Tamil Literature

சட்டத்தமிழ் - Legal Tamil - FA2G_FA2H_TA2F_TA2G

Abstract: The Intertwined Threads of Tamil, Law, and Ethics
This syllabus for "Tamil or Standard Tamil or Tamil of the Law" delves into the multifaceted relationship between the classical Tamil language, its evolution as an official language, and its profound connection to ethical and legal principles. Spanning six thematic units, the curriculum aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Tamil's significance in the realm of law and morality.

The initial unit, "Classical Tamil," establishes the linguistic and literary foundations, highlighting the language's antiquity, aesthetic dimensions, and rich literary heritage exemplified by works like Tolkappiyam and the Sangam literature. It underscores Tamil's unique position among classical languages and its global recognition. The second unit, "Tamil as an Official Language," traces the historical journey and contemporary status of Tamil in the legislative assembly, government administration, and the judiciary, including district courts and the burgeoning recognition of Tamil in higher judicial pronouncements. It examines the practical benefits and future prospects of Tamil as an official language, emphasizing its role in making justice accessible.

The third unit, "Law and Ethics in Tamil," explores the deep-rooted ethical framework within Tamil literature, drawing upon the four pillars of Aram (ethics), Porul (wealth), Inbam (pleasure), and Veedu (salvation). It analyzes how ancient texts like Purananuru elevate ethical conduct and examines the interplay between law and literature in shaping notions of justice. The unit further delves into historical and contemporary examples illustrating the enduring significance of ethical principles in governance and justice delivery.

Unit four focuses specifically on "The Ethics, Justice and Administration shown by Thirukkural," considered a seminal work on ethics and statecraft. It dissects the aesthetic beauty and practical wisdom embedded in the Kural, highlighting its guidance on social etiquette, morality, honesty, and justice. Through selected couplets, the unit elucidates key concepts such as purity in action, neutrality, the correction of faults, veracity, and righteous governance, drawing parallels to legal and administrative principles.

The final two units adopt a more practical approach. Unit five, "Important Legal Terms and their Explanation," introduces essential legal vocabulary in both Tamil and English, emphasizing translation skills crucial for navigating legal contexts. Unit six, "Writing Petitions in Tamil," provides models for drafting various legal petitions, including writ petitions, original petitions (civil and criminal), and appeal petitions, equipping learners with the practical ability to engage with the legal system in Tamil.

Collectively, this syllabus underscores the enduring relevance of the Tamil language not only as a classical tongue with a rich literary tradition but also as a vital medium for legal discourse and ethical understanding. By exploring the historical, literary, and practical dimensions, it aims to foster a nuanced appreciation for the integral role of Tamil in the administration of justice and the upholding of ethical values.

This article aims to analyze the paratext elements contained in the book Majmu 'Al-Masa'il. The term paratext is defined as a concept that helps readers interpret the main text of a book except for the body of the text, such as covers, pages, and marginal notes. Majmu 'Al-Masa'il is a book that contains the teachings of fiqh in paratextual analysis. However, this paper does not focus on discussing the teachings of fiqh but only focuses on the interpretation of the marginal notes on the pages of the book. Genette's paratext theory was used to analyze other material found in marginal notes on book pages. Paratext Genette is a theory used in analyzing main texts in philological studies. Keywords— Paratext; Majmu 'Al-Masa’il manuscript for Aceh; Philology Manuscript received 01 Nov. 2020; Revised 27 Feb. 2021; Accepted 28 Mar. 2021

This study explores the social construction of feminine and masculine beauty in Sangam poetry. What are the reasons for the formation and celebration of such imageries in history, why these continued to be followed in the society, and why elements which started just for beautifying the body turned into social custom, are some important questions for us. How the psychological factors especially the emotions shape the idea of beauty in women has also been raised. Finally, does beauty affect the social status, and how disabled people are perceived in society are also issues of consequence.

This document encompasses a compilation of question papers related to the Law of Evidence for the years 2022, 2023, and 2024. It aims to serve as a valuable resource for students and legal practitioners in Tamil Nadu by providing insights into the examination questions covered in this specific field of law. The questions probe various critical topics, including the definition and relevance of expert opinions, the nature of public documents, leading questions, and distinctions between confessions and admissions. Through this archive, readers can enhance their understanding of evidentiary rules and principles, thereby preparing effectively for academic assessments and practical applications in legal settings. The document has been compiled with careful consideration and is intended to benefit the community, fostering a deeper comprehension of the Law of Evidence.

