Oceanography

Acoustic backscatter measurements at different frequencies were made in the eastern Bering Sea in August 2006 from the NOAA Ship Fairweather. The measurements consisted of approximately 2,250 nm of trackline acoustic backscatter data from a 100 kHz RESON model 8111; 2,250 nm of trackline acoustic backscatter data from a 40 kHz Reson model 8160; 750 nm of trackline acoustic backscatter data from a 455 kHz Klein model 5410; and 750 nm of trackline acoustic backscatter data from a 180 kHz pre-production Klein model 7180. The two Klein systems were each towed SW-NE once along the same specified 750 nm of tracklines. The two RESON systems were each operated twice SW-NE and once NE-SW along the same tracklines as the Klein systems. The acoustic backscatter was typically what might be expected from a flat, featureless expanse of fine grained sediments. However, there was a chance encounter with an embedded community of gastropods that was documented both with bottom grab samples and video ...

This study investigates the utility of mission-appropriate hydrographic technology and advanced acoustic-processing methods to statistically discriminate T and UT habitats in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) bottom-trawl survey area. Five selected "blocks", or groups, of stations were chosen to ensure efficient use of ship time and to cover areas that represent depths and slopes commonly encountered during the NMFS bottom-trawl survey. Additionally, International Hydrographic Organization quality bathymetry data were acquired and delivered for nautical chart updates thoughout the study area. v Contents

Sedimentary, geochemical (total organic carbon TOC, total nitrogen TN, total phosphorus TP, biogenic silica BSi and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and diatoms data of two sediment cores were used to infer general environmental changes in the northern Gulf of Urabá during the late Holocene. The age models (AMS 14C ) suggested that core of the northeastern margin (SP 9) belong to ~960 years BP, while in the core of the northwestern margin (SP 41) the model was adjusted for the last ~2845 years BP. The results indicated that drilling sites are affected by different hydrodynamic processes that, in general, have been maintained during the late Holocene. While in the northwestern margin oceanic processes dominate and there is low input of fluvial sediments to this site, in the northeastern margin there are processes that favor the transport and accumulation of terrigenous sediments, which limit the growth of diatoms. Between 2845 and 2489 year BP, a higher sea level and wet conditions were rec...

Heat, fresh- and sea-water balances indicate that the late-summer rate of submarine melting at the terminus of tidewater LeConte Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., in 2000 was about 12 m d−1 w.e., averaged over the submerged face. This is 57% of the estimated total ice loss at the terminus (calving plus melting) at this time. Submarine melting may thus provide a significant contribution to the overall ablation of a tidewater glacier. Oceanographic measurements (conductivity–temperature–depth) made 200–500m from the terminus identified an isohaline (27 ppt) and isothermal (7.2°C) layer extending from 130 m depth to the fjord floor. Capping this is a 40 m thick overflow plume, distinguished by high outflow rates, low salinity (22–25 ppt) and lower temperatures (5–6°C). Mixing models indicate that fresh water comprised about 11% of this plume; it originates mostly as subglacial discharge whose buoyancy drives convection at the terminus. Deep, warm saline waters are incorporated into the plume as...

Mineralogical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was used to study heavy mineral grains present in recent marine sediments from Cadiz Bay (SW Spain) and the adjacent continental shelf, in order to establish the provenance of sediments and to determine physical and chemical processes which took place during their depositional history. Surface features analysis has been used to detect mechanical and chemical textures; euhedral, sub-euhedral and anhedral grain morphologies have been observed. Different phases or stages in the sedimentary evolution of these heavy mineral grains can be differentiated. The oldest one corresponds to eolian environments, followed by fluvial and coastal environments. The third phase is represented by chemical alterations acquired in shallow marine environments. The recent phase is characterized by presence of textures generated in pedogenic environments. Heavy mineral assemblages established in this work were compared with those found in the nearby continental areas; they are used to identify likely sediment sources. The most important source is the Iberian Massif, which provided euhedral and sub-euhedral metamorphic minerals, while the secondary sediment sources correspond to pre-orogenic formations of the Betic Cordilleras with predominance of anhedral grains of high degree of maturity. Other sediment sources are the post-orogenic Tertiary deposits present in the Guadalquivir basin and the plio-quaternary and fluvial deposits outcropping along coastal and continental areas near the bay of Cadiz.

