Skeletal Biology

Background: The anatomical arrangement of the structures in and around the gastrocnemius has clinical significance, particularly in understanding surgical and pathological conditions involving the popliteal fossa.
Case Description: The present case was reported during the routine dissection of the popliteal fossa in a 50-year-old male cadaver. An extra head of the gastrocnemius was observed on the right popliteal fossa. This additional head extended across the fossa from the lateral to the medial side. Further exploration of the contents of the fossa revealed a very low division of the sciatic nerve. The neurovascular bundle, including the popliteal artery, popliteal vein, and tibial nerve, was found entrapped between the medial head and the third head of the gastrocnemius.
Conclusion: Since the literature has recorded very few cases of third head gastrocnemius and popliteal artery entrapment syndromes, this study may help increase awareness of the anatomical variations of the gastrocnemius and the related structures involved.

In the field of wrestling only few skill tests were available to evaluate the skill performance of wrestlers. So researcher has undertaken the study "Development of free style wrestling for junior boys". The purpose of the study was to development of free style wrestling skill test for selection, evaluation and assessment of performance of wrestlers, the normative study was conducted under descriptive research. The study was confined to age group 18 to 19 years' school level male free style wrestlers from Punjab. The researcher used purposive random sampling method. Standard procedures were followed to conduct this research project. The researcher followed step-wise method of construction and establishing standard norms. Researcher analyzed important basic skills used by school level wrestlers of age group 18 to 19 years with help the experts from wrestling field. The newly designed skill test was administered on school level male wrestlers of age group 18 to 19 years from various wrestling club, different schools and practice houses in Punjab and test was revised. After the modification the test was finalized and changes were made after pilot study. Validity, Reliability and Objectivity were established by following procedure given in various books of tests, measurement and evaluation. The data, which was collected by administering tests, was statistically treated to develop norms for all the test items. The normative scales, namely, the Percentile Scale and 7 Sigma Scale were constructed for the male wrestlers of state and national level. The norms were constructed by using Percentile and 7 Sigma Scale techniques analyzed through statistical packages, the scores were further classified into five grades i.e. Excellent, Good, Average, Fair, Poor under Normal Distribution.

Fractures are ubiquitous in the archaeological record but the majority of these are the consequence of a traumatic incident and do not reflect any loss of strength inherent to the bone. So-called fragility fractures, particularly hip fractures, are considered uncommon occurrences in skeletal populations from the past. Nevertheless, evidence of this type of fracture in the archaeological record is increasing. A methodical search for possible hip fractures in the excavation reports, theses and monographs housed in the Department of Anthropology of the University of Coimbra presented an occasion to describe six hip fractures, previously unpublished, from different Portuguese archaeological sites and to challenge the widespread assumption that hip fractures were nearly non-existent in the past.

This chapter builds on the previous chapter by Kristin Kuckelman (chapter 4, this volume) that describes what she suggests is ritualized modification of corpses that occurred in the San Juan region in the late thirteenth century. She links commingled, fragmentary, and partially burned deposits of human bone with particular locations within sites known to be ritual and sacred spaces. This linking of bone processing with ritual and symbolism has many implications for how corpse fragmentation can be better understood. While Kuckelman's study provides an in-depth analysis of temporally and spatially distinctive assemblages in the ancient Southwest, this study takes a broader view, looking at context, treatment, and disposition of human remains across multiple time periods for the whole region (figure 5.1).

1600-talet är en viktig del av Sveriges historia, inte minst Skånes historia. Århundradet inkluderade en mängd krig mellan Danmark och Sverige. Freden vid Roskilde 1658 resulterade i att Sverige erövrade flera danska områden, inkluderat Skåne. På 1670-talet blev det krig återigen mellan de två länderna då Danmark strävade efter att återta sina tidigare förlorade
områden. Befolkningen i Skåne var i konstant rädsla över att bli plundrade av både de danska soldaterna och de svenska. I ett försök att förhindra plundring av deras familjs värdesaker valde många att gräva ner sina skatter. Tvillingskatten i Ausås socken i Skåne var troligen en del av
denna krigsförberedelse. En del av tvillingskatten hittades 1972, den andra skatten påträffades inte förens 1999. De båda hittades på en gård som utförde anläggningsarbeten. Mest troligen var det en bonde som gömde sin skatt på sin mark, skatten grävdes dock aldrig upp igen då bonden med störst sannolikhet avled.