This article talks about the fact that literary influence is an objective law of the development of artistic creativity and the forms of literary influence. Information on internal and external effects is provided. The fact that Abdulla Qadiri was influenced by the works of the Arab writer George Zaydon, and the famous Turkmen writer Khidir Deryayev's novel "The Past Days" by Abdulla Qadiri were analyzed on the basis of the laws of literary influence.

This article talks about the fact that literary influence is an objective law of the development of artistic creativity and the forms of literary influence. Information on internal and external effects is provided. The fact that Abdulla Qadiri was influenced by the works of the Arab writer George Zaydon, and the famous Turkmen writer Khidir Deryayev's novel "The Past Days" by Abdulla Qadiri were analyzed on the basis of the laws of literary influence.

The most significant turning point in the country's regulatory structure in India is the enactment of four critical labor laws designed to simplify and modernize the complex web of existing labor laws. This article provides a detailed analysis of the recently introduced Wage, Social Security, Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions, and Industrial Relations Code. After careful analysis, the article reveals the consequences of these codes for workers' wages, social benefits, working conditions, and labor relations.

ஏழுமலைப்பிள்ளையின் எழுத்துருக்களில் ஓர் ஒருமைப்பாட்டைத் தரிசிக்க முடிகின்றது என்றால் அது போரை எதிர்த்தல் அல்லது வெறுத்தல். அந்த யுத்தமும் பகையும்தான் மனித சமூகத்தைச் சின்னாபின்னமாக்கியிருக்கிறது. அவை புராண இதிகாசக் கதைகளில் இருந்தாலென்ன ஏனைய சிற்றரசு பேரரசுகளின் ஆட்சியில் இருந்தாலென்ன எல்லாமே ஒரே விதமான முடிவைத்தான் கொடுத்திருக்கின்றன. மாவீரத்துடன் போர் புரிந்த பீஷ்மரில் இருந்து மாவீரன் அலெக்சாண்டர் வரையுங்கூட இதுதான் நடந்திருக்கிறது. ஒட்டுமொத்தமாக போர் பற்றிய எழுத்துருப் பிரதிகளின் ஊடாக மானிட சமூகத்திற்கு போரின் ஊடாக ஏற்படும் விளைவுகள் துக்கமும் சிதைவும்தான் என்பதை வெளிப்படுத்துவதோடு அமைதியான வாழ்க்கையும் ஒருவரை மற்றவர் அன்பினாலும் நட்பினாலும் அனுசரித்துப் போகும் வாழ்க்கையுந்தான் வேண்டும் என்பதையும் காட்டியிருக்கிறார்.

The Tibetic languages form a well-defined group of languages descending from Old Tibetan. According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight dialect continua. These Tibetic languages are spoken in Tibet, Gilgit-Baltistan, Ladakh, Aksai Chin, Nepal, and in India at Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Classical Tibetan is the major literary language, particularly for its use in Tibetan Buddhist scriptures and literature.

Folk literature is created by the common people and preserved by them. Vallikannan is a renowned writer, journalist and author of all kinds of literature, his novels Iruttu Raja, Ninaivu charam and Oruveetin Kathi describe the life of Saiva Velalar in Nellai district in a rustic form. Among these games children's games are swinging, playing Tayakkatam, playing by singing and dancing, playing pandi, and playing Kannambuchi. Other common games are folk songs, titling, calling women by their village names, proverbs, folk performances related to religion, celebrating festivals, paying tribute to the village temple during festivals, performing arts, naming, marriage, processions, performing arts programs at weddings. They use figure of speech in their speech. The folk songs, proverbs and local idioms used by the Nellai district people reveals the author's general knowledge and approach to the people. It can be seen that the folk elements found in lullabies, folk tales, songs, stories, fables, myths, proverbs etc are mixed with the character and sentiment of the Tamil people. The article is about the folklore elements found in Vallikannan novels.

The Indian philosopher Thiruvalluvar (also known as Valluvar), who lived approximately 2000 years ago, analyzed all aspects of human life and proposed practical guidelines for a purposeful life in his remarkable book, Thirukkural. His book consists of 130 chapters, each with ten couplets. He has dedicated a chapter to discussing the concept of Truth. According to him, truth is speech that is free from evil. He is pragmatic enough to concede that a false statement can be regarded as truth if it can produce unmitigated benefits. He insists that one should not utter falsehood about something one's conscience knows to be true. He considers truthfulness a supreme virtue and constantly speaking the truth purifies one's mind.