In this study, we reconstruct the recent environmental evolution of the inner Cadiz Bay using sedimentary records reaching back as far as AD 1700. We report lithological descriptions of the sediments and extensive mineralogical and geochemical analyses. An extraction technique that identifies different Fe phases provides an assessment of diagenetic alteration, which allows an estimation of the original organic matter inputs to the inner Cadiz Bay. Downcore variations in Corg/N ratios, δ13Corg and δ15N are related to changes in organic matter sources and the trophic state of the water column. The downcore records of selected trace metals (e.g. Pb, Zn and Cu) are interpreted to reflect changes in heavy metal pollution in the bay, while records of other elements (e.g. Mn and P) are likely overprinted by diagenetic alteration. Major environmental shifts took place during the 20th century, when the population around Cadiz Bay increased exponentially. Increases in sediment accumulation ra...

Due to the diversity of environments and hydrodynamics in Cadiz Bay, it is of interest to study the dynamics of sedimentary exchange between the coastal zones and continental shelf. The most abundant clay minerals on the floor of the continental shelf and Cadiz Bay, and in the particulate matter in suspension, are: illite, smectite, kaolinite + chlorite, and the interstratified clay minerals illite-smectite. The average concentration of suspended matter is 6.5 mg/l, the lowest (1.37 mg/l) being found on the inner shelf and in the inner zones of the bay less affected by currents and surge. The highest values (14 mg/l) are found in the outer bay, consistent with the distribution of muddy facies on the sea floor. The flow paths have been established from the local variations in the mineralogical associations found at the sampling stations, and by means of the alignments of the lowest values of the factor loadings at those stations most affected by the flows. The mineralogical similarity of the components of the clay fraction is related to the mixing action undergone by the components of the suspended matter reaching the bay from various sources, probably produced by the continuous action of the tidal ebb currents flowing from the inner sectors of the bay towards the continental shelf.

The planktonic ciliates in the Romanian Black Sea waters have been little studied, although they have high ecological significance in the matter and energy flow of pelagic ecosystems. Among other common zooplankters, the protozoan Laboea strobila was identified for the first time in the shallowwater area of the Romanian continental shelf in the spring of 2011. In the paper, the author presents data on the morphometry and distribution of this recently reported protozoan in the Black Sea.

The paper aims to develop and test a semi-quantitative method that generates scenarios for the zooplankton community development under salinity and nutrients fluctuations. First, we identified the relationships between the mesozooplankton component and the environmental factors by analyzing data (N=2566) collected within the warm season (May-September) of a decade (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018). The biotic and abiotic parameters were investigated at 37 stations within the monitoring network of the Romanian Black Sea waters, covering all three marine reporting units (waters with variable salinity, coastal and marine) according to Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We identified 32 mesozooplankton species belonging to ten taxonomic classes, copepods representing the bulk of the community. In waters with variable salinity and coastal waters, the fodder component of the mesozooplanktonic community was dominant, while in marine waters the nonfodder component was better and exclusively represented by Noctiluca scintillans. Physicochemical parameters that showed significant correlations with the mesozooplankton species were S (salinity) and nutrients -NO2 -(nitrite), NO3 -(nitrate), PO4 3-(phosphate) and NH4 + (ammonium). The number of species significantly correlated with the physicochemical parameters showed variations generally correlated with the increasing salinity gradient: in waters with variable salinity nine species being correlated, in coastal waters ten species, and in marine waters five species.

This paper reports Romanian Black Sea waters’ plankton diversity and abundance for three consecutive years (2015-2017). In these years, biodiversity has varied significantly in a seasonal aspect. Thus, we identified 199 species of phytoplankters, 25 microzooplankters, 23 mesozooplankters, and 3 gelatinous zooplankters. We also presentetd data on the microzooplankton community (tintinnids), two decades after being completely neglected in the monitoring of Romanian waters. The plankton diversity and abundance are crucial issues for the ecological status within Marine Strategy Framework Directive’s (MSFD) descriptors and indicators. The ecological status was evaluated for cold and warm seasons. As a result, all water bodies from the Romanian littoral were in "good ecological status" (GES), according to phytoplankton and mesozooplankton status. Regarding coastal waters, the phytoplankton biomass exceeded the target value, defining this water body as "non-GES".

