Forensic Anthropology

In forensic anthropology, the age-at-death of an adult individual is one of the most complex parameters of the biological profile to estimate. The present study aims to evaluate the reliability of the Calce (2012) method for the estimation of age-at-death through acetabulum changes in a sample of Portuguese origin. This method consists of the global analysis of acetabular age-related morphology with focus on three specific traits, namely the acetabular groove, the osteophyte development of the acetabular rim, and the apex growth. This method was tested in 120 individuals sampled from the Twenty-first Century Identified Skeletal Collection (University of Coimbra, Portugal). The test sample is composed of 60 males and 60 females, aged between 25 and 99 years, with well-preserved os coxae. The results showed that only 60% of the individuals were correctly attributed to the age group defined by the technique. The comparison with previous studies in other populations shows significant in...

Age at death estimation in adult skeletons is hampered, among others, by the unremarkable correlation of bone estimators with chronological age, implementation of inappropriate statistical techniques, observer error, and skeletal incompleteness or destruction. Therefore, it is beneficial to consider alternative methods to assess age at death in adult skeletons. The decrease in bone mineral density with age was explored to generate a method to assess age at death in human remains. A connectionist computational approach, artificial neural networks, was employed to model femur densitometry data gathered in 100 female individuals from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection. Bone mineral density declines consistently with age and the method performs appropriately, with mean absolute differences between known and predicted age ranging from 9.19 to 13.49 years. The proposed method—DXAGE—was implemented online to streamline age estimation. This preliminary study highlights the value of ...

ObjectivesA new tool for skeletal sex estimation based on measurements of the human os coxae is presented using skeletons from a metapopulation of identified adult individuals from twelve independent population samples. For reliable sex estimation, a posterior probability greater than 0.95 was considered to be the classification threshold: below this value, estimates are considered indeterminate. By providing free software, we aim to develop an even more disseminated method for sex estimation.Materials and MethodsTen metric variables collected from 2,040 ossa coxa of adult subjects of known sex were recorded between 1986 and 2002 (reference sample). To test both the validity and reliability, a target sample consisting of two series of adult ossa coxa of known sex (n = 623) was used. The DSP2 software (Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste v2) is based on Linear Discriminant Analysis, and the posterior probabilities are calculated using an R script.ResultsFor the reference sample, any combi...

Sex estimation is extremely important in the analysis of human remains as many of the subsequent biological parameters are sex specific (e.g., age at death, stature, and ancestry). When dealing with incomplete or fragmented remains, metric analysis of the tarsal bones of the feet has proven valuable. In this study, the utility of 18 width, length, and height tarsal measurements were assessed for sex-related variation in a Portuguese sample. A total of 300 males and females from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection were used to develop sex prediction models based on statistical and machine learning algorithm such as discriminant function analysis, logistic regression, classification trees, and artificial neural networks. All models were evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation and an independent test sample composed of 60 males and females from the Identified Skeletal Collection of the 21st Century. Results showed that tarsal bone sex-related variation can be easily captured with a high degree of repeatability. A simple tree-based multivariate algorithm involving measurements from the calcaneus, talus, first and third cuneiforms, and cuboid resulted in 88.3 % correct sex estimation both on training and independent test sets. Traditional statistical classifiers such as the discriminant function analysis were outperformed by machine learning techniques. Results obtained show that machine learning algorithm are an important tool the forensic practitioners should consider when developing new standards for sex estimation.

Los Centros Clandestinos de Detención y Tortura fueron importantes  dispositivos del nuevo orden totalitario conocido como dictadura cívico-militar uruguaya (1973-1985). A partir de un proyecto de extensión universitaria crítica, en colaboración estrecha con representantes de la sociedad civil, se ha podido investigar por primera vez uno de estos lugares en el interior del país, constatando, además, que fue gestionado por la Policía. Se ha contrastado la materialidad documentada arqueológicamente con los testimonios de víctimas directas y vecinos, para realizar una interpretación general del sitio. De este modo se aportan nuevas narrativas históricas que sustentan este Sitio de Memoria. Además, los informes técnicos generados se han incluido en el expediente judicial que investiga los delitos de lesa humanidad allí cometidos.