The Indian philosopher Thiruvalluvar (Valluvar for short), who lived about 2000 years ago, has analyzed all aspects of human life and proposed practical guidelines for a purposeful life in his remarkable book Thirukkural. His book consists of 1330 couplets. Out of those 1330 couplets, he has dedicated almost seventy couplets to discuss various aspects of friendship. Valluvar considers good and evil friendships. His idea of a good friendship is very similar to Aristotle's concept of friendship of virtue. Valluvar's ideas regarding evil friendships are very similar to those of Aristotle's ideas on friendship of pleasure and friendship of utility. Valluvar stresses the importance of due diligence before developing a friendship with anyone. He advises that evil friendships should be discontinued as quickly as possible. He also recommends that when enemies pretend to be friends, their friendships should be diplomatically terminated.

This paper offers a short overview of those parts of Classical Tamil grammar that can be counted under Literary theory, viz. Poetics, Prosody and Rhetorics. Tamil grammar traditionally comprises five parts - additionally to those three mentioned, there are Phonology and Morphology&Syntax.
The article is part of a book on Ïndigenous Grammar Across Cultures, edited by Hannes Kniffka in 2001.

Liminality, or the in-between, “neither here, nor there” stage of indeterminacy and transience offers a great potential for alteration and subversion. Originated as an anthropological concept first in the works of ethnographer, Arnold van Gennep and later borrowed and popularized by cultural anthropologist Victor Turner, the scope of the term ‘liminality’ expanded from a mere concept to an approach for understanding the patterns of identity formation via transitions. The present paper focuses on the application of liminality as a theoretical frame to introduce new possible paradigm of meaning-making in the ancient Indian classic the Ramayana.  The present study is an attempt to go beyond the inherent religiosity of the Ramayana and tap into the potential for a literary and critical analysis of its narratology. The ‘tale of Rama’ as a narrative of ‘rites of passage’ ushers the existent social structure into an altered and dynamic liminal space. Using the ‘processual’ framework of liminality, the paper analyses the cultural and mythological universe of Ramayana, tracing the progression of its narrative alongside the liminal journey of its protagonist Rama, whose presence as a ‘master’ allows its various characters to engage with their own unique ‘rites of passage’ and eventually being steered out of their liminality. In this regard, the paper explores the position and function of the ‘master’ performer and distinguishes the often overlapping and incorrectly substituted concepts of ‘marginality’ and ‘liminality’.  The paper, while revisiting the Ramayana, contends for a shift from its ‘only’ emphasized religiosity to the artistic configuration of anthropological experiences.

Key words: Liminality, narratology, transition, marginality, processual subversion

Newar is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Newar people, the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala, which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal. The language is known officially in Nepal as Nepal Bhasa, a name that has been historically used for the language. The term "Newari" is also used to refer to the language, although the Indic-i suffix is considered inappropriate by some Newar speakers.

Ripetuta nelle sinagoghe e nei chiostri, centellinata dagli esegeti, scandagliata dai cabbalisti, vagheggiata dai poeti, la tradizione della sposa mistica, cosí estesa, variegata, lussureggiante, non esisterebbe senza il Cantico dei cantici, che avvolge, nella sua energia, dimensione fisica e simbolismo cosmico. Ma la mistica erotica non si ferma certo al Cantico dei cantici: il tema dell'amplesso fra due coniugi distanti, diseguali, incompatibili, uno in cielo e uno in terra, si fa largo nelle antiche culture orientali, nella filosofia antica, medievale e rinascimentale, e attraversa via via epoche e culture diverse fino ai giorni nostri.
Reverberating in synagogues and cloisters, savored by exegetes, explored by cabbalists, yearned for by poets, the tradition of the mystical bride, so extensive, varied and luxuriant, would not exist without the Song of Songs, which encompasses, in its energy, both physical dimension and cosmic symbolism. But erotic mysticism certainly doesn't stop at the Song of Songs: the theme of the sexual union between two distant, unequal, incompatible spouses, one in heaven and one on earth, makes its way into ancient Eastern cultures, ancient, medieval and Renaissance philosophy, and gradually passes through different eras and cultures up to the present day.

Newar is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Newar people, the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala, which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal. The language is known officially in Nepal as Nepal Bhasa, a name that has been historically used for the language. The term "Newari" is also used to refer to the language, although the Indic-i suffix is considered inappropriate by some Newar speakers.

