Facial Reconstruction

This article presents the life stories of three individuals who lived in Trondheim, Norway, during the 13th century. Based on skeletal examinations, facial reconstructions, genetic analyses, and stable oxygen isotope analyses, the birthplace, mobility, ancestry, pathology, and physical appearance of these people are presented. The stories are discussed within the relevant historical context. These three people would have been ordinary citizens, without any privileges out of the ordinary, which makes them quite rare in the academic literature. Through the study of individuals one gets a unique look into the Norwegian medieval society.

Background: Reconstruction is an integral part of the surgical management of oral cancer. Local flaps are one of the options in reconstruction of small to moderate sized defects of oral cavity. Reconstruction is an integral part of the surgical management of oral cancer. Every defect needs to be assessed individually to tailor made the reconstruction because of its multidimensionality and complexity. Varieties of autologous tissues are being used in reconstruction like local, regional, or free flaps which can be simple or complex tissues. There is always a trend to identify the newer flaps/technique to personalize reconstruction. Local flaps are also one of the options in reconstruction of small to moderate sized defects of oral cavity. Local tissue if it is available is in the primary surgeon's purview and the flap can be raised without much technical difficulty and morbidity. We used perforator based tissue from the face and neck which is richly supplied by the facial vessels and named as the Cervicofacial-Facial Artery Myocutaneous flap (C-FAM flap) for reconstruction of oral cavity. Methods: We used perforator based local tissue from the face and neck which is supplied by facial vessels and named it as the C-FAM flap for the reconstruction of oral cavity defects. Results: Twenty-eight patients underwent C-FAM flap reconstruction in different subsites of the oral cavity with acceptable functional rehabilitation. There was no flap loss. Conclusion: The C-FAM flap is a robust flap, which is reliable, pliable, and rich in its vascularity. It has to be one of the armamentarium for the oral cavity reconstruction. C-FAM flap: A Novel flap in Oral cavity reconstruction.

We propose using Immersive Virtual Reality activities to improve the spatial ability of engineering students based on the study of solid geometry. The work group is selected randomly from among all the students registered for the 1st term course Graphic Expression and Computer-Aided Design (GECAD) at the Barcelona College of Industrial Engineering (EUETIB). A total of 60 participants completed three activities (6 h) in VR, using head-mounted display (HMD) glasses. Another group of students (30) made up the control group, which carried out only the learning activities that were common to all students, in a SolidWorks 3D non-immersive solid modeling software environment. Spatial abilities are assessed using the Differential Aptitude Test: Spatial Relations Subset (DAT:SR) and the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT:R). Previous studies have demonstrated a close correlation between successful comprehension of the Graphic Engineering course contents and high scores on the...

Localizing facial nerve branches is surgically important as damage can result in impaired facial expression, greatly affecting quality of life. Zuker’s point, a surface landmark halfway between the root of the helix and oral commissure, has been used to localize the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve (ZBFN) using two-dimensional methodology. Geometric morphometrics offers a more sophisticated approach by capturing variation of ZBFN at Zuker’s point in three dimensions. 34 adult cadavers were bilaterally dissected (n=68 sides), revealing the ZBFN at Zuker’s point. Microscribe desktop digitizer collected three-dimensional coordinate data at four landmarks: oral commissure, root of the helix, Zuker’s point, and ZBFN nearest to Zuker’s point. General Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis assessed spatial variations in the landmark configuration and investigated any differences between sexes. ZBFN averaged a superomedial ___location relative to Zuker’s point. Compared to females, males had a relatively longer configuration, and the ZBFN was relatively deeper. Though Zuker’s point may have benefit in approximating its ___location, the average ___location of ZBFN systematically deviated toward the 1 o’clock position when viewed laterally and was deeper in males. These findings can be used to better localize the ZBFN and improve patient outcomes.

Previous studies have used longitudinal samples to investigate growth of the skeletal aspects of the face, although far less has been done on facial soft tissue. This study uses a larger sample than previous studies on the same data (Denver and Fels growth series) to explore covariation of bony and soft facial dimensions comprehensively from childhood to adulthood. A total of 1036 lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized from 60 individuals, and distances between facial landmarks were measured using ImageJ. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed all bony facial landmark distances were significantly different (p > 0.05) between age groups; however, only half were significantly different between sexes. Further analysis showed the effect of age (calculated as eta-squared) explained a greater percentage of total variation (20%) than sex (15%). Overall, soft tissue changes between 0 and 19 years of age were small (<3 mm) and only some were correlated to underlying facial skeleton dimensions.

Facial approximation has an important role in the forensic field aiding the identification process and in the archaeological context leading to the humanisation of human remains displayed in museums. It contributes to the knowledge of our present and our past. Since facial reconstruction is based on modelling the soft tissue lying over the skull, these layers’ thicknesses have been investigated to see the impact on the final appearance.
The case study of this research is an Egyptian mummy dubbed “Mysterious Lady” (National Museum in Warsaw no. 236805/3 MNW) using non-invasive radiological and physical anthropology methods to shed light on her story. The study highlights the 3D reconstruction process of the individual’s face by exploring the anthropological profile, the facial approximation methodology and the impact of the variability of soft tissue thickness selection on the resulting facial reconstruction. It discusses the application of written sources and imagery from her times to craft a “statistical likeness” useful in conveying information about her society, using them as powerful educational tools to promote knowledge about past societies. It underlines the importance of narrating stories of the characters from the past in a museum context while ensuring they remain understandable and, consequently, evoke empathy, to show ancient mummies as once-living individuals.