tents, beds in community relief centres, and friends' spare rooms. Most of the victims were local residents, but a few foreign nationals also lost their lives. Many towns and small communities north-east of Melbourne were damaged or almost completely destroyed, including Kinglake (population of approximately 1,500), Marysville (population of approximately 500), Strathewen (population around 200),

Este es un artículo en Acceso Abierto distribuido según los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Introducción: El movimiento corporal, obedece y produce actividad del músculo esquelético para lo cual debe existir un equilibrio muscular estático, a partir del cual se genere el desplazamiento de los elementos anatómicos, involucrados en él, ya sea como respuesta a la volición o a la percepción inconsciente al estímulo que lo demande. Objetivo: Asociar el comportamiento morfológico del hioides con ciertas variables morfológicas del viscerocráneo de esqueletos (excepto la mandíbula). Material y Métodos: Se realizó estudio osteológico en una muestra ósea de 82 esqueletos mediante mediciones morfométricas del hueso hioides y huesos del viscerocráneo. Se utilizaron matrices de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson en SPSS 22 para evaluar la relación de la morfología del hioides con respecto a la morfología de los huesos de la cara. Variables morfológicas del viscerocráneo como ancho bicigomático (abc), ancho transversal externo del paladar óseo (pote), ancho sagital externo del paladar óseo (pose) y la altura del tercio medio de la cara (tmed). Resultados: Se obtuvo una gran correlación positiva y significativa de distintas variables morfológicas del hioides, -tanto de su cuerpo como de sus astas o cuernos mayorescon las variables morfológicas del viscerocráneo. Conclusiones: Se corrobora la asociación de la morfología del hueso hioides con el crecimiento de los huesos del viscerocráneo.

Con la entrada en vigencia de la zonificación militar en octubre de 1975, el territorio del sur de la provincia de Santa Fe pasó a incorporarse al esquema represivo nacional bajo la jurisdicción de la denominada Área 211. Diversas investigaciones han señalado la coexistencia de dos circuitos represivos claramente definidos en la región, cada uno operado por los grupos de tareas del Ejército y la Policía Provincial respectivamente. Ambos se caracterizaron por modalidades de operación diferenciadas en lo que respecta al tipo de centros clandestinos de detención empleados, períodos de actuación y selección de blancos. En este trabajo buscamos profundizar en el papel jugado por ambas fuerzas represivas en el sur de Santa Fe, intentando dilucidar si dichas modalidades de operación, también tuvieron su correlato en el empleo de estrategias de disposición final de los cuerpos diferenciadas.

This research paper investigates how the application of forensic entomology is used to estimate post-mortem intervals (PMI) in rural India, an area with significant geographic and climatic diversity that influences decompositional processes. The study's primary objective was to determine how environmental factors affect the colonization patterns and developmental stages of carrion-associated insects and thereby refine the accuracy of PMI estimations in forensic contexts. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, this study systematically collected and analyzed data on insect species distribution, their development stages, and the corresponding environmental conditions of various rural locales across India. Key findings indicate that temperature and humidity significantly affect insect activity, which in turn impacts PMI estimates. Additionally, the study found that larvae stages were predominant across cadavers, providing a reliable indicator for estimating early PMI stages. The implications of these findings are profound, suggesting that integrating GIS with traditional forensic entomology offers a more robust approach to PMI estimation, enhancing both the scientific rigour and reliability of forensic investigations in rural settings. This research contributes to the forensic sciences by providing a methodological framework that can be adapted to diverse environmental conditions, potentially improving legal outcomes in criminal cases.

This research paper investigates how the application of forensic entomology is used to estimate post-mortem intervals (PMI) in rural India, an area with significant geographic and climatic diversity that influences decompositional processes. The study's primary objective was to determine how environmental factors affect the colonization patterns and developmental stages of carrion-associated insects and thereby refine the accuracy of PMI estimations in forensic contexts. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, this study systematically collected and analyzed data on insect species distribution, their development stages, and the corresponding environmental conditions of various rural locales across India. Key findings indicate that temperature and humidity significantly affect insect activity, which in turn impacts PMI estimates. Additionally, the study found that larvae stages were predominant across cadavers, providing a reliable indicator for estimating early PMI stages. The implications of these findings are profound, suggesting that integrating GIS with traditional forensic entomology offers a more robust approach to PMI estimation, enhancing both the scientific rigour and reliability of forensic investigations in rural settings. This research contributes to the forensic sciences by providing a methodological framework that can be adapted to diverse environmental conditions, potentially improving legal outcomes in criminal cases.