Increasing exploration and industrial exploitation of the vast and fragile deep-ocean environment for a wide range of resources (e.g., oil, gas, fisheries, new molecules, and soon, minerals) raises global concerns about potential ecological impacts (Danovaro et al. 2017). Understanding the distribution, the abundance and dynamics of particulate organic matter and living organisms in the pelagic environment, both in time and space, is therefore crucial to describe and predict the export and sequestration of biogenic carbon in the deep-ocean environment. In fact, this organic matter will partially be sequestered on millenary time scales in the deep ocean, with a strong impact on global change effects. BathyBot will be deployed at 2500m depth, at 40 km off Toulon, near the MOOSE / ANTARES station in the framework of EMSO ERIC infrastructural initiatives. The deployment of a benthic crawler will complement the ALBATROSS-MII pelagic instrumented line, instrumented with oceanographic sensors. This crawler robot will allow acquisitions in real-time to observe the deep marine environment.

Caleta Valdés (CV) is a coastal lagoon of the Patagonian Atlantic coast located in the Península de Valdés declared as Humanity Mundial Patrimony due to its remarkable biodiversity, ecosystemic richness, and pristine state. Marine mammal populations are well documented in this area but few studies have been carried out on the local macrobenthic communities. The goals of this study were (a) to evaluate for the first time the seasonal variation of the structure and activity (i.e., sediment reworking) of the intertidal macrobenthic communities of CV, and (b) to validate an ex situ experimental protocol for future ecotoxicological studies. To do so, sedimentary (granulometry, water content, and organic matter) and biological (macrobenthic assemblages, biodiffusive-like and advective sediment reworking components) parameters were analyzed using a combination of in situ and ex situ measurements. Overall, polychaete and crustacean dominated the macrobenthic community. The highest abundances were found in Spring-Summer along with a predominance of biodiffusors versus conveyors. Ex situ and in situ measurements demonstrated similar results, thus allowing validation of an ex situ experimental procedure for macrobenthic community and functioning studies. In addition, these results provide a first baseline of benthic information on CV that will be helpful to monitor the effects of potential pollution in Patagonian coastal systems.

We carried out a survey of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana, 1850) from 2011 to 2015 to establish a long-term, time-series dataset of distribution, abundance, and demography for this species in the South Orkney Islands sector of the Southern Ocean. This species is abundant in this region and is subjected to high-intensity fishing, but previous assessments of density and population dynamics are few and outdated. Our data for Antarctic krill was collected from trawl stations along survey line transects covering the South Orkney plateau and shelf region during the summers of five consecutive years. We used concurrent data on hydrography, bathymetry, and proxies for algal biomass to describe potential spatial patterns of demography and abundance of E. superba. Comparative analysis of the demographic composition showed that 2012 differed from the other years by having a higher proportion of juveniles; otherwise a consistent pattern was found among years and within the study area. The highest biomass during the study period occurred along the northern shelf edge of the South Orkney Islands. Results of the linear mixed-effect model used to evaluate a diverse range of variables revealed that the only predictors for this hotspot were the short distance from land and great bottom depth. No clear differences in demographic composition for the study area were detected, which indicates that the area is highly dynamic and dominated by flux and advection of krill, both to, from, and within the area. Despite this finding, the results demonstrate that the shelf break on the northwest South Orkney Islands is predictable over time as a krill concentration and retention hotspot during the summer season.

At the global scale, reconstructions of cool season temperature over past centuries are relatively rare. Here we present 277year reconstructions of cool season (July-October) temperatures for southern Australia based on three different data sets: a spatial field reconstruction based on highly resolved temperature data from the Australian Water Availability Product data; reconstructions for the four southeast Australian states based on the Berkeley Earth mean temperature data for each state; and reconstructions for individual stations in southeastern Australia from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's Australian Climate Observations Reference Network-Surface Air Temperature data. Our reconstructions typically capture 25-50% of the variation over the late twentieth Century calibration period and are strongest for the southern state of Tasmania and the southeastern part of mainland Australia. All three use Tasmanian tree-rings sensitive to cool season temperatures and display similar variability. In the context of our reconstructions, the persistent warming in the observed record since ~ 1950 is unprecedented. While the low frequency variability of winter temperatures is generally in step with that in summer (December-February) temperatures, high frequency variability is not, illustrating the need for seasonal reconstructions to help improve understanding of variability in inter-seasonal dynamics and the historical importance of this on the environment. The reconstructions covary with changes in the Southern Annular Mode and may be useful for future reconstructions of this phenomenon.