This paper is dedicated to discussion of craniological materials obtained from Berezovsky 5 burial mound in the southern Trans-Urals during archaeological excavations in 1994. The mound necropolis dates back to the Late Bronze Age (14th to 13th сс. BC) and relates to the Kozhumberdy stage in the Alakul development line of the Andronovo cultural community. Three researched skulls, two of them male and one female, originate from mound 6 of this burial site. The dental system of a young woman has undergone severe wear as a result of work activity. The craniological research of the female skull using Heincke formula made it possible to tentatively judge about its morphological affinity to skulls from the Laimberdy burial site and a combined skull set of the Akakul culture from the Trans-Urals. Basing on the female skull we have performed a graphic reconstruction of her appearance full face. The female skull shows some Mongoloid traits. Two male skulls failed to preserve their facial ske...

Reconstructing the face from the skull is important not only for forensic identification but also as a tool that can provide insight into the appearance of individuals from past populations. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines anthropological knowledge, advanced imaging methods, and artistic skills. In the present study, we demonstrate this process on the skull of an early medieval warrior from Croatia. The skeletal remains were prepared and scanned using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and examined using standard anthropological and radiological methods. The analysis revealed that the remains belonged to a 35-45-year-old male individual who had suffered severe cranial trauma, probably causing his death. From MSCT images, we reconstructed a three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull, on which we digitally positioned cylinders demarking the soft tissue thickness and created the face with a realistic texture. A 3D model of the face was then optimized, printed, and used to produce a clay model. Sculpturing techniques added skin textures and facial features with scars and trauma manifestations. Finally, after constructing a plaster model, the model was painted and refined by adding fine details like eyes and hair, and it was prepared for presentation in the form of a sculpture.

Deformable model is one of interest topic in biometrics. The deformable model applications have been used to detect objects included facial sketch feature images. Many methods have been discovered and developed to detect objects of deformable. However, any method can solve a problem, but raises other issues. Popular method to solve the deformable object is Active Shape Model. It is the most used to detect facial feature, but it has weakness. This method is very depended on the shape initialization. If the movement direction is not covered by training sets, then the landmark movement will be move to the undesirable direction. In this research, we proposed method to create a new modeling of the landmark movement based on the previous movement results. Four algorithms are used to improve the landmark movement when the detection process. The experimental results show that our proposed method produces the average of detection accuracies more than 90% for all scenarios.

Illuminates a multiethnic neighborhood within one of the world's greatest urban developments of ancient times. Presents some of the most sophisticated new scientific techniques that are allowing scholars to see the details oflife in the ancient world in a vivid dimension that has not before been possible:' -CYNTHIA ROBIN, author of Everyday Life Matters: Maya Farmers at Chan "Manzanilla has been, and still is, a pioneer in the application of recent technology to aid in the interpretation of archaeological remains:' -REBECCA STOREY, author of Life and Death in the Ancient City ofTeotihuacan: A Modern Paleodemographic Synthesis "Vital for scholars of Mesoamerican archaeology and the 'Classic' period in particular:' -IAN FARRINGTON, author of Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World L IKE MODERN-DAY New York City, the ancient city ofTeotihuacan in Central Mexico was. built by a flood of immigrants who created a complex and diverse urban landscape. The city benefited from the knowledge, technical expertise, and experience that foreigners brought. The neighborhoods also competed with each other in displaying the finest crafts, the rarest raw materials, and the most lavish sumptuary goods. This detailed volume looks at 116 formal burials in Teopancazco, a powerful neighborhood that controlled the distribution of foreign raw materials from Teotihuacan toward Nautla in Veracruz. Applying sophisticated bioarchaeological analyses of stable and strontium isotopes, trace elements, funerary patterns, and ancient DNA, this holistic study identifies the population's age and sex profiles, paleopathologies, paleodiet, provenance, and facial approximations. What emerges 7. Genetic Analysis ofTeopancazco Burials: Inferences on Multiethnicity 164

Facial reconstruction is one of the most challenging problems faced by a reconstructive surgeon. We present a case of complex facial reconstruction with a composite trauma to the nose resulting in near total loss of skin and lining along with complete loss of left eyebrow with exposed frontal bone and partial loss of the left eyelid. We combined a temporoparietal fascial flap for reconstruction of the eyebrows and covering the exposed frontal bone and prefabricated forehead flap with skin graft for nasal reconstruction. Proper planning and staging of the surgical procedures and use of local flaps gave us good aesthetic and functional outcome with a satisfied patient.

Facial reconstruction is one of the most challenging problems faced by a reconstructive surgeon. We present a case of complex facial reconstruction with a composite trauma to the nose resulting in near total loss of skin and lining along with complete loss of left eyebrow with exposed frontal bone and partial loss of the left eyelid. We combined a temporoparietal fascial flap for reconstruction of the eyebrows and covering the exposed frontal bone and prefabricated forehead flap with skin graft for nasal reconstruction. Proper planning and staging of the surgical procedures and use of local flaps gave us good aesthetic and functional outcome with a satisfied patient.