Background: Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a common disease of the elderly, with a complex etiology. The known risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm is age, male gender, presence of family history of AAA, presence of aneurysms elsewhere (especially at the femoral and popliteal artery), smoking, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with operated abdominal aortic aneurysm in our center. Patients and Method: Our study population consisted of 210 patients who had been performed abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery between January 1998 and January 2010 in our clinic. The study was designed in a retrospective manner and all data were collected from hospital records. The patients were searched for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, age, gender, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis and smoking. Results: 187 of 210 patients male and 23 of 210 patients female. The mean age was 64,4±8,9. The most common risk factors were di...

Objective: To find out an association, if any, between dermatoglyphic patterns of hands in Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy of both sexes. Introduction: Genetic etiology has been proposed for both idiopathic epilepsy and dermatoglyphics. Hence, the present study has been undertaken to find out the existence of any correlation between dermatoglyphics and Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy. The study was conducted in the

DNA technology has taken an irreplaceable position in the field of the forensic sciences. Since 1985, when Peter Gill and Alex Jeffreys first applied DNA technology to forensic problems, to the present, more than 50,000 cases worldwide have been solved through the use of DNA based technology. Although the development of DNA typing in forensic science has been extremely rapid, today we are witnessing a new era of DNA technology including automation and miniaturization. In forensic science, DNA analysis has become "the new form of scientific evidence" and has come under public scrutiny and the demand to show competence. More and more courts admit the DNA based evidence. We believe that in the near future this technology will be generally accepted in the legal system. There are two main applications of DNA analysis in forensic medicine: criminal investigation and paternity testing. In this article we present background information on DNA, human genetics, and the application of DNA analysis to legal problems, as well as the commonly applied respective mathematics.

Aim: To develop a methodology for the estimation of the preservation of human skeletal remains – the relics in the Vodnjan assembly; to estimate the minimum number of individuals (MNI), sex, and age; to evaluate the physical state of their remains, and to individualize the remains to verify the list of saints allegedly buried at the monastery. Methods: Standard crime scene investigation and forensic anthropology methods were used, including trace evidence marking, photography, minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimation, sex, age, stature estimation, pathological and traumatic changes examination, individuation, and individualization by the comparison to the biography. Results: The total sample of the bones in the Vodnjan relic collection was very poorly preserved. The MNI in the sarcophagus was twenty-two. Of those, three were female, twelve were male, and seven were subadults. Conclusion: The forensic approach to the documentation and analysis of relics was appropriate for this...

DNA tech nol ogy has taken an ir re place able po si tion in the field of the fo ren sic sci ences. Since 1985, when Pe ter Gill and Alex Jeffreys first ap plied DNA tech nol ogy to fo ren sic prob lems, to the pres ent, more than 50,000 cases world wide have been solved through the use of DNA based tech nol ogy. Al though the de vel op ment of DNA typ ing in fo ren sic sci ence has been ex tremely rapid, to day we are wit ness ing a new era of DNA tech nol ogy in clud ing au to ma tion and min ia tur iza tion. In fo ren sic sci ence, DNA anal y sis has be come “the new form of sci en tific ev i dence” and has come un der pub lic scru tiny and the de mand to show com pe tence. More and more courts ad mit the DNA based ev i dence. We be lieve that in the near fu ture this tech nol ogy will be gen er ally ac cepted in the le gal sys tem. There are two main ap pli ca tions of DNA anal y sis in fo ren sic med i cine: crim i nal in ves ti ga tion and pa ter nity test ing. In this ar ti c...

DNA technology has taken an irreplaceable position in the field of the forensic sciences. Since 1985, when Peter Gill and Alex Jeffreys first applied DNA technology to forensic problems, to the present, more than 50,000 cases worldwide have been solved through the use of DNA based technology. Although the development of DNA typing in forensic science has been extremely rapid, today we are witnessing a new era of DNA technology including automation and miniaturization. In forensic science, DNA analysis has become "the new form of scientific evidence" and has come under public scrutiny and the demand to show competence. More and more courts admit the DNA based evidence. We believe that in the near future this technology will be generally accepted in the legal system. There are two main applications of DNA analysis in forensic medicine: criminal investigation and paternity testing. In this article we present background information on DNA, human genetics, and the application o...