Global ocean biogeochemistry models currently employed in climate change projections use highly simplified representations of pelagic food webs. These food webs do not necessarily include critical pathways by which ecosystems interact with ocean biogeochemistry and climate. Here we present a global biogeochemical model which incorporates ecosystem dynamics based on the representation of ten plankton functional types (PFTs); six types of phytoplankton, three types of zooplankton, and heterotrophic bacteria. We improved the representation of zooplankton dynamics in our model through (a) the explicit inclusion of large, slow-growing zooplankton, and (b) the introduction of trophic cascades among the three zooplankton types. We use the model to quantitatively assess the relative roles of iron vs. grazing in determining phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region during summer. When model simulations do not represent crustacean macrozooplankton grazing, they systematically overestimate Southern Ocean chlorophyll biomass during the summer, even when there was no iron deposition from dust. When model simulations included the developments of the zooplankton component, the simulation of phytoplankton biomass improved and the high chlorophyll summer bias in the Southern Ocean HNLC region largely disappeared. Our model results suggest that the observed low phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean during summer is primarily explained by the dynamics of the Southern Ocean zooplankton community rather than iron limitation. This result has implications for the representation of global biogeochemical cycles in models as zooplankton faecal pellets sink rapidly and partly control the carbon export to the intermediate and deep ocean.

Sapto P. Putro1*, M. Fajrin Ramadhon2, Widowati3, Satryo Adhy4, 1Center of Marine Ecology and Biomonitoring for Sustainable Aquaculture (CeMEBSA), Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, 3Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia, 4Department of Informatics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia; Corresponding Author Email: 1*[email protected]

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Currently, one of the modern priority tasks for Environmental Protection is the search for highly efficient oil and oil product sorbents. Purpose: to research the sorption properties of biomass in the process of cleaning soils contaminated with petroleum products. In this article, the sorption properties of natural materials – rice husks and reeds, a s well as waste from the woodworking industry – sawdust used to clean oil-contaminated soil were studied. When cleaning oil-contaminated soil, it was found that sawdust, reeds, rice husks can be presented as sorbent. Multicomponent systems from the above-mentioned plant waste have shown the prospect of their use as environmentally friendly materials for cleaning up the consequences of oil pollution. In the model system, they sorbed more than 70% of the hydrocarbons introduced into the system. Such complex sorbents have shown the possibility of their reuse. The influence of oil pollution of the soil on various groups of biomass of types ...

Global climatic changes during the last glacial and deglacial have been related to variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Here, we present new and refined 231 Pa/ 230 Th down-core profiles extending back to 30 ka BP from the northwestern Atlantic along the Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current, which is the main component of the southward deep backflow of the AMOC. Besides the well-known Bermuda Rise records, available high-resolution 231 Pa/ 230 Th data in the northwestern Atlantic are still sparse. Our new records along with reconstructions of deep water provenance from Nd isotopes constrain the timing and magnitude of past changes in AMOC from an additional northwestern Atlantic region forming a depth transect between 3,000-and 4,760-m water depth. Our extended and improved data set confirms the weakening of the AMOC during deglacial cold spells such as Heinrich Event 1 and the Younger Dryas interrupted by a reinvigoration during the Bølling-Allerød interstadial as seen in the prominent 231 Pa/ 230 Th records from the Bermuda Rise. However, in contrast to the Bermuda Rise records, we find a clearly reduced circulation strength during the Last Glacial Maximum in the deep Atlantic.

Natural disasters, when and where they occur, often cause serious social and economic consequences, which require an urgent solution to the problem. In particular, Greece, which is characterized by a complex geological structure and intense tectonic stress, has suffered and continues to suffer the consequences of such catastrophic phenomena. Among the various destructive phenomena recorded on the Earth's surface, two of the most important problems are landslides and land subsidence. The above phenomena may cause, in addition to the serious case of loss of human life, a threat to the social and economic fabric affecting sustainability in general, i.e., the quality of life of an area (destruction of property, filling of reservoirs, blockage of streams and rivers, etc.). In fact, landslides are a phenomenon with enormous social and economic consequences, since apart from the financial burden due to the collapse of a technical project or the interruption of transportation, they are accompanied by the loss of human life. This research examines the stochastic characteristics of a slopes' stability to investigate the variation range of permanent earthquake movements. More specifically, the influence of inclination as well as the lengths of the spatial correlation of ground are investigated. The method in the present study follows the development of arbitrary fields of soil properties, which follow the Gaussian distribution characterized by autocorrelation lengths l x and l y in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, mean value µ, standard deviation σ, and cross-correlation coefficients ρ ij . The estimation of permanent displacements is performed by the combination of the Local Average Subdivision algorithm and the FLAC software (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) used in the parametric investigation of this work. The results of this research showed that the spatial correlation of the properties has an important impact on the permanent displacements of slopes caused by strong earthquake excitations.