Dental data are one of the most important sources of information on the evolution of ancient hominids. It preserves information about both the early stages of ontogenesis and the postnatal period of life. It is generally accepted that one of the main evolutionary trend within the genus Homo over the past two million years was reduction of teeth size. This trend substantially accelerated in modern Homo sapiens during the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic. It is assumed that a number of factors could influence the teeth reduction process. However, no detailed understanding of its patterns, limits and chronological and territorial variability has been revealed so far. In this study, we analyze the variability of the upper second molar sizes in Neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo antecessor, Middle Pleistocene Homo from Sierra de Atapuerca (Gran Dolina, Sima de los Huesos), Homo erectus, Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo from China other than H. erectus, and compare them with the characteristics of the modern H. sapiens. The main goal of our analysis was to identify local chronological and geographical patterns in the evolution of the size of the second upper molars and assess their compliance with the general epochal trend. The results of the analysis showed that before the appearance of the Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, two distinct local trends existed on the territory of Eurasia. The first trend, which can be detected in the European pre-sapiens humans, was a decrease in the molar size of the upper second molars. The second one, which got spread in the Middle Pleistocene in Asia, on the contrary, consisted of a sharp increase of the molar size, which formed the morphological specificity of the Denisovan lineage. No stable geographic differentiations of the size of the upper second molars are observed within H. sapiens sample.

El peso de nacimiento está relacionado a factores maternos biológicos y ambientales. Con el objeto de conocer la distribución de bajo peso de nacimiento entre recién nacidos de la provincia de Catamarca en los períodos... se analizaron los pesos de nacimiento de las Estadísticas Vitales de los años... Se observó una relación directa entre BPN y edad materna, edad gestacional, nivel de instrucción materna y una relación inversa entre BPN y altura sobre el nivel del mar. Estos resultados son similares a los reportados para otras regiones del país.

Depression is a common mental disorder characterised by a depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, sleep or appetite disturbances and poor concentration. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the world's most common genetic condition, first discovered in 1910, affects about 25 million people worldwide. Patients suffering from SCD commonly experience recurrent acute painful episodes, and a significant proportion, up to 30%, endure chronic pain (lasting for more than three months) and this enduring pain is associated with depression and other psychological disorders much more than when compared to the general population. The combination of depression and SCD lowers quality of life and increases morbidity and death. Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and depression were found to be strongly correlated among SCD, with 42.6% reporting having experienced an episode of suicidal ideation and 8% reporting having attempted suicide in their lifetime. In a systematic review, the reported prevalence of depression among individuals with SCD varies greatly depending on the diagnostic instrument used, the type of methodologies, setting of recruitment, time of assessment, as well as the difference in the world's continents ranging from 0% to more than 85%. In Nigeria and many other sub-Saharan African countries, SCD is a major public health issue. There is a paucity of research in patients with SCD. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of major depressive disorder (MDD) among patients with SCD. Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder globally, with sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria, bearing the highest prevalence. Depression can significantly impact SCD patients, reducing their quality of life and increasing morbidity and mortality. Aim: This study aims to determine the prevalence and determinants of major depressive disorder (MDD) among patients with SCD. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital in Sokoto. An in-depth, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to interview SCD patients who were recruited through systematic sampling. Results: The prevalence of MDD was 21.8%, 95% confidence interval (16.4, 28.1%) with 18.9%, 1.9% and 1% having mild, moderate and severe depression, respectively. Depression was significantly associated with low social support (P = 0.007), low level of education (P < 0.001) and a higher pain score (P = 0.001), but not with gender (P = 0.730), haemoglobin type (P = 0.274), or the use of hydroxyurea (P = 1.000). All three variables that entered binary logistic regression were determinants of MDD, i.e. level of education, social support and pain score. Conclusion: The study found that the prevalence of MDD was high among patients with SCD. In addition, the researchers determined that level of education, social support and pain were important determinants of MDD in this patient population. The findings highlight the need to screen for depression among patients with SCD.

A computer modelling system for facial reconstruction has been developed that employs a touch-based application to create anatomically accurate facial models focusing on skeletal detail. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the system and illustrates its accuracy and reliability with a blind study using CT data of living individuals. Three-dimensional models of the skulls of two White North American adults (one male, one female) were imported into the computer system. Facial reconstructions were produced by two practitioners following the Manchester method. Two posters were produced, each including a face pool of five surface model images and the facial reconstruction. The face pool related to the sex, age and ethnic group of the target individual and included the surface model image of the target individual. Fifty-two volunteers were asked to choose the face from the face pool that most resembled each reconstruction. Both reconstructions received majority percentage hit rates that were at least 50% greater than any other face in the pool. The combined percentage hit rate was 50% above chance (70%). A quantitative comparison of the facial morphology between the facial reconstructions and the CT scan models of the subjects was carried out using Rapidform 2004 PP2 -RF4. The