Kemik ve iskeletler arkeolojik çalışmalarda toplum ve birey açısından birtakım bilgilere ulaşma noktasında önem arz etmektedirler. Kemik üzerindeki deformasyonlar ve dönüşümler kazalar, hastalıklar, doğuştan gelen anomaliler, travmatik yaralanmalar, tedaviler, kasıtlı yapılan şekillendirmeler, ritüel amacı taşıyan eylemler gibi çeşitli sebepler dolayısıyla oluşmaktadır. Yapılma amacı ya da deformasyonun sebebi ne olursa olsun toplumun yaşam tarzı ve kültürüne dair ipucu niteliğindedirler. Bu bağlamda kemikler yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda da önemli bir yere sahiptirler. Kemik üzerindeki değişimler kasıtlı ve kasıtlı olmayan değişimler olarak iki ana başlık altında değerlendirilmektedir. Kasıtlı olmayan kemik deformasyonları kemik üzerinde kişinin günlük yaşamındaki fiziksel aktivitelerinin, yaralanmaların ya da çeşitli hastalıkların yarattığı deformasyonları oluşturmaktadır. Bu tür deformasyonlar herhangi bir topluma ya da coğrafyaya özgü olmayan, her toplulukta farklı türlerinin görülebileceği deformasyonlardır. İskelet üzerinde mevcut olduğu kısımlar ve görülme sıklığı açısından bilgi verme noktasında önemlidirler. Kasıtlı deformasyonlar ya da dönüşümler ise birtakım amaçlarla yapılan uygulamalardır. Bu tür uygulamaların tıbbi tedavi amacıyla ya da ritüeller sırasında yapılan uygulamalar sonucunda, oluşması kasıtlı olmayan deformasyonlar ile aralarındaki en belirgin özelliklerdendir. Bilinçli olarak yapılan şekillendirme işleminde deformasyonun kalıcılığını sağlamak için bazı uygulamalar gerçekleştirilir. Kafatası üzerinde yapılan uygulamalar kasıtlı kemik değişiminin büyük bir kısmını oluştururlar. Kasıtlı kemik değişiminin ilk türü kafatasının şekillendirilmesi usulüne dayanır. Bu uygulamada kafatasının bandaj, tahta, bez gibi nesneler kullanılarak geri döndürülemez biçimde şekillendirilmesi esastır. Kasıtlı kafatası deformasyonunun bir diğer örneği ise trepanasyondur. Bu uygulama tedavi amacıyla yapılan cerrahi işlem olmasının yanı sıra ritüel amacı taşıyan sembolik bir işlem de olduğu kabul edilir. Kasıtlı kafatası (cranial) şekillendirme geleneği ve trepanasyon tarihi süreç içerisinde birçok toplum tarafından değişik amaçlarla uygulanmış bir gelenektir. Türkistan sahasında da varlığını bildiğimiz bu gelenek Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasında yaşayan Türk kağanlıkları tarafından da uygulanmıştır. Kemik üzerinde yapılan patolojik analizler kemik üzerindeki deformasyonların türlerine ve oluş şekillerine dair net bir görüş sağlayamasa da öngörü yapmaya olanak tanımaktadır. Bu bağlamda günümüzden yüzyıllar öncesi dönemin koşullarına dair yorum yapmayı sağlayan bu durum yüzyıllar boyu Doğu Avrupa coğrafyasına hâkimiyet kurmuş Türkler için de geçerlidir. Çalışmamızda kasıtlı ya da kasıtsız fark etmeksizin kemik üzerinde mevcut olan deformasyonlara ve değişimlere dair bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktayız. Ayrıca bu deformasyonların ve değişimlerin neler olduğu, hangi sebeplerle yapılmış olduğu, hangi uygulamalarla gerçekleştirilmiş olabileceğini, Doğu Avrupa'daki Türk kağanlıklarındaki örneklerini arkeolojik buluntular üzerinden vermeye çalışacağız. Öte yandan kasıtlı olmayan deformasyonların kemikler üzerinde yoğunlaştığı bölgeleri dikkate alarak Doğu Avrupa Türklerinin gündelik yaşamları, fizikî davranışları, sahip oldukları hastalıkları, travmatik durumlarının tespiti de çalışmamızın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Kasıtlı dönüşüm ve deformasyonlarda ise özellikle kafatası şekillendirme geleneği ve trepanasyonların Doğu Avrupa Türk tarihindeki örnekleri, kültürel izleri de arkeolojik buluntular üzerinden verilecektir. Bu bağlamda kemik üzerindeki kasıtlı olmayan ya da kasıtlı deformasyonların/dönüşümlerin arkeolojik imza olarak Türklerdeki varlığının bir bütün halinde ele alınması önem arz etmektedir.

Background: Femoral sulcus angle is particularly important in clinical evaluation of patellofemoral joint. Individuals show considerable differences in asymmetrical dimensions of the femur. Objectives: To determine the size of femoral sulcus angles in adult black Malawians using the skeletal collection in the department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and assess their gender differences; to compare femoral sulcus angles of Malawians with other ethnic groups. Methods: A cross sectional study was done in which femoral sulcus angles of dry bones were measured using a goniometer. Results: There is no significant difference in the mean sulcus angles between right and left femora in males (p=0.8100) and females (p=0.0742); between all males combined and females combined (p=0.8845). There is a significant difference in the mean between all left femora combined and all right femora combined (p=0.0260). This study has provided the mean size of the femoral sulcus angle of adult Malawians. These findings suggest that the size of the sulcus angle cannot determine gender among adult black Malawians suggesting the interpretation that femora asymmetric dimensions are population specific, which should be considered in the patellofemoral joint evaluation.

Abstract:
This research explores sex estimation standards used in forensic anthropology in an effort to further the conversation about forensic anthropology's binary-focused language and methods. Discussions regarding sex estimation methodology are important in light of gender variance in the general population. Presently, there is minimal published research on the identification of gender non-conforming individuals in forensic anthropology.
Two researchers individually assigned scores to features associated with sexual dimorphism in the os coxae according to existing methods for 253 individuals, equally represented by self- reported males and females. These data were statistically analyzed for correlation and overlap between features.
Results mainly point to a high degree of variation among individuals, especially biological males who tended to be represented across most of the possible score values for a given feature.
Females showed markedly less variation, likely due to evolutionary constraints on os coxa morphology associated with the ability to give birth.
This variation establishes a need for revised methods for sex estimation, to account for a spectrum of gender variance, especially as it may relate to marginalized non-binary, transgender, and intersex individuals.

Lay Summary:
Forensic anthropology aims to positively identify an individual from their skeletal remains. Forensic anthropologists can accomplish this by identifying various characteristics such as sex, ancestry, age, etc. The estimation of sex, in particular, is predicated on the basis of a sex binary which becomes less descriptive and useful overtime as our societal understandings of sex and gender progress. This research examines sex estimation practices with acknowledgement to the prevalence of gender variance (i.e. any gender expression that falls outside of cultural gender norms). This research explores sex estimation in a broad sense, emphasizing human variability and overlap between self-ascribed male and female categories with discussion of possible confounding variables to sex estimation (e.g. body size and age). This variability-- which is especially pronounced in biological males-- introduces some questionability to the binary focus of current sex estimation standards' and encourages the development of more inclusive methods.

