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444 B.C.When Praxiteles was archon in Athens, the Eighty-fourth Olympiad was celebrated, that in which Crison of Himera
won the "stadion," and in Rome the following ten
menThe famous Decemvirate. were elected to draft
laws: Publius Clodius Regillanus, Titus Minucius, Spurius Veturius, Gaius Julius, Gaius
Sulpicius, Publius Sestius, Romulus (Romilius), Spurius Postumius Calvinius.The sources do not agree on the names. Here Publius Clodius
should be Appius Claudius; and Diodorus also omits the names of A. Manlius Vulso and P.
Curiatius.
These men drew up the laws.The Laws of the Twelve Tables, the first Roman laws to be put in writing. The
common Roman tradition was that two of the laws were passed under the second Decemvirate; but
Diodorus (chap. 26.1) states that they were added under the consuls Horatius and Valerius, and
this seems more likely (see Beloch, Römische Geschichte, p. 245). The
correct dates of the Decemvirates
442
B.C.When Diphilus was
archon in Athens, the Romans elected as consuls
Marcus Horatius and Lucius Valerius Turpinus. In Rome
during this year, since the legislation remained unfinished because of the civil discord, the
consuls brought it to conclusion; that is, of the Twelve Tables, as they are called, ten had
been drawn up, and the consuls wrote into law the two remaining. After the legislation they had
undertaken had been concluded, the consuls engraved the laws on twelve bronze tablets and
affixed them to the Rostra before the Senate-house. And the legislation as it was drawn up,
since it is couched in such brief and pithy language, has continued to be admired by men down
to our own day. While the
events we have described were taking place, the greater number of the nations of the inhabited
world were quiet, practically all of them being at peace. For the Persians had two treaties
with the Greeks, one with the Athe
437 B.C.At the end of the year the archon in Athens was Euthymenes, and in Rome
instead of consuls three military tribunes were elected, Aulus Sempronius, Lucius Atilius, and
Titus Quinctius. During this year the Corinthians, who had suffered defeat in the sea-battle,
decided to build a more imposing fleet. Consequently, having
procured a great amount of timber and hiring shipbuilders from other cities, they set about
with great eagerness building triremes and fabricating arms and missiles of every description;
and, speaking generally, they were making ready all the equipment needed for the war and, in
particular, triremes, of which they were building some from their keels, repairing others which
had been damaged, and requisitioning still others from their allies. And since the Cercyraeans were doing the same thing and were not being outdone in
eagerness, it was clear that the war was going to increase greatly in intensity.While these events
425 B.C.When Stratocles was archon in Athens, in
Rome in place of consuls three military tribunes
were elected, Lucius Furius, Spurius Pinarius, and Gaius Metellus.These names are badly confused. They should be L. Pinarius Mamercinus Rufus,
L. Furius Medullinus Fusus, and Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis. This year the
Athenians chose Demosthenes general and sent him forth with thirty ships and an adequate body
of soldiers. He added to his force fifteen ships from the Cercyraeans and soldiers from the
Cephallenians, Acarnanians, and the Messenians in Naupactus, and then sailed to Leucas.
After ravaging the territory of the Leucadians he sailed to Aetolia and plundered many of its villages. But the Aetolians rallied to oppose
him and there was a battle in which the Athenians were defeated, whereupon they withdrew to
Naupactus. The
Aetolians, elated by their victory, after adding to their army three thousand Lacedaemonian
soldiers,
424 B.C.At the close of this year, in Athens the
archon was Isarchus and in Rome the consuls elected
were Titus Quinctius and Gaius Julius, and among the Eleians the Eighty-ninth Olympiad was
celebrated, that in which SymmachusOf Messene; cp. chap. 49.1. won the "stadion" for the
second time. This year the Athenians chose as general Nicias, the son of Niceratus, and
assigning to him sixty triremes and three thousand hoplites, they ordered him to plunder the
allies of the Lacedaemonians. He sailed to Melos as the first place, where he ravaged their territory and
for a number of days laid siege to the city; for it was the only island of the Cyclades which was maintaining its alliance with the
Lacedaemonians, being a Spartan colony. Nicias was unable to
take the city, however, since the Melians defended themselves gallantly, and he then sailed to
OropusOropus was always debatable territory between
Attica and Boeotia. in Boeotia. Le
422
B.C.The next year
Alcaeus was archon in Athens and in Rome the consuls were Opiter Lucretius and Lucius Sergius
Fideniates. During this year the Athenians, accusing the Delians of secretly concluding an
alliance with the Lacedaemonians, expelled them from the island and took their city for their
own. To the Delians who had been expelled the satrap Pharniaces gave the city of
AdramytiumOn the coast of Asia Minor north-east of Lesbos.
to dwell in. The Athenians
elected as general Cleon, the leader of the popular party, and supplying him with a strong body
of infantry sent him to the regions lying off Thrace.
He sailed to Scione, where he added to his force
soldiers from the besiegers of the city, and then sailed away and put in at Torone; for he knew that Brasidas had gone from these parts
and that the soldiers who were left in Torone were
not strong enough to offer battle. After encamping near
Torone and besieg
418 B.C.When this year had come to an end, in
Athens the archon was Antiphon, and in Rome in place of consuls four military tribunes were elected,
Gaius Furius, Titus Quinctius, Marcus Postumius, and Aulus Cornelius. During this year the
Argives and Lacedaemonians, after negotiations with each other, concluded a peace and formed an
alliance. Consequently the Mantineians, now that they had lost
the help of the Argives, were compelled to subject themselves to the Lacedaem
417 B.C.When Euphemus was archon in Athens, in Rome in
place of consuls military tribunes were elected, Lucius Furius, Lucius Quinctius, and Aulus
Sempronius. In this year the Lacedaemonians and their allies took the field against Argolis and captured the stronghold of Hysiae,In Argolis near the
Laconian border. and slaying the inhabitants they razed the fortress to the ground; and
when they learned that the Argives had completed the construction of the long walls clear to
the sea,The walls were to connect Argos and the sea. This was an enormous undertaking and the
walls were certainly not yet completed (cp. below and Thuc.
5.82.5). they advanced there, razed the walls that had been finished, and then
made their way back home. The
Athenians chose Alcibiades general, and giving him twenty ships commanded him to assist the
Argives in establishing the affairs of their government; for conditions were still unsettled
among them becau