In December 1848, among the ruins of the south nave of the Royal Basilica in Székesfehérvár, an undisturbed
burial site of a royal couple was found, together with three ímore burial sites. Two contemporary scholars, János
Pauer historian and János Érdy archeologist identified the two royal burial sites as the tomb of King Béla III of
Hungary (1172–1196) and his first wife, Agnes de Châtillon also known as Queen Anna of Antioch (†1184/85).
The identification of the royal couple is valid in our time, too, as it has been strengthened by the result of older and
newer sciences, as well, from the aspects of genealogy, art history, archaeology, medical science, archaeogenetics.
In our paper we present the latest 3D facial reconstructions of King Béla III and his first wife Queen Anna
and the background of re-creation of their face and the whole reconstruction method. After a summary of the
archaeological and historical data available for the present work, we give an outline on the basics and the brief his-
tory of facial approximation or reconstruction. Then we discuss the sculptural reconstructions of the faces made
by Károly Árpás and Gyula Skultéty in 1972 as well as 1986 and based on the data available the process of their
work.
The process of newest reconstructions by Emese Gábor is described in detail starting with the graphical
sketch and ending with the sculptures, emphasizing the new aspects and solutions compared to the methods
known till now. The most important difference between the first two works and the present, third work is the fol-
lowing: in 2014 CT-imaging were made in the Department of Radiological Diagnostics of the National Institute
of Oncology (Budapest, Hungary). Thus, this CT-documentation on the skulls of the royal couple helped Emese
Gábor to make more precise facial reconstructions, than her two honourable predecessors.
Facial reconstruction is a living, evolving science, as well as an artistic creative process. Its rapid development
and expansion are predictable. However, as far as we know today, it is safe to say that without further data, no
significant changes to rulers’ facial features can be expected based on the remaining skulls. The quality of the facial
reconstructions we have presented is due not only to their artistic outworking but also to the scientific data avail-
able only recently, especially the computed tomography images of the skulls.

Bu çalışmanın konusunu, ölü gömme gelenekleri ışığında Anadolu’da güç, cinsiyet ve statünün nasıl belirleneceği oluşturmaktadır. Neolitik Çağ’dan Demir Çağı sonuna kadarki zaman diliminde Anadolu’da Neolitik kafatası kültü; mezar türü ve buluntuları açısından Erken Tunç Çağı basit toprak mezar, oda mezarları, kralî nitelikli mezarlarda merasim, şiddet izleri içeren toplu gömme gibi farklı mezar grupları; Demir Çağı’nda kaya mezarları ve tümülüsler örneklem olarak incelenmiştir. Bunlar olasılık dışı örnekleme yöntemlerinden amaçlı (kastî) örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak seçilmiştir. Bu çerçevede Anadolu’da ölü gömme gelenekleriyle ilgili literatür ve biyoarkeolojik çalışmalar ile sosyal antropoloji açısından güç, statü ve cinsiyetin belirlenmesi ile ilgili literatür araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, ölü gömme gelenekleri ışığında bireyin kimliklendirme sürecinde cinsiyet, güç ve statünün belirlenmesine yönelik bir yaklaşım geliştirmektir. Ölü gömme geleneklerinin geçmiş toplulukları anlamada ve bireyi kimliklendirmede önemi kafatası kültü, mezar türleri, saygınlık nesneleri, toplu gömme (şiddet izleri), gömme merasimine dair kanıtlar, biyoarkeoloji, arkeotanatoloji, osteobiyografi ve aDNA analizleri ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kimliklerin belirlenmesinde mezar buluntularının doğru okunması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Her mezar veya birey farklı özellikler taşımaktadır. Mezarın ait olduğu kültürün de iyi anlaşılması, mezar buluntularını manâlandırma sürecinde önemlidir. Bireyi kimliklendirmede aynı kültürdeki mezar türü, konum ve buluntuların karşılaştırılması yardımcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca, etnografik veriler, ilksel topluluklardaki benzer uygulamalar ışığında, bazı uygulamaların anlaşılmasında önemli bir kaynaktır. Bireyin kimliklendirilmesinde, bir mezarda gömme öncesi, gömme esnası ve sonrasındaki sürecin iyi anlaşılabilmesi için başta arkeoloji bilimleri ve antropoloji olmak üzere disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Forensic facial reconstruction aims at estimating the facial outlook associated to an unknown skull specimen. Estimation is based on tabulated average values of soft tissue thicknesses measured at a sparse set of landmarks on the skull. Traditional 'plastic' methods apply modeling clay or plasticine on a cast of the skull approximating the estimated tissue depths at the landmarks and interpolating in between. Current computerized techniques mimic this landmark interpolation procedure using a single facial surface template. However, the resulting reconstruction is biased by the specific choice of the template and no face-specific regularization is present. We reduce the bias by using a flexible statistical model of a dense set of facial surface points combined with an associated sparse set of skull landmarks. The statistical model also provides a probability value, which can be used to regularize the reconstruction towards more plausible outlooks. The reconstruction is obtained by fitting the model skull landmarks to the corresponding landmarks indicated on a digital copy of the skull to be reconstructed. The fitting process alternates between changing the face-specific statistical model parameters and interpolating the remaining landmark fit error using a minimal bending Thin-Plate Spline (TPS)-based deformation. Furthermore, estimated properties of the skull specimen (BMI, age and gender e.g.) can be incorporated as conditions on the reconstruction by removing property-related shape variation from the statistical model description before the fitting process. This iterative statistical model-based reconstruction process is shown by experiment to converge to a realistic reconstruction of the face, independent of the initial template.