The vertebral column of barking deer was comprised of 35 segments. The supraspinous process of atlas was represented by a raised tubercle separated by a prominent ridge. Axis had wider dens. The third cervical vertebra had crest like supraspinous process which increased posteriorly. The 4 th , 5 th , 6 th and 7 th cervical vertebrae were characterized by the presence of a tubercle midway along the outer margin of the bony plate.The body of 13 th thoracic vertebra was longer and constricted in the middle with strongly curved anterior and posterior extremities. The elongated plate like transverse processes of 6 th lumbar vertebra were flattened dorsoventrally and projected downward and forward. The fusion of completely fused five sacral vertebrae had two dorsal and four ventral sacral foramina.

Objective: To evaluate a case of elongated styloid processes in an individual from a Byzantine burial.
Materials: One well preserved adult human skeleton dated to the 7th-9th centuries buried within the church of Constantine-Helena near Nigde in the Cappadocia region of Anatolia.
Methods: Macroscopic and metric analysis using a digital sliding calliper, enhanced and complemented by a Multi-Detector Computer Tomography scan of the cranium.
Results: Individual was estimated to be an old adult male. Total lengths of the left styloid process were 79.0 mm using a calliper and 78.7 mm based on computerised digital measurement. The right styloid process measured 73.0 mm using a calliper and 75.5 mm based on computerised digital measurement.
Conclusions: Bilateral elongation of the styloid processes and Eagle's syndrome were confirmed based on the lengths of the styloid processes greater than the normal range. The most consistent aetiology of the condition in this instance is anatomic variance. Significance: Recognising the presence of Eagle Syndrome in the past provides insight into population dynamics and potentially the evolution of this condition. Limitations: Only a single individual was evaluated without aDNA analysis. Suggestions for further research: Further analysis and review of skeletal populations, using standardised methods and modern imaging techniques, to identify this condition geographically and chronologically.

Kemik doku destek, koruma gibi farkli gorevlere sahip olmasiyla birlikte, dislerin mina ve dentin katmanlarindan sonra vucudun en sert dokusudur. Bu doku ayni zamanda iskelet kaslarinin islevini yerine getirmesini saglayarak vucut hareketlerini de olusturur. Kemik doku ve kemiklesmenin bazi hormon, mineral (Kalsiyum, Fosfor), beslenme sekli ve genetik faktorlere bagli olarak yenilenme veya yeniden sekillenme gibi degisimler gosterdigi bildirilmistir. Sonuc olarak bu derlemenin amaci kemik doku ve kemiklesmenin onemi hakkinda guncel bilgileri arastirmacilarin dikkatine sunmaktir.

Kritisches Denken" -ist das neu oder kann das weg? Dazu auch Eggert (2006). Archäologie: Grundzüge einer Historischen Kulturwissenschaft, 204 -211. Wenn hier und im Folgenden vielfach auf Schriften von Manfred K. H. Eggert verwiesen wird, dann geschieht dies auch in dankbarer Verbundenheit zu meinem akademischen Lehrer während meiner eigenen Hamburger Studienzeit und später weit darüber hinaus. Tatsächlich ist eine gedankliche Auseinandersetzung mit den Grundlagen unseres Faches nicht möglich, ohne die Vielzahl von kritischen Aufsätzen Eggerts dabei zu berücksichtigen und diese wenigstens exemplarisch zu zitieren. 2 Da Fach und Studiengang an der Universität Hamburg verkürzt "Vor-und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie" heißen, wird im Folgenden diese Bezeichnung bzw. das Siegel VFGA verwendet. Auch die Verwendung der Kurzform "Prähistorische Archäologie" zur Abgrenzung vom Nachbarfach der "Klassischen Archäologie" ist verbreitet, würde die frühgeschichtlichen und jüngeren Epochen als wichtige Bestandteile des Faches in Hamburg jedoch nicht angemessen berücksichtigen.

Género, violencia y vida cotidiana en un grupo de individuos sepultados en la Ciudad de México, siglos XVIII y XIX Gender, violence and daily life, in a group of individuals buried in Mexico City, 18th and 19th centuries resumen El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo la desigualdad de género entre hombres y mujeres generó impactos diferenciales en sus vidas cotidianas, que pudieron ser observados en las huellas de algunos esqueletos, dejando evidencias derivadas de las actividades o de la violencia que estos individuos vivieron en la ciudad de México durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. La metodología se basó en un análisis de corte mixto, retomando la microhistoria y el enfoque biocultural, a partir del análisis de traumas que se observaron en un grupo de individuos sepultados en los cementerios de San Andrés y Santa Paula. Los resultados apuntan a un mayor número de casos en hombres, lo cual puede ser causa de los roles sociales que desempeñaban en sus espacios, exponiéndolos a mayores riesgos.

Ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda Significant Caries Index uygulamasının çürük riski üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Birey ve Yöntem: Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören 90 birey (14-16 yaĢ) bu çalıĢma kapsamında değerlendirildi. Bütün hastalar 0,018 inç slot preadjusted sabit ortodontik apareyler ile tedavi edildi. Bireyler tedavi baĢlangıcında (T1) ve tedavi bitiminde (T2) beyaz nokta lezyonu görülme sıklığının tespiti amacıyla Gorelick indeksine göre klinikte muayene edildi. Her birey için T1 ve T2 de DMFT (Çürük, Dolgulu ve Eksik DiĢ Sayısı) indeksi değeri hesaplandı. DMFT indeksi değerlendirmesinde klinik muayenede Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) kriterleri ve bitewing radyograflar kullanıldı. Tüm kayıtların alınmasından sonra bireyler baĢlangıç Significant Caries Index değerine göre 3 risk grubuna (G1,G2,G3) ayrıldı. Bulgular: ÇalıĢmayı tamamlayan 72 hastanın (38 kız, 34 erkek) yaĢ ortalaması T1'de 14,7±1,63 olarak bulundu. DMFT ortalaması 3,18 olarak bulunurken, Significant Caries Index değerinin 5,00 olduğu görüldü. Tedavi sürecinde ortalama DMFT artıĢı 0,14 olarak bulundu. T1'de beyaz nokta lezyonu görülme sıklığının %16,6 olduğu, T2' de %59,6 olduğu görüldü. Beyaz nokta lezyonu görülme insidansı %40 olarak bulundu. Significant Caries Index uygulamasına göre oluĢturulan risk grupları arasında DMFT artıĢı, beyaz nokta lezyonu oluĢumu ve Ģiddeti açısından anlamlı fark olmadığı görüldü (p>0,05). Sonuç: Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören bireylerde Significant Caries Index uygulamasının bireylerin DMFT indeksi değiĢimi ve beyaz nokta lezyonu oluĢumu üzerine belirleyici bir rol oynamadığı bulunmuĢtur.

Check out our paper on "Skeleton of domestic animals-pectoral limb," where we break down the basics of veterinary osteology for first-year BVSc and DVM students. We hope it serves as a helpful resource for those starting their journey in veterinary medicine!​

Claws are involved in a number of behaviours including locomotion and prey capture, and as a result animals evolve claw morphologies that enable these functions. Past authors have found geometry of the keratinous sheath of the claw to correlate with mode of life for extant birds and squamates; this relationship has frequently been cited to infer lifestyles for Mesozoic theropods including Archaeopteryx. However, many fossil claws lack keratinous sheaths and thus cannot be analysed using current methods. As the ungual phalanx within the claw is more commonly preserved in the fossil record, geometry of this bone may provide a more useful metric for paleontological analysis. In this study, ungual bones of 108 birds and 5 squamates were imaged using X-ray techniques and a relationship was found between curvatures of the ungual bone within the claw of pedal digit III and four modes of life; ground-dwelling, perching, predatory, and scansorial; using linear discriminant analysis with weighted accuracy equal to 0.79. Our model predicts arboreal lifestyles for Archaeopteryx and Microraptor and a predatory ecology for Confuciusornis. These findings demonstrate the utility of our model in answering questions of palaeoecology, the theropod-bird transition, and the evolution of avian flight. Though the metric exhibits a strong correlation with lifestyle, morphospaces for PD-III curvatures overlap and so this metric should be considered alongside additional evidence

Inconsistency in scoring orbital roof lesions results primarily from a discrepancy in perceived lesion severity. However, severity analysis introduces observer inconsistency and bias, which this new classification system seeks to remedy. In particular, there is a discrepancy in perceived lesion severity of Type 2 and 3 outlined in Stuart-Macadam 1991[1]. Orbit size greatly affects the interpretation of Type 2 and 3 lesions, as identically sized lesions will appear larger in smaller orbits and vice versa. Differences in orbit sizes are most closely linked to age, as younger individuals will have smaller orbital roof surfaces. To remove severity bias and reduce the impact of age on lesion analysis, the authors combined lesion Types 2 and 3. This resulted in decreased interobserver error.

Interobserver error test results from Medieval (Late 10th – mid-16th c CE) Fishergate House, York, UK (N=60), Medieval (Early 10th – early 16th c CE) Tjærby, Denmark (N=30), and Medieval Aalborg, Denmark (N=36) verified that distinguishing between lesion types 2 and 3 produced the highest discrepancy. By combining Types 2 and 3 into a single lesion type, interobserver error for the Danish populations improved from 65% to a 70% correlation between two bioarchaeologists with dissimilar research backgrounds. Combining lesion types for Fishergate House, York resulted in an improvement from 68.5% to 79.0% when using two researchers familiar with metabolic disease and orbital lesion analysis.

Due to the encouraging results, the authors propose a new lesion classification. The new classification chart modifies the lesion types outlined by Stuart-Macadam[1], providing further clarity for lesion appearance and differential diagnoses.


[1] Stuart-Macadam, P. (1991). Anemia in Roman Britain: Poundbury Camp. In Bush, H. and Zvelebil, M. (eds.). Health in past societies: Biocultural interpretations of human skeletal remains in archaeological contexts. Oxford, UK: BAR.

The paper presents a detailed gross anatomical description of the elements of
the pelvic limb in the African green monkey and provides comparative and differential
elements on pelvic limb monkey osteology. The osteometric investigation adds value
to the gross morphological and radiological investigation, adjoining metric data to the
gross descriptive data set. The main methodology used was the gross morphological
investigation, doubled by regular osteometrical and radiographical assessments. For each
of the elements, several morphological aspects are described, pointing to the specific and
differential aspects that might serve as landmarks in the specific diagnosis of different
adaptative changes, related to the type of locomotion. For the pelvis, the aspect of the
symphysis, the overall shape of the pelvic inlet, the iliac wing aspect and the acetabular
shape are listed as significant elements. The femur has a spherical head with an inferior
position of the femoral fovea and a well-developed (tall) greater trochanter, lacking the
third trochanter. The medial condyle of the femur is better developed than the lateral
one and an evident extensor’s fossa is noted at the level of the distal shaft. The proximal
lateral condyloid surface in the tibia is slightly larger than the medial one, with noticeable
intercondilar eminences. The fibula is long and unfused with the tibia. Some specific
anatomical features are listed only for the talus and calcaneus from tarsals. The study
revealed the presence of the gastrocnemius sesamoid bones and the proximal sesamoidi
bones as well. Investigation presents a series of osteometrical data with an attempt to show
some basic metrical differences among the investigated specimens.