A dual-station high-frequency Wellen Radar (WERA), transmitting at 16.045 MHz, was deployed along the west Florida shelf in phased array mode during the summer of 2003. A 33-day, continuous time series of radial and vector surface current fields was acquired starting on 23 August ending 25 September 2003. Over a 30-min sample interval, WERA mapped coastal ocean currents over an ≈40 km × 80 km footprint with a 1.2-km horizontal resolution. A total of 1628 snapshots of the vector surface currents was acquired, with only 70 samples (4.3%) missing from the vector time series. Comparisons to subsurface measurements from two moored acoustic Doppler current profilers revealed RMS differences of 1 to 5 cm s−1 for both radial and Cartesian current components. Regression analyses indicated slopes close to unity with small biases between surface and subsurface measurements at 4-m depth in the east–west (u) and north–south (υ) components, respectively. Vector correlation coefficients were 0.9 w...

Wave-height observations derived from single-site high-frequency (HF) radar backscattered Doppler spectra are generally recognized to be less accurate than overlapping radar techniques but can provide significantly larger sampling regions. The larger available wave-sampling region may have important implications for observing system design. Comparison of HF radar–derived wave heights with acoustic Doppler profiler and buoy data revealed that the scale separation between the Bragg scattering waves and the peak energy-containing waves may contribute to errors in the single-site estimates in light-to-moderate winds. A wave-height correction factor was developed that explicitly considers this scale separation and eliminates the trend of increasing errors with increasing wind speed.

The impact of thermal effluents from Jaigad coastal power plant located at the Jaigad coast, which is a major fishing village of Ratnagiri district (Maharashtra) along the central Konkan coast of India. Impact of thermal effluent on phytoplankton was studied by field observations. Monthly boat cruises (for 9 months) were carried out to study the effects of temperature on phytoplankton. Phytoplankton and chlorophyll a decreased during the transit of water, while at mixing point the chlorophyll a values recovered significantly. It is concluded that the effect of thermal discharge from the power plant on phytoplankton in the receiving water body is quite localized and phytoplankton distribution and abundance in the coastal waters per se are not affected.

Multiyear satellite observations are used to document a relationship between the large-scale variability in precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and aerosol traced to African sources. During boreal winter and spring there is a significant reduction in precipitation south of the Atlantic marine intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during months when aerosol concentrations are anomalously high over a large ___domain of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. This reduction cannot be linearly attributed to known climate factors such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and zonal and meridional modes of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature or to meteorological factors such as water vapor. The fractional variance in precipitation related to aerosol is about 12% of the total interannual variance, which is of the same order of magnitude as that related to each of the known climate and weather factors. A backward trajectory analysis confirms the African origin of aer...

A dolgozat célja Kosztolányi Dezső Boldog, szomorú dal című verse szövegtani elemzésének elvégzése. A dolgozat arra a kérdésre igyekszik választ találni, hogy csupán a szövegtani elemzés segítségével kialakítható-e olyan értelmezési stratégia, amely hozzásegíti a középiskolai tanulókat egy irodalmi szöveg jobb megértéséhez. A dolgozat először megvizsgálja a vers szemantikai, szintaktikai és pragmatikai koherenciáját. A makroszerkezet vizsgálatát követi a mikroszerkezet elemzése, mely után a szövegkonnexitás szövegben megjelenő grammatikai eszközeinek számbavétele következik. A kísérlet arra az eredményre jut, hogy a szövegtani elemzés eszközeivel lehetséges elvégezni egy irodalmi szöveg olyan értelmezését középfokú szinten, mely egybeesik az irodalomtanításban használt tankönyvek értelmezésével. Kulcsszavak: Kosztolányi Dezső, magyar irodalom, szövegtan, szövegtani elemzés, kommunikáció, metakommunikáció The present study aims to provide an analysis in text linguistics of the poem Boldog, szomorú dal by Dezső Kosztolányi. The main goal is to see if it is possible to construct an interpretational strategy with the exclusive use of text linguistics to assist secondary-school pupils to a better understanding of a literary work. The first part examines the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic coherence of the poem. The examination of the macrostructure is followed by an examination of the microstructure, which is then followed by a list and analysis of the grammatical markers of textual coherence. The present study proves that it is possible to come to an interpretation of a literary text which coincides with secondary-school textbooks, using the terminology and methods of text linguistics only.