Forensic facial reconstruction aims at estimating the facial outlook associated to an unknown skull specimen. Estimation is based on tabulated average values of soft tissue thicknesses measured at a sparse set of landmarks on the skull. Traditional 'plastic' methods apply modeling clay or plasticine on a cast of the skull approximating the estimated tissue depths at the landmarks and interpolating in between. Current computerized techniques mimic this landmark interpolation procedure using a single facial surface template. However, the resulting reconstruction is biased by the specific choice of the template and no face-specific regularization is present. We reduce the bias by using a flexible statistical model of a dense set of facial surface points combined with an associated sparse set of skull landmarks. The statistical model also provides a probability value, which can be used to regularize the reconstruction towards more plausible outlooks. The reconstruction is obtained by fitting the model skull landmarks to the corresponding landmarks indicated on a digital copy of the skull to be reconstructed. The fitting process alternates between changing the face-specific statistical model parameters and interpolating the remaining landmark fit error using a minimal bending Thin-Plate Spline (TPS)-based deformation. Furthermore, estimated properties of the skull specimen (BMI, age and gender e.g.) can be incorporated as conditions on the reconstruction by removing property-related shape variation from the statistical model description before the fitting process. This iterative statistical model-based reconstruction process is shown by experiment to converge to a realistic reconstruction of the face, independent of the initial template.

In December 1848, among the ruins of the south nave of the Royal Basilica in Székesfehérvár, an undisturbed
burial site of a royal couple was found, together with three ímore burial sites. Two contemporary scholars, János
Pauer historian and János Érdy archeologist identified the two royal burial sites as the tomb of King Béla III of
Hungary (1172–1196) and his first wife, Agnes de Châtillon also known as Queen Anna of Antioch (†1184/85).
The identification of the royal couple is valid in our time, too, as it has been strengthened by the result of older and
newer sciences, as well, from the aspects of genealogy, art history, archaeology, medical science, archaeogenetics.
In our paper we present the latest 3D facial reconstructions of King Béla III and his first wife Queen Anna
and the background of re-creation of their face and the whole reconstruction method. After a summary of the
archaeological and historical data available for the present work, we give an outline on the basics and the brief his-
tory of facial approximation or reconstruction. Then we discuss the sculptural reconstructions of the faces made
by Károly Árpás and Gyula Skultéty in 1972 as well as 1986 and based on the data available the process of their
work.
The process of newest reconstructions by Emese Gábor is described in detail starting with the graphical
sketch and ending with the sculptures, emphasizing the new aspects and solutions compared to the methods
known till now. The most important difference between the first two works and the present, third work is the fol-
lowing: in 2014 CT-imaging were made in the Department of Radiological Diagnostics of the National Institute
of Oncology (Budapest, Hungary). Thus, this CT-documentation on the skulls of the royal couple helped Emese
Gábor to make more precise facial reconstructions, than her two honourable predecessors.
Facial reconstruction is a living, evolving science, as well as an artistic creative process. Its rapid development
and expansion are predictable. However, as far as we know today, it is safe to say that without further data, no
significant changes to rulers’ facial features can be expected based on the remaining skulls. The quality of the facial
reconstructions we have presented is due not only to their artistic outworking but also to the scientific data avail-
able only recently, especially the computed tomography images of the skulls.

e a minha avó materna Ilda Pavani Accoroni, por sempre terem me incentivado e apoiado em todos os momentos importantes da minha vida. A minha esposa amada, Renata Andreza Perez Theodoro, com muito amor e carinho, pelo incentivo e paciência durante todo o período necessário para o desenvolvimento desse estudo. Aos meus mestres, amigos e colegas que sempre contribuíram com a minha educação e formação, me inspirando e guiando na direção correta. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Sr. Gustavo Hubaide Carneiro, meu chefe, que me incentivou em buscar novos conhecimentos. Por ter sido paciente com a minha ausência no trabalho para que eu pudesse desenvolver esse estudo. Ao Prof. Dr. Marcello Henrique Nogueira-Barbosa, pela grande ajuda na coleta das imagens do crânio utilizado nesse estudo. A Paula R. Diniz, pela sua importante ajuda no posicionamento dos pontos craniométricos. Ao Centro de Medicina Legal de Ribeirão Preto -CEMEL -aos seus funcionários, que sempre ajudaram nas etapas de desenvolvimento desse estudo. Ao Centro de Imagens e Física Médica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, pela ajuda na aquisição das imagens de TC. Aos meus colegas de estudo.