A rapid analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences with an array of immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes was tested on 18 skeletal elements recovered from mass graves in Croatia, which could not be genotyped with common forensic nuclear DNA systems (PM+DQA1 and short tandem repeat analysis). We used duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the mtDNA hypervariable regions I and II (HVI and HVII) (444 bp and 415 bp amplicons, respectively) and subsequent linear array typing, which targets six polymorphic regions and two additional sites within the human mtDNA HVI and HVII. The remaining amplified products were subjected to direct sequence analysis to obtain complete sequence information for the targeted HV regions. Duplex PCR amplification of the mtDNA HVI and HVII was successful in providing sufficient product for typing with the array of SSO probes in 14 out of the 18 sample extracts. We report here the sequence match of one set of remains w...

In this paper, the importance of the tooth in identification an unknown person has been demonstrated. The theoretical part shows the difference between genomic and mitochondrial DNA. That difference is the durability and properties which they carry and the value they have in identification. Microanatomy has also been described, possible locations of cells in the tooth and methods to collect material for DNA extraction. The practical part shows the methods used in particular cases for DNA isolation. Horizontal section through the cervical root is used to collect material for DNA isolation. Genomic DNA , from the material, is extracted by organic phenol-chloroform methods. The results are shown on 1 % agarose gel and photographed by a Polaroid camera.

Since February 2001 the process of DNA identification of war victims in Croatia relies on the database of over 3,000 9-locus (D3S1358, vWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317 and D7S820) STR genotypes of relatives of missing persons. Instead of a targeted approach to DNA typing, the genotype of each skeletal remains analysed is compared to all genotypes in the database to identify potential parents and children. Although this approach has significantly increased the pace of identification by DNA typing, non-targeted matching in a database containing several thousand genotypes considerably decreases the significance of inclusion, especially when identification is based on reverse paternity analysis. To support this statistical prediction we present 3 cases of 10 STR loci matches and 1 case of 11 STR loci matches between a child, child's mother and skeletal remains that did not originate from a father of that child.

With the advance in typing tools and extraction procedures in recent years, DNA analysis has developed into an amazingly powerful method for forensic analysis. For a number of years, autosomal STR (Short Tandem Repeat) typing has been used as a tool in the process of identification of war victims in Croatia. Although DNA typing is very effective in detecting possible identities of exhumed skeletal remains, this approach bears some risk of false identification. The paper presents the case of a match between skeletal remains and the son and wife of a missing person in 13 STR loci. Even though these skeletal remains also matched in 13 loci the mother of the same missing person, additional genetic testing (Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA) unequivocally excluded the proposed identity. Although likelihood ratio is the best measure of the significance of a genetic match between exhumed skeletal remains and relatives of the missing person, the meaning of likelihood ratio is not as clear in database matching as in simple paternity cases and great care is needed to avoid wrong interpretation. To reduce the risk of possible false identifications, in addition to DNA evidence, other types of evidence (such as information about the time, place and other conditions of disappearance), as well as on anthropological and other »classical« forensic data are being used as a »control mechanism« in the DNA-lead process.

To present the joint effort of three institutions in the identification of human remains from the World War II found in two mass graves in the area of Skofja Loka, Slovenia. The remains of 27 individuals were found in two small and closely located mass graves. The DNA was isolated from bone and teeth samples using either standard phenol/chloroform alcohol extraction or optimized Qiagen DNA extraction procedure. Some recovered samples required the employment of additional DNA purification methods, such as N-buthanol treatment. Quantifiler Human DNA Quantification Kit was used for DNA quantification. PowerPlex 16 kit was used to simultaneously amplify 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci. Matching probabilities were estimated using the DNA View program. Out of all processed samples, 15 remains were fully profiled at all 15 STR loci. The other 12 profiles were partial. The least successful profile included 13 loci. Also, 69 referent samples (buccal swabs) from potential living relatives w...