We evaluate forecasts made with the WRF ARW model run with seven different boundary layer (BL) parameterizations. The simulations are evaluated in terms of the best performance in wind energy forecasting, i.e. in forecasting winds at hub height as well as the correct shape of the wind shear. The model runs are short-term wind forecasts (0-30 hours) for October 2009 and are compared to measurements from the 116/160meter meteorological mast/light tower at the Risø National Test Station for Large Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. When evaluating wind profiles, we compute the α-parameter, a measure for stability derived from the power law. The results show that the YSU BL scheme does not exhibit the desired variation in the wind profiles from stable to unstable in the course of a day and tends to nearly always produce vertical wind shear typical of the neutral atmosphere. The wind profiles forecast with WRF using the BL schemes based on turbulence kinetic energy, however, compare better with the observations. All the evaluated schemes tend to underestimate the wind at hub height during the night and overestimate it during the day. The diurnal evolution and the expected transitions of wind speed, temperature and the α-parameter are well captured by all of the schemes, except for the YSU scheme.

Air-sea exchange of CO2 is parameterized along the cruise track of Galathea 3 – a worldwide research expedition. A key parameter is the gas transfer velocity, which varies with wind speed. Wind speeds are measured continuously on board the research vessel. For ...

Coral reef ecosystems are one of the resources of coastal areas that are very vulnerable to damage, especially those caused by human behavior / surrounding communities. This research aims to calculate the percentage of coral cover and determine the condition of coral reefs in the waters of Pandangan Island, Mattiro Ujung Village, Liukang Tupabbiring District, Pangkep Regency. This research is carried out from February to April 2022, using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method which is processed and analyzed with CPCe software . The results obtained were 27 types of coral growth forms, namely Acropora

Les premiers signalements d'otaries à fourrure de Nouvelle-Zélande Arctocephalus forsteri en Nouvelle-Calédonie dans les années 1970 ont été vus comme le fait d'individus « égarés » ou « vagrants ». Les observations d'otaries à fourrure rapportées dans la presse locale de Nouvelle-Calédonie depuis les années 1990 sont ici rassemblées afin de tester l'hypothèse nulle d'une présence aléatoire dans la partie orientale de la mer de Corail. Toutes les observations recensées (N = 12) ont eu lieu durant les mois d'hiver. Les individus étaient des jeunes, solitaires, parfois en état de détresse physiologique. Les résultats présentés ici confirment que la présence de l'otarie à fourrure dans la partie orientale de la mer de Corail est un phénomène saisonnier relativement régulier. Deux hypothèses pourraient expliquer ces occurrences et le fait qu'elles concernent des jeunes individus : contraintes liées à la thermorégulation ou compétition intra-spécifique pour la recherche de proies.

The wedge-tailed shearwater (WTS) population of New Caledonia is one of the largest in the world, yet its biology and foraging ecology are poorly known. We studied WTS from 4 colonies in New Caledonia. We examined foraging behaviour and habitats using GPS receivers and light sensors during and outside the breeding season, respectively, and compared our findings with those from other WTS populations worldwide. During breeding, New Caledonian WTS alternated short foraging trips close to the colony over the lagoon, or off the reef edge, with longer trips over distant, deep waters. Whereas neighboring colonies overlapped at sea, especially during short trips, there was a clear separation of foraging zones between the pairs of colonies located in the southern versus northwestern parts of New Caledonia. Although WTS actively foraged and commuted to foraging zones during the day, they mainly returned to the colony or rested at night, indicating that they feed mainly during the day. Active foraging did not take place in more productive areas, suggesting that it may instead be related to the presence of sub-surface predators. Outside the breeding season, birds from 3 colonies had similar trans-equatorial migratory behaviour. All left New Caledonia at the same time of the year with a fast, northeasterly movement and wintered over deep waters in the same sector of the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean. At overwintering sites, they spent most of their non-foraging time presumably sitting on the water, especially at night, making a slow westward movement before returning to New Caledonia. WTS from New Caledonia forage over warm, oligotrophic deep waters throughout their life cycle, and the species appears to have a flexible foraging strategy adapted to the various environmental conditions encountered across its wide tropical range.