: Skulls waiting to be found underground and coming to light again
after centuries are being revived with the work of scientists and museum
curators. When these skulls, which some say are merely crooked, broken or
unrecognizable, come to light, their real stories begin again in the hands of
museum curators. With developing technological possibilities, it is now
possible to combine these faces and change them permanently.
Face-to-face/confrontation/confrontation (facial reconstruction) methods
are widely used in the field of forensic medicine around the world. Facial
reconstruction, also known as facial data, is considered the number one
chosen field in the field of museology in the world.
Why was the face amount needed? Facial solutions are used all over the
world to reconstruct the faces of victims of natural disasters such as floods,
earthquakes and fractures. Daily work for museums is used to reconstruct
from the existing bones of a long-dead person. It is frequently used in
forensic medicine departments with the facial recognition identification
method. History of Museums/Universities/Private Legal
Institutions/Companies It was revealed that the faces of important people
do not resemble people who lived in the past in any way.
As museums want to use this area together, we encounter projects that
have been used in museum exhibitions since 2000. In the inventories of
museums, there are m

Sculptural reconstruction of King Béla’s III and Queen Anna’s faces

Abstract

In December 1848, among the ruins of the south nave of the Royal Basilica in Székesfehérvár, an undisturbed burial site of a royal couple was found, together with three more burial sites. Two contemporary scholars, János Pauer historian and János Érdy archeologist identified the two royal burial sites as the tomb of King Béla III of Hungary (1172–1196) and his first wife, Agnes de Châtillon also known as Queen Anna of Antioch (†1184/85). The identification of the royal couple is valid in our time, too, as it has been strengthened by the result of older and newer sciences, as well, from the aspects of genealogy, art history, archaeology, medical science, archaeogenetics.
In our paper we present the latest 3D facial reconstructions of King Béla III and his first wife Queen Anna and the background of re-creation of their face and the whole reconstruction method. After a summary of the archaeological and historical data available for the present work, we give an outline on the basics and the brief history of facial approximation or reconstruction. Then we discuss the sculptural reconstructions of the faces made by Károly Árpás and Gyula Skultéty in 1972 as well as 1986 and based on the data available the process of their work.
The process of newest reconstructions by Emese Gábor is described in detail starting with the graphical sketch and ending with the sculptures, emphasizing the new aspects and solutions compared to the methods known till now. The most important difference between the first two works and the present, third work is the following: in 2014 CT-imaging were made in the Department of Radiological Diagnostics of the National Institute of Oncology (Budapest, Hungary). Thus, this CT-documentation on the skulls of the royal couple helped Emese Gábor to make more precise facial reconstructions, than her two honourable predecessors.
Facial reconstruction is a living, evolving science, as well as an artistic creative process. Its rapid development and expansion are predictable. However, as far as we know today, it is safe to say that without further data, no significant changes to rulers’ facial features can be expected based on the remaining skulls. The quality of the facial reconstructions we have presented is due not only to their artistic outworking but also to the scientific data available only recently, especially the computed tomography images of the skulls.

Several methods that have customarily been used in craniofacial identification to describe facial soft tissue depths (FSTDs) implore improvement. They include the calculation of arithmetic means for skewed data, omission of concern for measurement uncertainty, oversight of effect size, and misuse of statistical significance tests (e.g., p-values for strength of association). This paper redresses these limitations using FSTDs from 10 prior studies (N = 516). Measurement uncertainty was large (>20% of the FSTD), skewness (≥0.8) existed at 11 of the 23 FSTD landmarks examined, and sex and age each explained <4% of the total FSTD variance (g 2 calculated as part of MANOVA). These results call for a new and improved conceptualization of FSTDs, which is attained by the replacement of arithmetic means with shorths and 75-shormaxes. The outcomes of this implementation are dramatic reduction in FSTD complexity; improved data accuracy; and new datadriven standards for casework application of methods.

Facial deformities require precise reconstruction of the appearance and function of the original tissue. The current standard of care-the use of bone harvested from another region in the bodyhas major limitations, including pain and comorbidities associated with surgery. We have engineered one of the most geometrically complex facial bones by using autologous stromal/stem cells, without bone morphogenic proteins, using native bovine bone matrix and a perfusion bioreactor for the growth and transport of living grafts. The ramus-condyle unit (RCU), the most eminent load-bearing bone in the skull, was reconstructed using an image-guided personalized approach in skeletally mature Yucatan minipigs (human-scale preclinical model). We used clinically approved decellularized bovine trabecular bone as a scaffolding material, and crafted it into an anatomically correct shape using image-guided micromilling, to fit the defect. Autologous adipose-derived stromal/stem cells were seeded into the scaffold and cultured in perfusion for 3 weeks in a specialized bioreactor to form immature bone tissue. Six months after implantation, the

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a relatively common craniofacial malformation involving bony and soft-tissue disruptions of the nasolabial and dentoalveolar regions. The combination of CL/P and subsequent craniofacial surgeries to close the cleft and improve appearance of the cutaneous upper lip and nose can cause scarring and muscle pull, possibly resulting in soft-tissue depth asymmetries across the face. We tested the hypothesis that tissue depths in children with unilateral CL/P exhibit differences in symmetry across the sides of the face. Twenty-eight tissue depths were measured on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of unilateral CL/P children (n = 55), aged 7-17 yrs., using Dolphin software (v 11.5). Significant differences in tissue depth symmetry were found around the cutaneous upper lip and nose in unilateral CL/P patients. Introduction Human faces exhibit a wide range of variation in facial form and appearance due to various factors including envi...