The aim of this study was to investigate if there are differences in body dimensions among children from matings of different levels of exogamy. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 285 children, 136 males and 149 females, 6 to 10 years old, attending elementary schools in Tortoli, a town in east-central Sardinia. The children were divided into four groups according to the level of exogamy. One of them included the children of parents born in the same Sardinian village is highly endogamous. For each sex, the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant differences among the four groups of children for the 35 anthropometric variables considered, with the exception of head circumference in the male sample. In particular, there were no significant differences among the four groups of children for some anthropometric variables that are considered to be indirect indicators of nutritional status: sum of skinfolds, waist/hip ratio, body mass index, total upper arm area, upper arm muscle ...

After causing mass disasters that claimed the lives of tens of thousands of soldiers from countries around the world, the two Great Wars left some of them lost and missing. In France, these corpses reside in a legal vagueness where they belong neither to forensic anthropology nor archeology. Nevertheless, the process of identification and determining the cause of death requires the use of modern forensic anthropology by applying biological profiling and DNA analysis. New genomic methods also provide insight into the health statuses of these military populations, providing new perspectives on these periods of humanitarian crisis.

Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals and environmental pollutants on earth capable of adversely affecting every organ in the human body, with harmful short-and long-term effects. In the Laurion region of southeastern Attica, Greece, the extraction of silver-rich lead ores has been practiced since prehistoric times. This area was heavily mined during the late Archaic and Classical periods significantly contributing to Athens' wealth and sovereignty. Mining and metallurgical activities declined towards late antiquity but resumed in the late 19 th century, continuing until the end of the 20 th century. Vestiges of these activities still dot the landscape posing potential environmental risks. Although the chemical effects of lead on the human skeleton are well-documented, the osteological imprint of lead contamination, especially in classical antiquity, remains unexplored. This paper examines lesions characteristic of lead poisoning found on the remains of a 2-year-old infant from Laurion dating to the Archaic/Early Classical period (6 th-5 th century BCE). The study employs non-invasive techniques, including macroscopic analysis, digital microscopy, plain radiography, and micro-CT imaging, to assess the presentation, distribution, pathogenesis, and etiology of the lesions. Anatomical areas formed by endochondral ossification, including the metaphyses of the long bones, the sternal ends of mid-ribs, and the condyle(s) of the mandible, are affected by bone hypertrophy and the formation of lead lines or lead bands. Additionally, hyperplasia of the cranial vault is diagnostic of anemia, while lesions on the endocranial surface indicate encephalopathy, which is associated with high levels of lead exposure and is often fatal. The presence of lesions diagnostic of scurvy and those consistent with rickets further supports the co-occurrence of multiple metabolic diseases in the infant skeleton. The manifestation of these lesions can provide insights into the history of lead toxicity and its lasting effects.

In forensic podiatry, bare footprints are considered an essential evidence element. The anthropometric and morphological study of the footprints takes into account both quantitative and qualitative features. Predictions of sexual dimorphism from bare footprints are deemed effective, pertaining to the fact that the overall body structure of humans influences the actual foot size. In the current review, 11 research articles have been identified that have exclusively focused on sex estimation from bare footprint dimensions across diverse demographic groups worldwide. The study found analytical techniques such as sectioning points, regression analysis, discriminant function analysis, and machine learning models have been used for sex estimation. The studies under review infer that different populations and best predictors have varying degrees of accuracy when compared to predicting sex from footprints. By pointing out that machine learning approaches are more accurate than traditional analytical methods, the study promotes their use in sex estimation from footprint dimensions for improving accuracy and analyzing large and complex datasets.