Manuscript R3507 of the Government Oriental Manuscript Library of Chennai is a remarkable artefact. It contains the hitherto only known copy of a prose version (vacaṉam) of the Bhagavadgītā composed by Kariccaṅkāl Śrīnivāsan, a Śrivaiṣṇava author who translated into Manipravalam a number of Sanskrit texts towards the end of the eighteenth century. As it will emerge from the analysis of a selection of passages from the text, the register of Manipravalam employed by Kariccaṅkāl Śrīnivāsan continues the preceding Śrivaiṣṇava tradition, mixing Sanskrit and Tamil lexemes with Tamil grammatical endings (“Late Tamil Manipravalam”). Syntactically and stylistically it showcases both remarkably long sentences and paratactic prose. Ms GOML R3507 also presents the Gītā as a version of the Bhagavadgītāmālāmantra characterised by an explicit Śrivaiṣṇava flavour that is unknown to other manuscripts from Tamil Nadu. Finally, it also represents an exquisite example of what a luxury South Indian palm-leaf manuscript can look like. Made of over 141 well-cut and proportional Talipot leaves, it is carefully written by one of the best hands of nineteenth-century Tamil Nadu, namely that of Peruṇkāraṇai Rāmānujan: steady, elegant, and able to maintain the labour between Tamil Grantha and Tamil scripts—ostensibly both being required to write in Manipravalam—impeccably distinct.

Aranha, Paolo. “Cattolicità e accomodazione missionaria: Il Simbolo apostolico nella traduzione portoghese di Baltasar da Costa (1661) dello Ñānōpatēcam di Roberto Nobili.” In "Il Simbolo  nella tradizione antica  e nella ricezione moderna", edited by Caterina Celeste Berardi; Biblioteca di Genesis 5 (Firenze: Nerbini International, 2025): 147-68.

Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in parts of India and Nepal. It is native to the Mithila region, which encompasses parts of the eastern Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand as well as Nepal's Koshi and Madhesh Provinces. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the second most commonly spoken language of Nepal It is also one of the fourteen provincial official languages of Nepal.

Tamil Academy II period and History , The Tamili, Tamil Brahmi letters found in Giza pyramid top, Dispilo Tablet, The Kalari weapon found in Hatsheput PUNT expeditions-- the period of Tamili inscriptions, The Pandia kings trade shows the Tholkaapiam, Tamil academy II period was between 1000 BCE to 5000 BCE

In this paper, the frequency of biconsonantal clusters in the Sangam texts is computed using the programming language Python and its library NLTK, specifically made for natural language processing. 1 The Sangam corpora taken for study are the oldest extant literature of Old Tamil. It consists of text corpora like the Eṭṭutokai ('Eight Anthologies') and Pattuppāṭṭu ('Ten Idylls'), which are collections of Old Tamil poems of Akam and Puram genres. For the present study, both the texts of Eṭṭutokai and Pattuppāṭṭu are taken. Eṭṭutokai is an anthology of eight poetic texts, while Pattuppāṭṭu is a compilation of ten texts. Our main aim in this paper is to see what the pattern in the frequencies of biconsonantal clusters is, and to explain the pattern (why is a given cluster pattern more frequent compared to the others?) emerging from Old Tamil grammatical rules. Our paper is one of the first attempts at finding a pattern of frequencies of biconsonantal clusters across all extant Old Tamil texts and then explaining it.

சங்கத்தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் மெய்யொலித் தொடர்களை (consonant clusters) அடையாளங்கண்டு அவற்றின் எண்ணிக்கையைப் அட்டவணையிலிடும் மென்பொருளொன்றை பைத்தானில் எழுதியுள்ளோம். அவ் அட்டவணை பழந்தமிழின் ஒலியன்வருதலை வெளிச்சமிட்டுக் காட்டுகிறது. மொழிமுதல் ஒலிகள், மொழியீற்று ஒலிகள், அசைகள் ஆகியவற்றுடன் மெய்ம்மயக்கம், ஒலியன்வருவியலில் முக்கிய பங்காற்றுகிறது. சங்கத்தமிழின் எட்டுத்தொகை பத்துப்பாட்டு நூல்கள் அனைத்தையும் ஆய்வுக்கு எடுத்துக் கொண்டோம். மெய்ம்மயக்கங்களின் எண்ணிக்கையில் தெளிவாகத் தெரிந்த பாங்கை நிகழ்தகவுக் கோட்பாட்டின்வழி அலசி (probabilistic analysis) அதன்பின்னால் இருக்கக்கூடிய மொழியியற் கூறுகளை இக்கட்டுரையில் தந்துள்ளோம். காட்டாக, எதனால் வல்லொலி இரட்டிக்கிறது அல்லது இனமான மூக்கொலியைத் தொடர்ந்து வருகிறது போன்ற கேள்விகளுக்கான விடைகாண விழைந்துள்ளோம். அளவறி ஒலியியல் (quantitative phonology) முறையில் மெய்ம்மயக்கத்தை ஆய்வுசெய்யும் முதல் முயற்சி இது.