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) perturbs osseous and soft-tissue development of the nasolabial regions, often resulting in chronic maxillary sinusitis and mucosal thickening (MT) of the maxillary sinus. This preliminary study quantifies maxillary sinus MT in children with surgically repaired unilateral CLP. We hypothesize that maxillary sinus MT is increased in children with CLP relative to controls. We define &quot;MT&quot; as the difference between the entire maxillary sinus volume and airspace volume. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 8-14 yr. old ageand sex-matched unilateral CLP patients (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) were obtained (IRB approval # 1210009813). Both maxillary sinus and airspace surface areas (SAs) were measured on each individual CBCT slice in coronal view. SA measurements were summed and multiplied by voxel size (0.4mm) to obtain a volume. Paired t-tests determined whether maxillary sinus volume, air volume, MT (i.e. maxillary sinus volume – airspace vo...

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a relatively common craniofacial malformation involving bony and soft-tissue disruptions of the nasolabial and dentoalveolar regions. The combination of CL/P and subsequent craniofacial surgeries to close the cleft and improve appearance of the cutaneous upper lip and nose can cause scarring and muscle pull, possibly resulting in soft-tissue depth asymmetries across the face. We tested the hypothesis that tissue depths in children with unilateral CL/P exhibit differences in symmetry across the sides of the face. Twenty-eight tissue depths were measured on cone-beam computed tomography images of children with unilateral CL/P (n = 55), aged 7 to 17 years, using Dolphin software (version 11.5). Significant differences in tissue depth symmetry were found around the cutaneous upper lip and nose in patients with unilateral CL/P.

It is common practice to reconstruct small nasal defects following the nasal subunits principle but for near-total nasal defects, the best method of reconstruction based on esthetic considerations is still debatable. For large defects that involve both sides of the nose symmetrically, near-total resurfacing results in satisfactory cosmetic outcome. We present a case of a middle-aged man who had nasal resurfacing of the nose with a paramedian forehead flap following the excision of a broad benign cutaneous lesion on a background of long-lasting generalised skin disease.

The invasion of Russia by the Napoleonic Grande Armée was a complete disaster. The French army was decimated during the retreat from Russia. Thousands of victims were buried in mass graves located near several cities during the retreat. One of these mass graves was discovered in in the centre of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg), presently the most occidental oblast of the Russian Federation. Some skeletons revealed evidence of violence related traumatic injuries. Among them, the skeleton C2 belonged to a young male, who had suffered a serious injury to the lower face. The state of post‐traumatic remodelling indicated survival of about 2 months (between more than 6 weeks and less than 3 months).The 3D reconstruction of the mandible and the maxilla contributed additional information about the injury, its cause, and treatment. This permitted pretraumatic reconstruction of the viscerocranium and mandible through the application of two new techniques: virtual osteotomy and virtual bone ...

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) perturbs osseous and soft-tissue development of the nasolabial regions, often resulting in chronic maxillary sinusitis and mucosal thickening (MT) of the maxillary sinus. This preliminary study quantifies maxillary sinus MT in children with surgically repaired unilateral CLP. We hypothesize that maxillary sinus MT is increased in children with CLP relative to controls. We define &quot;MT&quot; as the difference between the entire maxillary sinus volume and airspace volume. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 8-14 yr. old ageand sex-matched unilateral CLP patients (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) were obtained (IRB approval # 1210009813). Both maxillary sinus and airspace surface areas (SAs) were measured on each individual CBCT slice in coronal view. SA measurements were summed and multiplied by voxel size (0.4mm) to obtain a volume. Paired t-tests determined whether maxillary sinus volume, air volume, MT (i.e. maxillary sinus volume – airspace vo...

The main aim of this study was to present our experience with V-Y island flaps in reconstruction of the cheek defects after tumor excision in 3 facial zones. Patients and methods: 40 patients with cutaneous carcinomas of the cheek in 3 facial zones (17 Sub-Orbital, 19 Bucco-Mandibular and 4 Pre-Auricular) resulting from skin tumor excision were reconstructed using V-Y flaps from July 2009-June 2011. Results: 40 patients with small to medium-sized defects (3-6cm) ranging from 25 to 70 years were treated. Of these 40 patients, 17 were men (42.5%) and 23 were women (57.5%). We had no complications and the functional and aesthetic outcomes were quite acceptable. No recurrence of malignant skin tumor was observed to date (mean 1.5 yrs.). Conclusions: The kite flap is one of the methods for reconstruction of small to medium-size defects in different zones of the cheek. This method has aesthetic and functional superiority in comparison with skin grafts or other local flaps in the cheek.

Background. Y perforator flaps for facial reconstruction have gained great popularity in the last years. The advantages compared to randomized local flaps are the marked increased arc of rotation and transfer length as well as less lymphatic congestion. The paper aims to show the field of application in facial reconstruction and has the purpose to serve as a continuing education. Methods. With 6 clinical case presentations the versatility and some refinements of V/Y perforator flaps for facial reconstruction are presented. The general principle of the operative procedure is explained in detail. Results. Beside the well-known treatment options for the different facial areas with different perforator containing layers a novel myocutaneous forehead flap is introduced for reconstruction of a supraorbital defect. Conclusion. During the last years, V/Y perforator flaps have become an important tool for functional and aesthetical sufficient facial reconstruction. And it has proven its right of existence in facial plastic surgery.

