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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
of the atmosphere harmlessly to the earth. It consists of a wire, rod, or slip of metal from the top of a house, tower, steeple, or mast, to the ground, or, better still, a ground-plate or system of buried iron pipes. Gray and Wheler, in 1720-1736, made experiments to ascertain the distance through which electric force could be transmitted, using insulated metals. Gray, in 1729, discovered the properties of electric conductors. He found that the attraction and repulsion which appear in e in England is by Roberts, 1641, who describes the excellent goods, fustians, cermillions, dimities, and other stuffs, made by the inhabitants of Manchester, of cotton-wool brought from Smyrna and Cyprus. First made by machinery by Louis Paul in 1736-40. See Cottonmachinery. In the seventeenth century, cotton fabrics were so largely imported into England from India as to interfere with the woolen, linen, and silk interests, and the importation of cotton goods was forbidden in 1700. An
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
ssible to the case, which was lined with blanket as a packing. The case was concentric, and had an eduction and an eduction pipe, the one axial, the other peripheral. Such a wheel was used above the ceiling of the British House of Commons from 1736 to 1817. Dr. Desagulier's fan was concentric with its case, but an improvement was to make it eccentric. Fairbairn and Lillie's eccentric fan is shown at B; s is the shaft, b the case, v the vanes, e the eduction opening, o the discharge. T the inventor. In 1709, Gusman, a Portuguese monk, constructed a machine in the form of a bird. He was pensioned for this, and was thus perhaps enabled to rise in the world, which his machine signally failed to do. Not discouraged, however, in 1736 he constructed a wicker basket covered with paper, which rose to the hight of 200 feet in the air, by which he gained at least fame, if not money, for he was afterwards reputed a sorcerer. It was in 1783 that the Montgolfiers discovered that th
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
a tongue of platinum, sliding from the end of one of the rules and carrying a vernier and microscope. The corrections or allowances for differences of temperature, for obliquities of the line actually measured, and for the elevation above the level of the sea, were also attended to and allowed for. One rod was kept unemployed for a module or standard at 10° Reaumur or 54° Fah. In deducing the length of the quadrant of the meridian, the are measured by Bouguer and La Condamine in Peru, in 1736, was taken as an element. More recent and extended measurements at different points of the earth's surface indicate that the data upon which the metric determinations were founded were inadequate for ascertaining the exact variations in curvature of this irregular ellipsoid at different latitudes, and that consequently the meter is not exactly what it should be, but 10,000,000 meters fall short, according to Sir J. F. W. Herschel, by 4,008, feet of measuring a meridional quadrant. This erro
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), N. (search)
of the Doctor. Andrew Bradford founded a paper at Philadelphia in 1719, and his father, William Bradford, issued the first newspaper published in New York, the New York gazette, in 1725. From this period they multiplied rapidly in the Colonies. The common name Gazette is derived from the name of a Venetian coin, worth about a cent and a half, and which was the price of the Venetian newspaper first published. The Maryland gazette was established in 1727 or 1728; the Virginia gazette, 1736; the Rhode Island gazette, 1732; South Carolina gazette, 1731 or 1732; Georgia gazette, 1763. The first paper in New Hampshire was published in 1756, but in the adjacent State of Vermont none existed prior to 1781. After the Revolution, the history of newspaper progress becomes identical with that of the nation, the printing-press keeping closely in the van of Anglo-American civilization. The honor of publishing the first paper west of the Alleghanies is claimed for John Scull of Pit
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
adations and diversity of power, as in a violoncello, refer to the same versatility of expression. The name forte-piano occurs in Harris's English patent, 1740, but the instrument was a harpsichord. Silbermann made two hammer-harpsichords in 1736. His instruments, called forte-pianos, were played by Bach at Frederick the Great's palace at Potsdam. Bach regarded them as too coarse, and preferred the clavichord, which was, as Forkel says in his Life of Bach, poor in tone, but on a small sc rests the damper g, except when the key is depressed, raising the pin i beneath the damper-lever, which has a vellum hinge. The names of Broadwood. Stodard, and Collard are familiar as English inventors and makers in succeeding years. Gieb, in 1736, invented the grasshopper action. In America we have Steinway and Chickering, Knabe and many others, who have made improvements in details of construction and produce instruments of a high class. The illustration (C, Fig. 3686) shows what is kn
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
after every full moon till the 7th night every new moon, set or hang out one or more lights, with sufficient cotton wicks, that shall continue to burn from 6 o'clock at night till 11 o'clock of the same night, under the penalty of one shilling. The rest of the night might take care of itself, and even these regulations were evaded and disregarded. The streets were subsequently lighted by contract for 117 nights in the year. This proving unsatisfactory, an act of Parliament was passed in 1736, which authorized the corporation to establish glass lamps to be lighted from sunset to sunrise all the year round, and the number was increased to 5,000 within the bounds of the city proper; probably 15,000 within the group of municipalities known as London. In 1744, thelight-ing of the city was still farther regulated by act of Parliament, and at a somewhat later period Oxford Street alone was said to contain more lamps than all Paris. Misson, the celebrated traveler, who visited Englan