Kharvela had been the greatest king of India ruling many parts of Northern and as well as Southern India registering his victory over other territorial areas. Definitely, Kharavela had connection with the Tamil kings during his reign, as he reportedly defeated the “Confederacy of Dravidian kingdoms” that was threatening his territories, existed for many hundreds of years before him. The reading and interpretation of the Hathigumpha inscription by different scholars varied. The number of years given in Sanskrit were read by them differently as 113, 130, 1300 and so on. However, recently excavated evidences from Orissa take its heritage to Pre-Mauryan period. The pre-Mauryan history of India is very important as the historians have not explained the huge gap between Indus Valley Civilization (IVC 2500-1950 BCE) and the Mauryan period (c.300-150 BCE). Thus, Kharavela comes in the context of study.

Modern Tamil literature traces its lineage to the iconic Tamil poet C. Subramania Bharati (1882–1921), among other foundational figures. Bharati is remembered every year on 11 December, his birth anniversary, to commemorate the day as Bharatiya Bhasha Diwas to promote language harmony in the country. While we recall the poet’s life and compositions, we must remember that there is also a history of reception of Bharati in the intellectual tradition of the twentieth-century Tamilnadu. Bharati was variously referred to as Desiya Kavi (nationalist poet), Vedanta Kavi (vedantic poet), and Maha Kavi (great poet) by different people based on their ideological positions. Among many readings of Bharati, the efforts of literary critics associated with the progressive literary movement in Tamilnadu focused on his social and political message. The progressives reframed criticism to highlight hitherto much- neglected aspects of his poetry and prose, namely, the social reform and socialism on the one hand and his criticism of caste, patriarchy, and authoritarianism on the other. Focusing on the writings and speeches of P. Jeevanandam (1907-1963) and T.M. Chidambara Ragunathan (1923-2001), representative figures of the progressive literary movement in Tamilnadu, this paper attempts to outline their views on Bharati and evaluate the strength and weaknesses of their intervention.

Early man who lived in small groups in caves was afraid of the elements of Nature over which he had no control. They believed there was an omnipotent power. He, out of fear, started worshipping those elements and initially assigned animal forms or imaginary mythical forms to those elements. Each element was represented by a god. Gradually the elements were given human forms and the animals became mounts of those gods. People attached certain attributes to various gods. In due course, the attributes were also considered with reverence or as the respective god himself. Several examples can be mentioned here. For e.g., discus (Chakra), Trident (Trisulam), Conch (Shanku), Battle axe (Parasu), Vajrayudha/Indradwaja, Sri Vatsa, Snake, Peacock, Bull, Lion/Tiger, elephant, mouse et al. These symbols are all looked upon with reverence and devotion.

Abstract:This paper explores the dual nature of the Indus Valley script (IVP) as both a formal and informal language, using evidence from royal inscriptions and trade documentation. By analyzing phonetic structures, grammatical rules, and bidirectional writing, this study confirms that IVP employed distinct registers based on context.

Sanskrit vowels are pronounced very much like Italian vowels, with the exception of the short a which is pronounced like the u in the English word 'but'; long a is pronounced like the a in 'father'. As for the consonants, a reasonable approximation will be obtained by pronouncing c as in 'church',/ as in 'jungle', s as in 'shun', s as in 'sun', and s as something half-way between the other two s's. The aspirated cpnsonants should be pronounced distinctly: th as in goat-herd, ph as in top-hat, gh as in dog-house, dh as in mad-house, bh as in cab-horse. r is a vowel, pronounced mid-way between 'ri' as in 'rivet' and 'er' as in 'father'. * The significance of these marginal numbers will be explained below (pp. 20 ff.).

