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Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Madison, James 1751- (search)
1789 to 1797, Madison did much in the establishment of the nation on a firm foundation. Uniting with the Republican party, he was a moderate opponent of the administration of Washington. He declined the post of Secretary of State, vacated by Jefferson in 1793, which Washington offered him. He presented resolutions to the Virginia legislature in 1798, drawn by him, on the basis of a series drawn by Jefferson for the Kentucky legislature, which contained the essence of the doctrine of State sJefferson for the Kentucky legislature, which contained the essence of the doctrine of State supremacy. They were adopted. In 1801 he was appointed Secretary of State, which office he held until his inauguration as President. He very soon became involved in disputes about impressment with the government of Great Britain, and, in 1812, was compelled to declare war against that nation (see below). He was enabled to proclaim a treaty of peace in February, 1815. Retiring from office in 1817, he passed the remainder of his days on his estate at Montpelier. His accomplished wife, Dorothy
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Martin, Francois Xavier 1762-1846 (search)
Martin, Francois Xavier 1762-1846 Jurist; born in Marseilles, France, March 7, 1762; removed to North Carolina in 1782, where he taught French, learned printing, and established a newspaper. He also published almanacs and school-books, studied law, and began its practice in 1789. Jefferson appointed him a judge of the Mississippi Territory, and he was made attorney-general of the State of Louisiana in 1813. In 1815 he was made a judge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana; remained on that bench for thirty-two years, and was chief-justice from 1837 to 1845. He died in New Orleans, La., Dec. 11, 1846.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Martin, Luther 1748-1826 (search)
til 1778, when he was attorney-general. He had been a member of a committee to oppose the claims of Great Britain in 1774, and wrote essays and made addresses on the topics of the day. In 1784-85 he was in Congress, and was a member of the convention which framed the national Constitution, the adoption of which he opposed, because it did not sufficiently recognize the equality of the States. He was a defender of Judge Chase when he was impeached, and in 1807 he was one of the successful defendants of Aaron Burr, his personal friend, in his trial for treason, at Richmond. In 1813 Mr. Martin was made chief-justice of the court of oyer and terminer in Baltimore, and in 1818 he again became attorney-general of Maryland. He was stricken with paralysis in 1820, and in 1822 he took refuge with Aaron Burr in New York, broken in health and fortune. Judge Martin was a violent political partisan, and savagely attacked Jefferson and the Democratic party. He died in New York, July 10, 1826.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Mason, George 1725-1792 (search)
ghts and State constitution of Virginia, which he drafted the Declaration of Rights and State constitution of Virginia, which were adopted unanimously. In 1777 he was elected to the Continental Congress, and in 1787 he was a leading member of the convention which framed the national Constitution. In that body he opposed every measure which tended to the perpetuation of slavery. Dissatisfied with the Constitution, he declined to sign it, and, in connection with Patrick Henry, led the opposition to it in the convention of Virginia. He also declined the office of United States Senator, to which he was elected. Jefferson wrote of Mason: He was a man of the first order of wisdom, of expansive mind, profound judgment, cogent in argument, learned in the lore of our form of Constitution, and earnest for the republican change on democratic principles. He died in Fairfax county, Va., Oct. 7, 1792. A statue of Mason occupies a pedestal on Crawford's monument of Washington in Richmond, Va.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Mazzei, Philip 1730-1816 (search)
ape, olive, and other fruits of Italy. He formed a company for the purpose. Jefferson was a member of it, and Mazzei bought an estate adjoining that of Monticellohstanding he was an ardent republican. During the debates on Jay's treaty, Jefferson watched the course of events from his home at Monticello with great interest.ginning of May, and produced a most profound sensation in the United States. Jefferson first saw it on May 9, at Bladensburg, while on his way to Philadelphia to taf the United States. The administration newspapers and pamphleteers attacked Jefferson with energy, but he kept silent on the subject. This letter caused Washington to lose faith in Jefferson, and it was never restored. It was used as political capital by the Federalists until the election of Jefferson to the Presidency of thas used as political capital by the Federalists until the election of Jefferson to the Presidency of the United States in 1800. Mazzei died in Pisa, March 19, 1816.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Miranda, Francisco 1756- (search)
he United States, for the purpose of fitting out an expedition having for its object the revolutionizing of the Spanish province of Caracas, which now constitutes the republic of Venezuela. At that time there was much irritation of feeling between the United States and Spain, and the government officers averted their eyes from Miranda's doings. His preparations for the expedition were made at New York, while he resided at Washington, D. C., and was on intimate social relations with President Jefferson and Secretary Madison. He chartered the ship Leander at New York, and she sailed from that port (February) with arms and about 250 men. He was joined by other vessels. The expedition reached Caracas in safety, and, with the help of the English in that quarter, Miranda took possession of two or three towns on the coast. The people would not listen to his offers of liberty. The Spaniards captured two transports, with about sixty Americans, and the expedition ended in failure about t
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Monroe, James 1759-1870 (search)
aide to Lord Stirling, and was distinguished at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. After the latter battle he left the army, studied law under Jefferson, and again took up arms when Virginia was invaded by Cornwallis. In 1780 he visited the Southern army under De Kalb as military commissioner from Virginia, and 805 he was associated with Charles C. Pinckney (q. v.) in a negotiation with Spain, and, with William Pinkney, he negotiated a treaty with England in 1807, which Jefferson rejected because it did not provide against impressments. Serving in his State Assembly, he was again elected governor in 1811, and was Madison's Secretary of Sence and power to destroy party spirit by appointing the best men to office without regard to their political preferences. He preferred to follow the example of Jefferson and Madison, and appoint only those of his own political faith. He chose John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, for Secretary of State; William H. Crawford, of G
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Morse, John Torrey 1840- (search)
Morse, John Torrey 1840- Author; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 9, 1840; graduated at Howard College in 1860; lecturer on history there in 1876-79. His publications include Treatise on the law relating to Banks and banking; Law of arbitration and award; Famous trials; Life of Alexander Hamilton; Life and letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes; Abraham Lincoln; John Quincy Adams; Thomas Jefferson; John Adams; Benjamin Franklin, etc.
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Mother of Presidents, (search)
Mother of Presidents, A name popularly given to Virginia, which has furnished six Presidents of the United States—namely, Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Harrison, and Taylor. It is also called Mother of States, as it was the first settled of the original thirteen States that formed the Unio
Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (ed. Benson Lossing), Napoleon I. (search)
Napoleon I. In 1803, during the administration of President Jefferson, Napoleon sold to the United States the territory known as Louisiana (q. v.) for $15,000,000. In his greed for money Napoleon relaxed the rigors of his decrees against the commerce of the world by an act of perfidy. While reducing thousands to misery for the sake of his favorite continental Napoleon I. system, he became himself a wholesale violator of it. He ordered licenses to be sold, at enormous prices, for introducing, subject to heavy duties, certain foreign articles otherwise prohibited. Certain favored manufacturers had thus been authorized, notwithstanding the Rambouillet decree, to employ thirty or forty American vessels in the importation of cotton, fish-oil. dye-woods, salt fish, hides, and peltry from the ports of New York and Charleston, exclusively, and under an obligation to import, in return, certain special articles of French produce. Orders were sent to French consuls in America t
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