Diabetes is a public health problem affected pregnant rats associated with
developmental defects of their growing fetuses and histopathological abnormalities of their
body organs. The traditional application of phytotherapy encourages author to develop the
more safety plants which exerts antidiabetic activity and improve the histological structure.
The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of lesions induced in liver, kidney, heart
and lingual mucosa of 18-day old fetuses of diabetic mother. Also, how can cinnamon-extract
supplementation exert antiapoptic activity and improved the histological picture during in
utero treatment. Twenty pregnant rats were used in the present work. They were categorized
into four groups (n = 5); control, cinnamon extract group, diabetes, diabetes and cinnamon
supplementation. Diabetes was developed by single i.p. administration of streptozotocin (60
mg/kg in citrate buffer pH 4.5 plus 100mg/kg nicotinamide). Cinnamon watery extract (300mg/
kg body weight) was daily orally administrered from 6th day of gestation until 18th day of
gestation. At the end of treatment, the mother was sacrificed, and their fetuses were removed
and liver, kidney, heart and tongue were dissected and preserved in 10% phosphate buffered
formalin pH 7.4. Also, immunohistochemistry of caspase 3 and P53 were carried out. At 18th
day of gestation, maternal blood glucose levels were monitored in the investigated groups. The
present findings revealed that diabetes induced damage of hepatocytes, deformation of renal
tubules and renal corpuscles, fragility of myocardial muscles and damage of epithelium lining
the lingual mucosa and retarded the differentiation of lingual papillae especially fungiform
papillae. Increase average of apoptic cells were detected in the examined tissues of diabetic
mother. Cinnamon-treatment reduced the incidence of apoptosis and improved the histological
picture of liver, kidney, heart and tongue of fetuses maternally diabetic compared to the control.
Image analysis revealed overexpression of immunohistochemical reaction of caspase 3 in liver,
kidney and heart as well as caspase 3 and p53 in heart of fetuses of diabetic mother compared
to those of diabetic mother supplemented cinnamon extract and control. The authors finally
concluded that cinnamon extract showed a hypoglycaemic activity, reduced the streptozotocin
associated diabetes and ameliorated the fetal liver, kidney, heart and tongue histological and
immunohistochemical picture.
Keywords: Cinnamo

Transitions during prehistoric and historical periods cannot be fully understood as mere adaptations to new economic, subsistence, or production systems. Instead, these shifts are intricately embedded within complex social contexts, involving cross-community relationships, migrations, and the transmission of knowledge, ideas, and technologies. These processes vary significantly across different geographical and chronological settings, shaped by the diverse modes of interaction between distinct population groups.
While bioarchaeological research provides valuable insights into these transitions—often highlighting largescale patterns of human migration, genetic intermixing, and broad demographic shifts, especially in the case of ancient DNA studies—these perspectives do not always align with the detailed, context-specific findings offered by cultural studies. Cultural studies, with their focus on material culture, social identities, and the
nuanced transmission of knowledge and technologies, often reveal more localized and intricate patterns of change. The challenge lies in reconciling these two approaches, as they often operate on differing temporal and spatial scales.
This session aims to foster a critical dialogue between bioarchaeological and cultural perspectives, with the goal to: (i) refine and question the temporal frameworks of these processes; (ii) identify patterns of interaction that may either converge or diverge across disciplines; and (iii) explore the rhythms of contact and exchange, and their effects on human behaviour, social organization, and technological evolution. Through crossdisciplinary discussions, we seek to bridge the gap between bioarchaeological narratives and cultural studies.
We invite contributions from around the world that explore mobility, migration, and interactions among societies undergoing these transitions. Researchers from bioarchaeology, material culture studies, residue analysis, ancient DNA research, and related fields are encouraged to participate. By bringing together diverse perspectives, we hope to deepen our understanding of these transitions and integrate both large-scale and fine-grained views into the broader historical narrative.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Pedodonti Anabilim Dalı Kliniğine ağız-diş muayenesi için başvuran üç-beş yaşları arasındaki çocuklarda gelişimsel mine defektleri (DDE)'nin değerlendirilmesidir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu çalışmada, üç-beş yaş arası toplam 156 çocuğun klinik muayenesi yapılmıştır. Mine defekti görülen çocuklarda klinik incelemeyle defektin hangi tipte olduğu, çocuğun cinsiyeti ve yaşı, hangi dişlerinin etkilendiği hazırlanan forma kaydedilmiştir. Mine defektlerinin tiplerinin belirlenmesinde modifiye DDE İndeksi (Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index-Minenin Modifiye Gelişimsel İndeksi) kullanılmıştır. Defektlerin dişler üzerindeki konumunu belirlemek için Lunt&Law ölçümü kullanılmıştır. Etiyolojik faktörlerin değerlendirilebilmesi için çalışmaya dâhil edilen çocukların ailelerine etiyoloji anket formundaki sorular sorulmuştur. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Çalışma grubumuzdaki çocuklarda DDE'nin görülme sıklığı %13,5 oranında (21 çocukta) bulunmuştur. Yirmi bir çocukta toplam 60 diş etkilenmiştir. Çocukların 7 (%33,3)'sinde en az bir defektli diş bulunmuştur. En çok etkilenen diş üst sol kanin (%38), en az ekilenenler ise alt sağ 2. ve alt sol 1. süt azısıdır (%4,8). Alt sağ ve sol orta kesicide, üst sağ 2. süt azıda, alt sağ 1. ve alt sol 2. süt azıda herhangi bir defekte rastlanmamıştır. S So on nu uç ç: : Etiyolojik bulguların analizlerine göre annenin hamilelik sırasında geçirdiği hastalıklar ile mine defektlerinin görülme sıklığı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Düşük doğum ağırlığının gelişimsel mine defektleri ile ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. A An na ah ht ta ar r K Ke el li im me el le er r: : Diş, geçici; çocuklarda diş bakımı; diş minesi hipoplazisi A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : The aim of this study is to evaluate Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) 3-5 years old patients, who examined with oral and tooth problems in İstanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : In this study clinical examination of 3-5 years a total of 156 children were conducted. In clinic examination of children, enamel defects types, child's gender and age and which tooth has been affected of informations were recorded in form. For identifications of enamel defects types, Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index was used. To determine the ___location of defects on the teeth, Lunt&Law measurment was used. To evaluate the etiological factors families who were enrolled filled the etiologic questionnaire form. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : In our study group the incidence of DDE was found in 13,5% (21 children) of this children. In 21 children, total 60 teeth were affected. At least one tooth was affected in 7 children (33.3%). The maxillary left canine is the most affected tooth (38%), and the least affected are the mandibular right 2nd and mandibular left 1st molar. There is no defect in mandibular right and left lateral incisors, maxillary right 2nd, mandibular right 1st and left 2nd molars has been found. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : According to the etiological analysis, a statistically significant relationship between maternal illnesses during pregnancy with the incidence of enamel defects was found. Children with a history of very low birthweight had a greater frequency of enamel defects in primary teeth.