El Sitio de Memoria La Tablada fue declarado como tal en el año 2019 en el marco de la Ley 19641, Declaración y Creación de Sitios de Memoria Histórica del Pasado Reciente, por haber sido un centro clandestino de detención y tortura (CCDyT) y sede del Organismo Coordinador de Operaciones Antisubversivas (OCOA) en la última dictadura cívico-militar uruguaya (1973-1985). En función de esta ley el Sitio de Memoria está gestionado por una Comisión de Sitio conformada por las víctimas del lugar, los familiares de las víctimas, asociaciones vecinales y un equipo
universitario. La importancia de la preservación material de este lugar y de darlo a conocer se fundamenta en informes y documentos internacionales
que establecen que el Estado uruguayo debe garantizar, a las víctimas
directas y a toda la sociedad, el derecho a saber la verdad sobre lo sucedido allí, el derecho a la justicia y el derecho a la reparación. Es decir, se debe evitar el deterioro y alteración del Sitio por la importancia que
tiene como elemento de prueba para los juicios y causas existentes sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos (desaparición forzada, asesinatos, tortura y violencia sexual) cometidos en La Tablada. Los planes de trabajo, recuperación y activación patrimonial para los Sitios de Memoria suelen estar enmarcados en tres grandes áreas: Plan de Identificación, Plan de Preservación y Plan de Gestión. Dentro del Plan de Gestión se suele establecer el Área de Comunicación y de Educación, encargada de la difusión y de formular la política educativa del sitio. Una
de las principales herramientas para la difusión y la política educativa de un Sitio de Memoria son las visitas guiadas. En este sentido el presente documento está orientado a diseñar, organizar el contenido y ejecutar las Visitas Guiadas en el Sitio de Memoria La Tablada. Para el desarrollo de este documento se cuenta con varios antecedentes. Incluso antes de su declaración como sitio de memoria, en La Tablada se vienen desarrollando visitas guiadas en ciertas fechas señaladas como es el Día del Patrimonio
(primer fin de semana de octubre), en actividades especiales (como por ejemplo en jornadas de homenaje organizadas por algunos de los colectivos integrantes de la Comisión de Sitio), en actividades pedagógicas de enseñanza media o terciaria (organizadas por el equipo universitario) o a demanda por parte de diferentes personas y/o colectivos. Estas visitas guiadas dependían de las personas y colectivos que hubieran organizado la actividad y/o de las posibilidades o voluntades
personales de asistir (sobrevivientes del ex centro clandestino, representantes de colectivos y/o el equipo universitario). En el año 2022 se hizo el primer guion acordado y consensuado por la Comisión de Sitio para las visitas guiadas del recorrido que se realiza con más frecuencia, que discurre por el edificio principal y su entorno inmediato. Este  documento se fundamenta en ese guion y lo amplía en función de varios talleres de memoria realizados con las víctimas y los familiares, de proyectos llevados a cabo por estudiantes universitarios/as vinculados al Sitio de Memoria a través del Seminario Memoria, Territorio e Integralidad y de la experiencia acumulada en estos últimos años del trabajo realizado con varios liceos de Montevideo. Para el caso concreto de los/as sobrevivientes y de los/as familiares de las víctimas participar en estas recorridas y transmitir los relatos relacionados al terrorismo de Estado y a los crímenes de lesa humanidad ocurridos en este lugar supone correr claros riesgos porque pueden suponer formas de revictimización. Por ello, y por una cuestión etaria, consideramos fundamental traspasar la realización de las visitas guiadas en La Tablada a las nuevas generaciones y formar a guías comunitarios entre los/as vecinos/as y docentes de Historia de educación secundaria. Para ello resulta imprescindible contar
con un programa unificado, consensuado y creado de forma participativa, que establezca los diferentes recorridos posibles y que contemple la mayor parte de las vivencias y memorias asociadas al Sitio de Memoria La Tablada. No obstante, según avance la investigación sobre el lugar y según se incorporen nuevas demandas las visitas guiadas deberían seguir siendo actualizadas. Las visitas guiadas en el Sitio de Memoria La Tablada están centradas en el rescate de las diversas memorias vinculadas al lugar y en la educación en Derechos Humanos. Para ello se ha de tener en cuenta la diversidad de públicos que asisten al lugar. En las jornadas del Día del Patrimonio hemos podido constatar que el público visitante es heterogéneo: desde quienes estuvieron secuestrados en el CCDyT que allí funcionó y vuelven por primera vez, hasta vecinos y vecinas que pueden
haber tenido vínculo o no con algunas de las etapas históricas de La Tablada —como el mercado de ganado, el CCDyT o las cárceles de democracia—. También hemos de tener en cuenta la particularidad de los visitantes que vienen de otras zonas del país o del extranjero. Por último se han de amoldar la estructura y relatos de las visitas guiadas en función de la franja etaria, como es el caso de estudiantes de educación media, y del grado de conocimiento histórico de los y las visitantes, como por ejemplo en el caso de visitas de periodistas o investigadores. Este documento se centra en diseñar los recorridos y contenidos de las visitas acompañadas por un/a guía. No se abordan los potenciales contenidos museográficos de las visitas realizadas de forma autónoma por los visitantes, desarrolladas sobre dispositivos tales como itinerarios autoguiados vinculados a cartelería específica, audioguías y/o códigos QR
usados con los teléfonos celulares de los/as visitantes. Queda para próximas etapas incorporar a este programa una sección de visitas accesibles e inclusivas para personas en situación de discapacidad que tenga en cuenta la incorporación de intérprete de lengua de señas en el recorrido, la disponibilidad de sistemas de audioguía realizadas para personas invidentes o de baja visión, y la adecuación edilicia correspondiente.