The increasing availability of hyperspectral oceanographic measurements provides marine scientists the potential to develop algorithms for large-scale remote sensing of phytoplankton biodiversity and dynamics in the ocean. In this study, this approach is examined using unsupervised cluster techniques applied to field data sets of hyperspectral absorption of phytoplankton and remote sensing reflectance collected along the eastern Atlantic Ocean in 2008. Different open ocean environments in terms of phytoplankton biodiversity were successfully classified. Our performance was validated by considering an objective criterion based on the pigment composition of phytoplankton detected at each station. In order to achieve a good discrimination, an assessment of the effect of the spectral range considered in the cluster-based analysis was required and revealed that some optically significant spectral regions play an essential role in mapping oceanic phytoplankton assemblages by remote sensing.

The present study is a further contribution to the systematic knowledge of the shallow water marine ostracodes from the Brazilian oceanic islands. A total of 14 species belonging to 10 genera and eight families is herein identified. One new genus and species are described and illustrated: Berguecythere insularis gen. nov., sp. nov. In addition to this new taxon, the abundant species Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak, 1971, widely distributed in recent sediments in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, north and northeast of Brazil and the Rocas Atoll, along with the cosmopolitan tropical ostracode Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948, were also identified at specific level. The remaining 11 species were left at the genus level, and should provide new species. Ecological, zoo- and paleozoogeographical aspects were also briefly discussed.

Lashy Sound is a small channel in Orkney, Scotland, where a tidal stream energy development is planned. This study uses numerical modelling to investigate the energy resource of the Sound and the effects on the flow of removing this power. A new 3D regional-scale hydrodynamic model of the area was built using the MIKE software and was used to study Lashy Sound. A standard momentum sink approach was used to represent tidal energy converters. It is estimated that the maximum possible yield from this channel from the M2 tidal constituent alone is 23 MW mean and 61 MW peak power, although this would require an unrealistic and uneconomic arrangement of tidal turbines. The 30 MW capacity that is planned is predicted to be feasible, and the environmental effects of both large and small arrays are discussed. Keywords—MIKE, hydrodynamics, resource assessment, environmental impact

Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions, processes and variables within the ocean, including temperature–salinity distributions, mixing of the water column, waves, tides, currents and air–sea interaction processes. Here we provide a critical review of how satellite sensors are being used to study physical oceanography processes at the ocean surface and its borders with the atmosphere and sea ice. The paper begins by describing the main sensor types that are used to observe the oceans (visible, thermal infrared and microwave) and the specific observations that each of these sensor types can provide. We then present a critical review of how these sensors and observations are being used to study: (i) ocean surface currents, (ii) storm surges, (iii) sea ice, (iv) atmosphere–ocean gas exchange and (v) surface heat fluxes via phytoplankton. Exciting advances include the use of multiple sensors in synergy to observe temporally varying Arctic sea ice volume, atmosphere–oce...

Models of the air‐sea transfer velocity of gases may be either empirical or mechanistic. Extrapolations of empirical models to an unmeasured gas or to another water temperature can be erroneous if the basis of that extrapolation is flawed. This issue is readily demonstrated for the most well‐known empirical gas transfer velocity models where the influence of bubble‐mediated transfer, which can vary between gases, is not explicitly accounted for. Mechanistic models are hindered by an incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms of air‐sea gas transfer. We describe a hybrid model that incorporates a simple mechanistic view—strictly enforcing a distinction between direct and bubble‐mediated transfer—but also uses parameterizations based on data from eddy flux measurements of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) to calibrate the model together with dual tracer results to evaluate the model. This model underpins simple algorithms that can be easily applied within schemes to calculate local, regional, or gl...