Hypotheses about the evolution of multi-trait organismal features often encounter trade-offs between the precision and historical relevance of tests performed in actualistic contexts. That is, highly precise tests aimed at discriminating between competing hypotheses often incur a risk of explanatory misalignment with the historical phenomenon they target. We illustrate this via a discussion of the evolution of childhood. We argue childhood is a trait complex, consisting of multiple, diverse components: patterns of growth, feeding strategies, staggered skill acquisition, and social dependence. The potential of their independent evolution bears important consequences for the evolutionary significance of tests probing the adaptive benefits of childhood in contemporary foraging communities. Via ‘isolation-testing’ such investigations aim for precision at the cost of historical relevance in a potentially serious way. We suggest that integrative investigations relying on the timing and context of components' evolution, emphasizing historical relevance, frame evolutionary hypotheses more reliably than the emphasis on precise tests currently common, thus bearing a higher explanatory potential.

osteomyelitis is frequently reported in turtles, lizards and snakes and Salmonellae are increasingly reported as the causative organism. however, very little is known of this disease occurring in crocodilians. crocodilians are shy, robust animals and often hide clinical symptoms, especially when submerged in water. Knowledge of disease in crocodilians is important, especially in zoos and farms where they are often kept in high densities. here we report the first known case of trunk vertebrae osteomyelitis in the order Crocodilia. A six year old, captive raised spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) was admitted for veterinary examination after developing a postural abnormality in the vertebral region, including spinal curvature and dorsal indentation. radiographic and computed tomographic studies showed muscle wastage and multifocal vertebral osteolytic changes suggestive of osteomyelitis. the caiman was euthanized and post-mortem examination revealed coelomic serosanguinous effusion...

Documented skeletal collections are the backbone of forensic anthropology due to their associated biohistories. This paper describes the identified skeletal collections and their relevance in forensic anthropological research, education and training in the US. The establishment of documented skeletal collections in the US can be distinguished into two modus operandi, depending on the stance towards the dead, legislation, and medical and forensic practices. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anatomists amassed skeletons from cadaver dissections, shaped by European influences. Those skeletons compose the anatomical collections-such as the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collectionpredominantly representing impoverished and unclaimed individuals. Ethical concerns for the curation and research of African American skeletons without family consent are growing in the US. In contrast, since the 1980s, modern documented skeletal collections originated from body donations to human taphonomy facilities, such as the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The establishment and testing of osteological methods essential to establish one's identity-such as age at death and sex-have been developed with skeletons from documented collections. Therefore, the analysis of identified skeletons has been crucial for the development of forensic anthropology in the US.

Tooth enamel and dentine samples from 13 individuals buried in the unmarked 'free ground' colonial section of St Mary's Anglican Cemetery in Adelaide were analysed for oxygen and strontium isotopic composition to assist with the determination of their geographic origin. As the life history of these individuals is not well-documented in the historical record, isotopic data provide important information about migration and mobility in a colonial South Australian population. This was supplemented with further analysis of diet from previously published stable isotope data. While the results are somewhat ambiguous, they suggest that of the 13 individuals in this study, one was probably born in Adelaide, eight in Britain/Ireland, three could have been born in either ___location; one was born elsewhere. This interpretation supplements and supports the results from the analysis of skeletal morphology, microbiomes, and historical records.

Male patient, 49 years old, was admitted to study multiple fractures of ribs, of nontraumatic origin. He had a bone densitometry performed on an outpatient basis with osteoporosis criteria, and a bone biopsy of the fracture site that revealed only healing process. The etiologic study not identified a cause for osteoporosis, establishing the diagnosis of idiopathic male osteoporosis and starting up anti-reabsorptive therapy. Idiopathic male osteoporosis usually occurs in middle-aged men who present with fractures or back pain from non-traumatic causes and which is not an etiology that justifies.

Nysa ad Maeandrum is located in today's Sultanhisar district in Aydın province in Turkey and inhabited from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine Period. Graves dated to Byzantine Period were encountered on Street 8B, which was unearthed during the excavations carried out in 2022. A total of 11 individuals were found out of the 8 graves that were unearthed. In the study conducted on skeletal remains, after obtaining the demographics of the individuals, some data on their health structures, epigenetic characteristics and lifestyles have been obtained. In the study, epigenetic characters such as extra ossicles and Inca bone ossicles on the skull were encountered. In addition to pathological formations such as periosteal reactions, porotic structures, Schmorl's nodes, and Harris lines on some bones of individuals, and dental diseases such as hypoplasia, caries, and abrasion have been encountered. Also, cultural deformations were detected on the skull of a child and on the teeth of a female individual.