In 2022, as part of the extension project ‘Platform for comprehensive training around the construction of the La Tablada Site of Memory’, the first university classroom in the country was established in a repressive space of the dictatorship, declared a site of memory in 2019. La Tablada, with its significant historical background as the country's main cattle market and also as a site of reclusion, represents a narrative of horror, violence and confinement. The establishment of a clandestine centre for disappearance and torture between 1977 and 1984 - the reason why it is declared a site of memory - and the successive prison installations during the democratic period stand out in this history. The article details the experience of the integral training platform, which includes the creation of the Aula Abierta and the organisation of the seminar Memoria, Territorio e Integralidad, in which students from various faculties of the Universidad de la República participated: the Faculty of Humanities and Educational Sciences, the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, the Faculty of Psychology, the Faculty of Information and Communication and the Faculty of Arts. The Aula Abierta is conceived as a meeting point between the university community and the communities that support and contribute to the development of the La Tablada Site of Memory, this space encourages the exchange of knowledge and comprehensive training practices. Preceding this description, the article provides a context for the genesis of the Sitio de Memoria La Tablada and highlights the outreach work carried out by the interdisciplinary group Espacialidad y Memoria in collaboration with the different groups that make up its commission. It concludes by reflecting on the relevance of the interdisciplinary approach and comprehensive training in addressing sensitive issues such as these, particularly in the processes of accompaniment in the construction of sites of memory.

The Norduz region, which is located inside the boundaries of the Gürpınar district of Van province, is home to the Norduz sheep, a breed of Akkaraman sheep. A sheep breed that is only bred in the Norduz region is the Norduz sheep. It has proven to be able to adjust to the severe weather in Eastern Anatolia, and it has shown distinct performance metrics that set it apart from other breeds. In this work, the Norduz sheep's mandible was analyzed and inspected utilizing a geometric morphometric approach. By using principal component analysis, principle components in multidimensional data sets were found. Using discriminant function analysis, the differences between the samples were found. The study materials used to accomplish this came from Van slaughterhouses. Gender was a factor of interest, so a total of 20 mandibles (10 female and 10 male) were chosen for analysis. First, the skull's mandibles were taken out. The underlying muscles were then dissected. The mandibles were then heated for 20 to 30 minutes, and then hydrogen peroxide was used to bleach them. After drying, the mandibles were shot from the same 20-cm distance. Photographs of the mandibles' left lateral surfaces were captured. These variations were also subjected to formal and statistical studies. There were sixteen significant variations found using the main component analysis. The observed shape differences were explained by the first three variances in 58,647% of cases. The results of the discriminant function analysis, which produced the best results for gender discrimination, were quite pleasing, showing that people were clearly and distinctly different from one another. According to the previously indicated investigations, information was obtained about the anatomical traits and adaptations of the Norduz sheep mandible, which was used as a model case study in this area.

This study aims to portray the complex diversity of the Mexican Mestizo population, which represents 98.8% of the entire population of Mexico. We compiled extended haplotype data of the Y chromosome from populations in the Central Valley of Mexico (CVM), which we compared with other Mestizo and parental (Amerindian, European, and African) populations. A complex ancestral relationship was found in the CVM population, suggesting cosmopolitan origins. Nevertheless, the most preeminent lineages point toward a European ancestry, where the R1b lineage was most frequent. In addition, important frequencies of Amerindian lineages were also found in the Mestizo sample studied. Interestingly, the Amerindian ancestry showed a remarkable substructure, which was represented by the two main founding lineages: QL54 (× M3) and M3. However, even within each lineage a high diversity was found despite the small number of sample bearers of these lineages. Further, we detected important genetic differenc...