Learning and Mastering Advanced English Grammar Through Tamil Language Copyright and Disclaimers Document title: "Learning and Mastering Advanced English Grammar Through Tamil Language" While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. Learning and Mastering Advanced English Grammar Through Tamil Language தமிழ் மொழியின் மூலம் மேம்பட்ட ஆங்கில இலக்கணத்தை கற்றல் மற்றும் திறனாற்றல் First Edition. February 17, 2025. This book is dedicated to the citizens of Tamil Nadu who want to learn English. இந்த புத்தகம் மொழிவியல் மற்றும் ஆங்கிலம் கற்க விரும்பும் தமிழ்நாடு குடிமக்களுக்காக அர்ப்பணிக்கப்படுகிறது. By selecting '2 Pages per Sheet and Double-Sided Printing' in your printing settings, you'll be printing four pages per sheet of paper (two pages on each side). Total Pages: 801 Dedications I dedicate this task or work, along with the manuscript, to the internet or archive, without any cost. I dedicate this documentation, my creativity, and organizational skills to Tamil Nadu and the world society. Common Preface Document title: "Learning and Mastering Advanced English Grammar Through Tamil Language" The document titled "Learning and Mastering Advanced English Grammar Through the Tamil Language" was prepared and created by me to enhance the understanding of English grammar and phonetics in an aligned manner. This document represents an organized path of study, consolidating all kinds of information related to grammar. It is very useful for understanding English comprehensively. I believe this document will be particularly beneficial for non-native English learners, especially the citizens of Tamil Nadu, who are keen to learn English in an easy and accessible manner. This document contains a total of 28 chapters, each deeply consolidated and designed to be very useful for learning all nuances of English. Note: Chapters 29 and 30 are not included. To fully understand and gain knowledge of English, it is recommended to learn this document thoroughly. Even if any errors are present in this document, I will rectify them when I have time. I have also uploaded the original manuscript of this document, so you can use it, modify it, and rectify any errors if they are found. I hope this document is particularly beneficial for non-native English learners, especially the citizens of Tamil Nadu, who are keen to learn English in an easy and accessible manner. Rakhesh Jaghadish Lakshmanan. English, English Grammar, Grammar, Tamil Literature, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Studies, Grammar Teaching, Phonetics, Phonetic Transcription, English Education, English language, English Literature, Teaching English as a Second Language, English Language, English Language Teaching, English language teaching, Lesson planning for English language teaching, English language and literature. India.

The plight of migrants and refugees has recently entered people’s
consciousness through the headlines of war-torn Syria and stateless
Rohingya of Myanmar. In India, the massive return of migrants to villages
due to the COVID-19 lockdown exposed the vulnerability of India’s
internal migrants. While this may seem new and shocking, migration,
refugee crises, and movements of people are as old as humanity.

This paper presents a groundbreaking analysis of the Indus Valley script (IVP) through phonetic, morphological, and computational methodologies, confirming its linguistic continuity with Proto-Dravidian and early Sanskrit. The Rose Stone model and computational linguistic verification refute the symbolic hypothesis and establish IVP as a structured economic, administrative, and trade language.

Nandini's role in the novel "Ponniyin Selvan" leaves the readers in awe and inspiration. While reading the novel, one can see her actions as an evil character before our eyes and in our minds. She is regarded as the woman who came to destroy the Chola Empire. However, many people caused evil thoughts to develop in her. Kundavai, Aditha Karikalan, Sembian Madevi and Aniruddha Brahmarayar are notable among them. Nandini's inner desire for power is fueled by Kundavai. Kundavai's teasing of Nandini from her childhood may have created a change and made her evil in her. Kundavai, who thought she was the only beauty till then, gets jealous of Nandini's beauty. Most of the time, she tells Nandini as an orphan. This is deeply embedded in her heart. Her desire is frustrated when Aditha Karikalan kills the Pandya king Veerapandian in front of her. There is an anxiety in her thoughts that makes her so villainy in her actions. Her intentions have not been fulfilled till to the end. Therefore, she becomes a lady of revenge against those who betray her.

The people who lived in the Sangam period had their personal and social lives attached to the green environment of the earth. The poets of the Sangam times narrated the personal lives of people through the living and non-living things of that particular landscape. The poets in their poetry used the animals, birds and plants of the Tamil land. The forest has the combination of the above said three living things. Tholkappiyar calls the landscape of Mullai a place in and around the forest. The forest is not only seen in Mullai alone but also is seen in Kurinchi, Palai, Neithal and Marutham. Mullai is a place where the trees are larger and dense which is called a dense forest. This sort of forest creates a green environment. The green environment is the symbol of the wealth of nature. Such a green environment increased the prosperity of lands. It existed in the Sangam times. The poets of the Sangam Period who recorded the lifestyle of the people also recorded the green environment of the forests. The Sangam poets also recorded the nature of the forest, the importance of the forest, the connection between the five lands and the type of forests in the Sangam literature.