This paper explores the similarities and differences in the locomotion muscles of horses and dogs, highlighting the impact of domestication and breeding on muscle anatomy, movement patterns, and behaviors. Through a comparative analysis of muscle structure and function, it is evident that these animals have adapted to their environment, lifestyle, and roles in human society in unique ways. For instance, horses have developed larger gluteal muscles for weight support during galloping, while dogs have stronger shoulder muscles for turning and acceleration.

Lack of evidence has been the major obstacle to understanding trends and differences in human welfare over the millennia. This paper explains and applies methods that are obscure to most academics and essentially unknown to the general public. A millennial perspective is best obtained from skeletal remains, which depict not only childhood health conditions but also processes of degeneration that accompany aging and strenuous physical effort. Compiled into an index of health, data from 65 localities as part of a large collaborative project on the Western Hemisphere reveal a long-term decline in health in pre-Columbian America, a trend driven by population movements into less healthy ecological environments. The approach can shed light prime movers of long-run economic growth, human adaptation to climate change, and the effects of geographic conditions on social performance.

Identification of a decedent is one of the primary goals of forensic anthropologists. In order to do this, one must build a biological profile based on the remains that are provided. Sex, age, ancestry, and stature are four of the most common, however a fifth addition piece of information that could be beneficial is body mass. The goal of this research is to explore the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body mass, using data collected from dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans of 107 collegiate football athletes. Athletes are a good fit for this study because they have achieved or almost achieved their peak bone mass by this age, and the weight fluctuations that occur throughout an individual's lifetime have yet to occur. The bone mineral density values were analyzed by individual body sections (arms, legs, and pelvis) as well as the total body. The analysis calculated correlations between the different BMD sections and variables such as height, weight, and ancestral background. The results show that there is not a strong relationship between BMD and body mass of young, male, collegiate football players. In European Americans, the sample had a higher correlation of arm BMD to body weight than leg BMD. In contrast in the African American sample they had a higher correlation of leg BMD to body weight. The findings of this study are similar to others using DEXA and other body mass measures in that the estimations are not sufficiently reliable for forensic purposes.

Throughout childhood, adolescence, and into early adulthood, our bones undergo dramatic changes in size, shape, and organization through modeling and remodeling. These processes work in concert to allow the individual to attain and maintain a skeleton that can withstand normal physiological loads.  The quantity and quality of the bone we acquire as children have long-lasting consequences for adult bone structure and function, potentially either protecting or predisposing an individual to bone fragility and increased fracture risk later in life (Proia et al., 2021).  Research has shown how adequate bone accrual during growth is dependent on functional loading (Currey, 1984; Lanyon, 1984; Biewener et al., 1996; Lanyon, 1996, Rizzoli et al., 2010), with genetics also playing a key role in the determination of bone architecture (Bachrach, 2001, Pocock et al., 1987, Heaney et al., 2000). Environmental, nutritional, and metabolic influences are significant factors affecting modeling and remodeling processes as well, resulting in a complex interplay of factors influencing bone accrual that reflects an individual’s life history, and affects bone health through development and as we age.
 
The obvious clinical implications of the complex interplay between mechanics, genetics and environment have spurred extensive research using clinical imaging techniques (Chevalley et al, 2017, Digby et al., 2016, Levine, 2012, Gabel et al., 2018, Mata-Mbemba et al., 2019). Unfortunately, these in-vivo techniques do not allow for the visualization of underlying cellular and histomorphology that directly reflects modeling and remodeling processes. The examination of histomorphology of juvenile skeletal remains from archaeological contexts provides a unique opportunity to shed light on functional adaptation from a life history perspective, to better understand the impact of nutrition, environment, and biocultural factors on bone architecture.  From a bioarchaeological perspective this is important as researchers seek to shed light on the health and lifeways of past populations (Agarwal, 2016). From a modern bone health perspective such studies can not only provide clues about the factors affecting fracture risk, but also about issues that could face populations today due to effects of modern climate change and environmental issues.
 
In this chapter, we will begin with a brief review of the processes of bone modeling and remodeling as well as the genetic and functional determinants of bone architecture that are more extensively reviewed in previous chapters of this volume. We then explore the literature focused on the potential effects that biocultural and environmental stresses can have on these bone growth processes, how such effects can be linked to climate and environmental changes in the past, and why it may be important for our understanding of bone health and adaptation in current and future populations.

C orrea, D.; Gayoso, G. y Chaman, M. (2020). Identificación del consumo vegetal en dos momias chancay (Perú) mediante el estudio del sarro dental. Arnaldoa, 27 (3), 729 -740. *O rtner, D. y Putschar W. (1981). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. *U belaker D. (1989). The estimation of age at death from immature human bone. In: Age markers in the human skeleton, 55-70. Springfield, Illinois.

Riassunto
L’articolo analizza, in una prospettiva diacronica, la storia degli studi nei gessi dell’Emilia-Romagna, compresa tra la fine del XV secolo e il XIX secolo. Ne emerge un quadro complesso e interdisciplinare, al cui interno spiccano i nomi di alcune personalità di grande rilievo nella storia della scienza (Georg Agricola, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Antonio Vallisneri, Lazzaro Spallanzani), sullo sfondo del ruolo, diretto o indiretto, detenuto in questo contesto dall’Università di Bologna, tra le massime istituzioni accademiche europee sino all’Ottocento. Le ricerche più antiche si datano al tardo Quattrocento, facendo dei gessi emiliano-romagnoli i primi affioramenti evaporitici al mondo ad essere stati studiati; analisi e pubblicazioni si sono poi succedute senza soluzione di continuità sino ad oggi.
Parole chiave: Gessi dell’Emilia-Romagna, storia degli studi, storia della scienza, storia dell’archeologia, storia della museologia, rappresentazioni cartografiche storiche del carsismo nei gessi, fotografia storica e gessi.