The air–sea flux of greenhouse gases [e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2)] is a critical part of the climate system and a major factor in the biogeochemical development of the oceans. More accurate and higher-resolution calculations of these gas fluxes are required if researchers are to fully understand and predict future climate. Satellite Earth observation is able to provide large spatial-scale datasets that can be used to study gas fluxes. However, the large storage requirements needed to host such data can restrict its use by the scientific community. Fortunately, the development of cloud computing can provide a solution. This paper describes an open-source air–sea CO2 flux processing toolbox called the “FluxEngine,” designed for use on a cloud-computing infrastructure. The toolbox allows users to easily generate global and regional air–sea CO2 flux data from model, in situ, and Earth observation data, and its air–sea gas flux calculation is user configurable. Its current installation on...

The Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) has made millions of global underway sea surface measurements of CO 2 publicly available, all in a uniform format and presented as fugacity, f CO2 . However, these f CO2 values are valid strictly only for the instantaneous temperature at measurement and are not ideal for climatology. We recomputed these f CO2 values for the measurement month to be applicable to climatological sea surface temperatures, extrapolated to reference year 2010. The data were then spatially interpolated on a 1°×1° grid of the global oceans to produce 12 monthly f CO2 distributions. Our climatology data will be shared with the science community.

In Indonesia, sea sand mining was introduced in the late 1970s, and one of the sites is Banten Province, Indonesia. Sea sand mining in Banten waters began in 2003 after the issuance of a permit by the Regent of Serang Regency, namely Decree No. 540/Kep.68/Huk/2003, which was updated by the Regional Regulation of Serang Regency No. 2 of 2013 on the Zoning Plan for Coastal and Small Island Areas in Serang Regency for 2013-2033. Studies related to marine sand mining in Banten, Indonesia are required in accordance with the principle of ecosystem sustainability. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of sea sand mining on the ecological quality of coral reefs and hydro-oceanographic hue on Tunda Island. The survey method was used to determine the coral reef cover, while the hydrodynamic aspects were carried out by simulating bathymetric data, tidal and wave patterns. In addition, a simulation of sediment distribution was performed to determine the effects of sea sand mining...

The annual cycle of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is a key tracer of net community production and carbon export in the upper ocean (Gruber et al., 1998; Keeling et al., 2004). In particular, the DIC concentration is much less sensitive to air-sea gas exchange, when compared to oxygen, another key tracer of upper ocean metabolism. However, the annual DIC cycle is observed with a seasonal resolution at only a few time-series stations in the open ocean. Here, we consider the annual carbon cycle that has been observed using profiling floats equipped with pH sensors. In addition to pH, a second carbon system parameter is required to compute DIC. Total alkalinity (AT) can be derived from the float observations of temperature, salinity and oxygen using equations in these variables that are fitted to shipboard observations of alkalinity obtained in the global repeat hydrography programs (e.g., Juranek et al., 2011), as the relationships should be stable in time in the open ocean. Profili...

A recent analysis of full water column hydrographic data revealed a pH-dependent discrepancy between spectrophotometrically measured pH using purified meta-cresol purple and pH calculated from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA). The discrepancy (pH spec -pH TA,DIC ) is approximately -0.018 and 0.014 at pH 7.4 and 8.2, respectively. This discrepancy has a wide range of implications for marine inorganic carbon measurements, such as establishing robust calibration protocols for pH sensors operating on profiling floats. Here, we conducted a series of lab based experiments to assess the magnitude of pH-dependent errors for spectrophotometric pH measurements in seawater by directly comparing its performance to pH measured by an Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) pH sensor known to have Nernstian behavior. Natural seawater was titrated with high CO 2 seawater while simultaneously measuring pH using spectrophotometry and an ISFET sensor over a large range in pH (7-8.5) and temperature (5-30 °C). The two pH measurements were consistent to better than ± 0.003 (range) at all temperatures except at 5 and 10 °C and very low and high pH, where discrepancies were as large as ± 0.005. These results demonstrate that pH-dependent errors in spectrophotometric pH measurements can be rejected as the cause of the pH-dependent discrepancy between pH spec and pH TA,DIC . The cause of this discrepancy is thus likely due to our incomplete understanding of the marine inorganic carbon model that could include errors in thermodynamic constants, concentrations of major ions in seawater, systematic biases in measurements of TA or DIC, or contributions of organic compounds that are not accounted for in the definition of total alkalinity. This should be a research priority for the inorganic carbon community.