovenská Archeológia 65/1, 2017, 99–162. Smiljanić, Sambunjak 1982 – F. Smiljanić, S. Sambunjak, O besmrtnosti i svjetlosti kazuju kosti, Dometi 12, 1982, 67–76. Török 1973 – Gy. Török, Sopronkőhida IX. századi temetője, Fontes Archaeologici Hungariae, Akademiai Kiadó, 1973. Trugly 1993 – A. Trugly, Gräberfeld aus der Zeit des Awarischen Reiches bei der Schiffswerft in Komárno II, Slovenská Archeológia 41/2, 1993, 191–307. Uroda 2019 – N. Uroda, Recipijent ukrašen geometrijskim motivima (Cat. No. 4.9) i Garnitura dječjih ostruga (Cat. No. 4.30), in Brstilo, M., Gotić, K. (ed.) Bribir, Varvaria, Berberium – razotkrivanje slojeva, Hrvatski povijesni muzej, 2019. Vojvoda 1990 – P. Vojvoda, Prilog čitanju starohrvatskih simbola, in Čečuk, B. (ed.), Arheološka istraživanja u Kninu i Kninskoj krajini, Symposium 13. – 15. X. 1987, Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva 15, 1990, 141–144. Werner 1986 – J. Werner, Der Schatzfund von Vrap in Albanien, Studien zur Archäologie der Awaren 2, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1986. Zabojník 1991 – J. Zabojník, Seriation von Gürtelbeschlaggarnituren aus dem Gebiet der Slowakei und Österreichs (Beitrag zur Chronologie der Zeit des Awarischen Kaganats), in Čilinska, Z. (ed.), K problematike osidlenia stredodunajskej oblasti vo včasnom stredoveku, Archeologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied, 1991, 219–322. Zagarčanin 2018 – M. Zagarčanin, Ranosrednjovjekovna nekropola u Mijelama i pitanje „Komani-Kroja” kulture na našim prostorima / The early medieval necropolis Mijela and the question of “Komani-Kruje” culture in the region, Nova antička Duklja / New Antique Doclea 9, 2018, 97–156. 380 https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/danas-otvorenje-izlozbe-o-spektakularnomotkricu-na-lokalitetu-bojna-brekinjova-kosa-13135519 (November 2020). avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC figure 1. Map of the Croatian Principality after 812 (Hrvatski povijesni atlas 2003). 381 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs 382 camaz 05 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC Hypotetical plan of the graves from the Biskupija-Crkvina horizon Graves in wooden coffins Vaulted stone tombs Sarcophagi Grave with stone slabs ← figure 2. The Crkvina site in Biskupija (photo by Z. Alajbeg). ← figure 3. View of the architectural complex at Crkvina in Biskupija (the Basilica of St. Mary and its northern extension; photo by Z. Alajbeg). figure 4. Graves of the Biskupija-Crkvina horizon (Petrinec, Jurčević 2015). 383 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs figure 5. Gold coin struck under Constantine V Copronymus (photo by Z. Alajbeg). figure 6. Finds from grave 4 at Brekinjova Kosa near Glina (https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/ danas-otvorenje-izlozbe-o-spektakularnomotkricu-na-lokalitetu-bojna-brekinjovakosa-13135519). → figure 7. Finds from destroyed and undocumented graves under the narthex of the Basilica of St. Mary at Crkvina in Biskupija (photo by Z. Alajbeg). → figure 8. Spurs from grave 88 at Crkvina in Biskupija (photo by Z. Alajbeg). 384 camaz 05 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC 385 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 figure 9. a–b Remains of the pit and skeleton from grave 88 at Crkvina in Biskupija (photo by A. Jurčević). → figure 10. Grave 125 at Crkvina in Biskupija (photo by A. Jurčević). → figure 11. The T-shaped container from grave 125 at Crkvina in Biskupija (photo by A. Jurčević). figure 9.a figure 9.b 386 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC 387 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 figure 12. a–b Decorated T-shaped containers from Ždrijac (Belošević 1980). → → figure 13. The cross appliqué from grave 324, from Ždrijac and Kapitul (photo by Z. Alajbeg). figure 14. The domed mount and late Avar belt set from Smrdelje (photo by Z. Alajbeg). figure 12. a figure 12. b 388 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC 389 390 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC ← figure 15. Crescent-shaped pendants with bird protomes from Kašić-Maklinovo brdo and Velim-Velištak (Jurić 2013). ← figure 16. Grave 6 from Duševića Glavica near Podvršje (Gusar, Vujević 2012). ← figure 17. Appliqués with bird protomes from Avar cemeteries (Zabojník 1991). figure 18. The hoard from Vrap (Werner 1986). 391 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs figure 19. Mounts with hanging links in the Avar milieu (Zabojník 1991). figure 20. An unfinished strap-end from Biskupija near Knin (Piteša 2009). 392 camaz 05 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC a b c d plate 1. (a) The T-shaped container from grave 128 at Gorica in Stranče (Cetinić 2011); (b) The T-shaped container from grave 180 at Nin-Ždrijac (Belošević 1980); (c) The T-shaped container from grave 161 at Nin-Ždrijac (Belošević 1980); (d) The T-shaped container from Kapitul near Knin (Belošević 1980). 393 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 2. The cemetery at Gorica in Stranče; graves with T-shaped containers and Carolingian spurs (Cetinić 2011). 394 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC plate 3. Grave 161 from Ždrijac in Nin (Belošević 2007). 395 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 4. Graves with T-shaped containers (red) and Carolingian finds (green) in the western Ždrijac necropolis (Belošević 2007). 396 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC plate 5. Grave 322 from Ždrijac in Nin (Belošević 2007). 397 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 6. Grave 324 from Ždrijac in Nin (Belošević 2007). 398 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC a b plate 7. (a) The Late Avar belt set from Smrdelje; (b) Finds of late Avar belt mounts from a pit with burning in Smrdelje (made by S. Juraga). 399 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 8. Grave 53 from Bernolakovo (Kraskovská 1962). plate 9. Three graves at the edges of the Maklinovo brdo cemetery (Belošević 2010). 400 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC plate 10. Grave 54 from Maklinovo brdo in Kašić (Belošević 2010). 401 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 11. Grave 55 from Maklinovo brdo in Kašić (Belošević 2010). 402 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC plate 12. Grave 52 from Maklinovo brdo in Kašić (Belošević 2010). 403 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 13. a Appliqués with bird protomes from Dalmatia, Albania, and the island of Corfu (Јанковић 2007). 404 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC plate 13. b Late Avar finds from the Palaiokastritsa cemetery on Corfu (Curta 2011) and from grave 321 at the site of Komani (Nallbani 2017). 405 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs camaz 05 plate 14. Finds from grave 21 (an applique with bird protomes) and adjacent graves with pottery and a Carolingian spear at the KeszthelyFénekpuszta cemetery (Müller 2010). 406 avar FinDs On THe easTern COasT OF THe aDriaTiC MaJa PeTrineC a b plate 15. (a) Grave 6 from Maklinovo brdo in Kašić (Belošević 2010); (b) Graves with hanging pendants from Komani, Bukel, and Mijela near Virpazar (Јанковић 2007, Zagarčanin 2018). 407 avari i slaveni — avars and slavs 408 camaz 05