Abstract
The article analyses, in a diachronic perspective, the history of the studies of Gypsum karst areas in Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy), from its beginnings in the late 15th century to the 19th century. What emerges is a complex and interdisciplinary framework, in which some of the most important figures in the history of science (Georgius Agricola, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Antonio Vallisneri, Lazzaro Spallanzani) stand out against the backdrop of the direct or indirect role played in this context by the University of Bologna, which was one of Europe’s leading academic institutions until the 19th century. The first investigations date back to the late 15th century, so Gypsum zones of the Emilia-Romagna were the first evaporitic outcrops studied in the world; analyses and publications have followed one another without interruption until today.
Keywords: Gypsum Areas of Emilia-Romagna Region, History of Studies, History of Science, History of Archaeology, History of Museums, Historical Cartography and Gypsum Karst, Historical Photography and Gypsum Outcrops.

Invasive or noninvasive treatment is the question patients frequently ask themselves when deciding upon medical procedures. This paper investigates the question by comparing strengths of both options in reducing the skeletal deformity, achondroplasia (Ach), caused by mutation of the FGFR3 gene. The research employs two variables: age and various treatments, to identify which developmental period is most responsive to the prescribed procedures, in diminishing the physical symptoms of Ach. By combining the emerging Ach treatments and contrasting their effects, researchers can branch to new unventured domains of viable alternatives to traditional treatments.

In this study we examined the relationship between fast myosin heavy chain (MyHC2) content in the vastus lateralis and the rate of oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) increase during an incremental exercise in 38, young, healthy men. Prior to the exercise test, muscle biopsies were taken in order to evaluate the MyHC composition. It was found that during cycling performed below the lactate threshold (LT), a positive relationship between MyHC2 and the intercept of the oxygen uptake and power output (VO2-PO) relationship existed (r=0.49, P=0.002), despite no correlation between MyHC2 and the slope value of the VO2-PO relationship (r= -0.18, P=0.29). During cycling performed above the LT, MyHC2 correlated positively with the magnitude of the nonlinearity in the VO2-PO relationship; i.e. with the accumulated VO2'excess' (r=0.44, P=0.006) and peak VO2'excess' (r=0.44, P=0.006), as well as with the slope of the HR-PO relationship (r=0.49, P=0.002). We have concluded that a greater MyHC2 content in the vastus lateralis is accompanied by a higher oxygen cost of cycling during exercise performed below the LT. This seems to be related to the higher energy cost of the non-cross-bridge activities in the muscles possessing a greater proportion of MyHC2 content. In the case of heavy-intensity exercise, a higher MyHC2 content in the vastus lateralis is accompanied by greater non-linearity in the VO2-PO relationship, as well as a steeper increase in HR in the function of an increase of PO. This relationship can be explained by greater disturbances in metabolic stability in type II muscle fibres during exercise, resulting in a decrease of muscle mechanical efficiency and greater increase of heart rate at a given power output. Therefore, MyHC composition has an impact on the oxygen cost of cycling both below and above the LT.

The cemetery population of Isola Sacra dates to the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries AD and consisted of middle class traders and craftsmen as suggested by tomb inscriptions. We present data to show that most of the skeletal remains (humans as well as domestic animals) at the site have become diagenetically contaminated with lead. Analysis of 22 bones from protected monumental tombs, believed to be free of post-mortem changes, shows average lead concentration of 10 μg/g, with the range being 0.87-36 μg/g. The observed bone lead levels are comparable to values that have been reported for many modern urban populations. Calculated average blood lead level was 10 μg/dL (range, 0.89-36 μg/dL) and suggest that exposure to lead was not just restricted to the aristocracy but was pervasive among all social classes of the Roman population. The health risk of the suspected lead exposure dose would have been marginal for the adult population but likely inimical to children. The isotopic composition of the bone lead suggests that the cemetery population obtained their lead from multiple ancient sources. The aim of releasing this report is to encourage further debate and research on the role of lead poisoning in the decline of the ancient Roman Empire

Over the past two centuries there have been documented secular changes in stature, weight, body proportions, and skeletal maturation rates in the United States. These changes along with a more sedentary lifestyle are likely reflected in femur morphology. Here we examine secular changes in diaphyseal cross-sectional size, shape, area, robusticity, and rigidity at midshaft and subtrochanteric of the femur using 395 adult White females and males from the United States born between the 1850s and the 1970s. The effect of secular change was controlled for an age effect. We also examine the relationship between femur length (proxy for stature) and femur head diameter (proxy for body weight) on measurements of diaphyseal size and biomechanical properties. The femur morphology of Americans born in the 20 th century reflects the combination of changes in stature, body build, and activity levels. Both sexes show significant changes in femur midshaft shape due primarily to a decrease in the med...

This study aims to present an unusual example of a rare skeletal pathology known as Eagle Syndrome (ES), or Megastyloid, and to contribute to the fields of Forensic Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Paleoanthropology, Osteoarchaeology, Paleopathology by drawing attention to the importance and potential of bone pathology in anthropological studies. The material of this study consists of 220 human skeletons, 160 male and 60 female, of known Cypriot origin, brought to the Forensic Medicine Unit of Dr. Burhan Nalbantoğlu State Hospital in Nicosia, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, between 2011-2024 for examination. Only a male individual between the ages of 30-35 exhibited bilateral elongated styloid processes, which had a maximum length of 6.52 cm from base to tip, was evaluated as Gigantic Eagle Syndrome. The subject, discussions, and results of this study are important in terms of drawing attention to the high potential of skeletal pathology in forensic and biological examinations.

Osteoporose em bubalinos em relação à idade, à condição clínica animal e ao estado físico-químico ósseo e do cobre hepático Osteoporosis in water buffalo, in relation to age, clinical condition of the animal and physical-chemical bone and hepatic copper status