Se realizó una revisión de las autopsias efec-tuadas en la Morgue de Santiago entre los años 1910 y 1912 y se seleccionaron los casos en que las víctimas correspondían a niños.
Se revisaron un total de 989 protocolos de autopsia, de los cuales 110 corresponden a individuos nacidos vivos hasta los catorce años de edad.
Se presenta un trabajo descriptivo, retros-pectivo y de seguimiento de estos protocolos de autopsias, dando cuenta de la distribu-ción por edad, sexo y causa de muerte de las víctimas que componen el universo de estudio.

Sleep Slow Oscillations (SSOs), paradigmatic EEG markers of cortical bistability (alternation between cellular downstates and upstates), and sleep spindles, paradigmatic EEG markers of thalamic rhythm, are two hallmarks of sleeping brain. Selective thalamic lesions are reportedly associated to reductions of spindle activity and its spectrum ~14 Hz (sigma), and to alterations of SSO features. This apparent, parallel behavior suggests that thalamo-cortical entrainment favors cortical bistability. Here we investigate temporally-causal associations between thalamic sigma activity and shape, topology, and dynamics of SSOs. We recorded sleep EEG and studied whether spatio-temporal variability of SSO amplitude, negative slope (synchronization in downstate falling) and detection rate are driven by cortical-sigma-activity expression (12-18 Hz), in 3 consecutive 1 s-EEG-epochs preceding each SSO event (Baselines). We analyzed: (i) spatial variability, comparing maps of baseline sigma power and of SSO features, averaged over the first sleep cycle; (ii) event-by-event shape variability, computing for each electrode correlations between baseline sigma power and amplitude/slope of related SSOs; (iii) eventby-event spreading variability, comparing baseline sigma power in electrodes showing an SSO event with the homologous ones, spared by the event. The scalp distribution of baseline sigma power mirrored those of SSO amplitude and slope; event-by-event variability in baseline sigma power was associated with that in SSO amplitude in fronto-central areas; within each SSO event, electrodes involved in cortical bistability presented higher baseline sigma activity than those free of SSO. In conclusion, spatio-temporal variability of thalamocortical entrainment, measured by background sigma activity, is a reliable estimate of the cortical proneness to bistability.

Over the past few decades, the field of forensic anthropology has seen major advancements and experienced a considerable growth of professionals in medical examiner/coroner offices. Despite this expansion, misconceptions regarding the role and utility of the anthropologist in the medicolegal setting still exist. This article brings together practitioners employed full-time in four medical examiner's offices, with each practitioner providing a unique perspective and emphasis regarding their role as an anthropologist. Discussed is the history of the anthropology division in each office as well as the types of casework and ancillary duties completed by the anthropologists. Consistently, the anthropologists are involved in the search and recovery of human remains, managing long-term unidentified cases, facilitating disposition of unclaimed decedents, and developing mass disaster protocols for their respective agency. Also consistent across the four offices is the fact that the anthr...

Bilateral symmetric bone nodules were observed in the anterolateral first ribs of an infant with shaking injuries at autopsy. The ___location prompted diagnostic considerations of healing fractures versus anomalous articulations with pseudarthroses. The forensic pathologist worked with forensic anthropologists and pediatric radiologists to evaluate autopsy findings and compare premortem and postmortem X‐rays. Gross examination of the bones by the pathologist and anthropologists confirmed bilateral, callus‐like bone nodules in first‐rib locations associated with pseudarthroses. Histologic examination of one of the bones further showed features most consistent with pseudarthrosis, not a healing fracture. Radiologists then compared multiple premortem and postmortem radiographs that showed no remodeling of the bone over a 2‐week interval between the time of injury and death, which would be unexpected for a healing fracture in an infant. This multidisciplinary approach resulted in the appro...

As issues of professional standards and error rates continue to be addressed in the courts, forensic anthropologists should be proactive by developing and adhering to professional standards of best practice. There has been recent increased awareness and interest in critically assessing some of the techniques used by forensic anthropologists, but issues such as validation, error rates, and professional standards have seldom been addressed. Here we explore the legal impetus for this trend and identify areas where we can improve regarding these issues. We also discuss the recent formation of a Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH), which was created with the purposes of encouraging discourse among anthropologists and developing and disseminating consensus guidelines for the practice of forensic anthropology. We believe it is possible and advisable for anthropologists to seek and espouse research and methodological techniques that meet higher standards to ensure quality and consistency in our field.