We describe a process of restitution of nine unethically acquired human skeletons to their families, together with attempts at redress. Between 1925–1927 C.E., the skeletonised remains of nine San or Khoekhoe people, eight of them known-in-life, were removed from their graves on the farm Kruisrivier, near Sutherland in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. They were donated to the Anatomy Department at the University of Cape Town. This was done without the knowledge or permission of their families. The donor was a medical student who removed the remains from the labourers’ cemetery on his family farm. Nearly 100 years later, the remains are being returned to their community, accompanied by a range of community-driven interdisciplinary historical, archaeological and analytical (osteobiographic, craniofacial, ancient DNA, stable isotope) studies to document, as far as possible, their lives and deaths. The restitution process began by contacting families living in the same area w...

Interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualization of very large-scale grid digital elevation models coupled with corresponding high-resolution remote-sensing phototexture images is a hard problem. The graphics load must be controlled by an adaptive view-dependent surface triangulation and by taking advantage of different levels of detail (LODs) using multiresolution modeling of terrain geometry. Furthermore, the display of vector data over the level of detail terrain models is a challenging task. In this case, rendering artifacts are likely to occur until vector data is mapped consistently and exactly to the current level-of-detail of terrain geometry. In our prior work, we have developed a view-dependent dynamic block-based LOD mesh simplification scheme and out-ofcore management of large terrain data for real-time rendering on desktop PCs. In this paper, we have proposed a new rendering algorithm for the combined display of multiresolution 3D terrain and polyline vector data representing the geographical entities such as roads, state or country boundaries etc. Our algorithm for multiresolution modeling of vector data allows the system to adapt the visual mapping without rendering artifacts to the context and the user needs while maintaining interactive frame rates. The algorithms have been implemented using Visual C++ and OpenGL 3D API and successfully tested on different real-world terrain raster and vector data sets.

Human remains are frequently recovered fragmented from forensic contexts. Taphonomic factors and peri-mortem trauma can damage human remains recovered from clandestine graves. Therefore, an incomplete or broken skull can represent a challenge to identifying an individual, osteometric analysis, and trauma interpretation. A reconstructive approach is proposed to aid forensic experts in achieving all the information from human remains. This study proposes an innovative method that involves the use of reversible glue to connect the fragments. Non-permanent wax is used to reconstruct the missing parts and stabilize the skull. The reconstruction procedure is divided into three phases: cleaning, reassembling and remodelling. The reassembling is carried out with non-permanent reversible glue. Consequently, if the reconstructed remains do not have enough solidity to undergo a forensic examination, some of the missing anatomical parts can be replaced with reversible wax modelled on the missing bone's shape. The method allows a more comprehensive examination of the whole skull structure for biological profiling of unknown individuals and a better analysis of trauma and injuries. Moreover, Computed Tomography (CT) and radiographic analysis can be better performed on a reconstructed skull; the data obtained can also be a more appropriate background for unidentified persons' facial approximations.

Th is article off ers a novel and original facial reconstruction of pharaoh Tutankhamun based on data published in the biomedical and Egyptological literature. Th e reconstruction adopts the Blender 3D soft ware, running the add-on OrtogOnBlender, which allows for a refi ned presentation of the soft tissues. Th e present reconstruction is also compared to other approaches produced in the past.

The aim of the study was a paleoradiological analysis of one of the few completely preserved pre-Columbian child mummies from the Barranca Valley region. The goal also included an attempt to reconstruction of the antemortem appearance of the face. The mummy comes from the pre-Columbian cemetery of Cerro la Horca, located in the Fortaleza River Valley. This cemetery has been subjected to systematic looting over the years. The activities of grave robbers resulted not only in the destruction of grave contexts and material culture relics, but also in the destruction of the bodies of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the valley buried in the cemetery. The examined mummy, to our knowledge, is the only completely preserved body from this archaeological site. The analysis used conventional computed tomography, as well as standard anthropological methods and facial reconstruction techniques. The age at the time of the death was estimated at 2 to 3 years. The light color of a child's hair suggests the presence of protein deficits known as kwashiorkor. The condition is most common after weaning and switching to carbohydrate-rich foods. The facial reconstruction performed allowed the reconstruction of the child's lifelike appearance and is the first reconstruction made for mummified remains from the area.

With the new technologies, public archaeology events have been changed and rapidly diversified. Moreover, archaeologists are becoming aware that collaborating with local communities in museum exhibitions, excavation and research projects, has benefits for archaeological processes. This study shows that rapidly evolving digital devices and methodologies offer creative opportunities for creating opportunities to gain archaeological knowledge and awakening cultural heritage awareness to the public. These methods, when applied through the appropriate technological medium, can improve the general public's appreciation for cultural heritage and galvanise support for its protection, which makes it a win-win for both parties. The study conducted with 45 visitors of The Faces of Juliopolis exhibition showed that by placing archaeological human remains and digitally supported informing methods have received substantial positive feedback from visitors; therefore, shows that the change is possible. With the assistance of more researchers engaged in digital technology research and the adoption of equitable strategies, the public's awareness of archaeological heritage can increase. As a result, we can say that using modern approaches in archaeological contexts is a better way to attract the new generation in the manner of preserving and heritage knowledge. Juliopolis has been endangered by various key threats for decades. Yet we can say that the exhibition took in promoting and raising awareness of Juliopolis demonstrates that the site can endure the challenges it faces if it transcends being an archaeological site solely studied for scientific discovery and becomes a living heritage site understood and embraced by its diverse range of stakeholders.