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416 B.C.In the sixteenth year of the War
Arimnestus was archon among the Athenians, and in Rome in place of consuls four military tribunes were elected, Titus Claudius,
Spurius Nautius, Lucius Sentius, and Sextus Julius. And in this year among the Eleians the
Ninety-first Olympiad was celebrated, that in which Exaenetus of Acragas won the "stadion." The Byzantines and
Chalcedonians, accompanied by Thracians, made war in great force against Bithynia, plundered the land, reduced by siege many of the small
settlements, and performed deeds of exceeding cruelty; for of the many prisoners they took,
both men and women and children, they put all to the sword. About the same time in Sicily war broke out between the Egestaeans and the Selinuntians from a difference
over territory, where a river divided the lands of the quarrelling cities. The Selinuntians, crossing the stream, at first seized by force the land
along the river, but later they cut off for t
413 B.C.At the close of this year Cleocritus was archon of the Athenians, and in Rome in place of consuls there were four military tribunes,
Aulus Sempronius, Marcus Papirius, Quintus Fabius, and Spurius Nautius. This year the Lacedaemonians together with their allies invaded
Attica, under the leadership of Agis and Alcibiades
the Athenian. And seizing the stronghold of Deceleia they made it into a fortress for attacks
upon Attica, and this, as it turned out, was why this
war came to be called the Deceleian War. The Athenians dispatched thirty triremes to lie off
Laconia under Charicles as general and voted to send
eighty triremes and five thousand hoplites to Sicily.
And the Syracusans, having made up their minds to join battle
at sea, fitted out eighty triremes and sailed against the enemy. The Athenians put out against
them with sixty ships, and when the battle was at its height, all the Athenians in the
fortresses went down
410 B.C.When
the events of this year had come to an end, in Athens Glaucippus was archon and in Rome the consuls elected were Marcus Cornelius and Lucius
Furius. At this time in Sicily the Aegestaeans, who
had allied themselves with the Athenians against the Syracusans, had fallen into great fear at
the conclusion of the war; for they expected, and with good reason, to pay the penalty to the
Sicilian Greeks for the wrongs they had inflicted upon them. And when the Selinuntians went to war with them over the land in dispute,Cp. Book 12.82. they withdrew from it of their free will, being
concerned lest the Syracusans should use this excuse to join the Selinuntians in the war and
they should thereby run the risk of utterly destroying their country. But when the Selinuntians proposed, quite apart from the territory in dispute, to carve
off for themselves a large portion of the neighbouring territory, the inhabitants of Aegesta
thereupon dispatch
406 B.C.When the events of this year came to an end, in Athens Callias succeeded to the office
of archon and in Rome the consuls elected were Lucius
Furius and Gnaeus Pompeius.Gnaeus Cornelius (Livy 4.54). The Pompeys were a plebeian house and the consulship was not
yet open to plebeians. At this time the Carthaginians, being elated over their
successes in Sicily and eager to become lords of the
whole island, voted to prepare great armaments; and electing as general Hannibal, who had razed
to the ground both the city of the Selinuntians and that of the Himeraeans, they committed to
him full authority over the conduct of the war. When he begged
to be excused because of his age, they appointed besides him another general, Himilcon, the son
of Hanno and of the same family.A recently discovered
inscription from Athens, a decree of the Council
mentioning Hannibal and Himilcon, has been published by B. D. Meritt, "Athens and Carthage,
Herodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley), Book 1, chapter 74 (search)
Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews (ed. William Whiston, A.M.), Book 1, section 202 (search)
Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews (ed. William Whiston, A.M.), Book I, section 23 (search)
After this, [I shall relate] how, When the Jews' affairs were become
very bad, Nero died, and Vespasian, when he was going to attack Jerusalem,
was called back to take the government upon him; what signs happened to
him relating to his gaining that government, and what mutations of government
then happened at Rome, and how he was unwillingly made emperor by his soldiers;
and how, upon his departure to Egypt, to take upon him the government of
the empire, the affairs of the Jews became very tumultuous; as also how
the tyrants rose up against them, and fell into dissensions among themselves.
Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews (ed. William Whiston, A.M.), Book I, section 155 (search)
Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews (ed. William Whiston, A.M.), Book I, section 167 (search)
Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews (ed. William Whiston, A.M.), Book I, section 171 (search)
Yet did Aristobulus afford another foundation for new disturbances.
He fled away from Rome, and got together again many of the Jews that were
desirous of a change, such as had borne an affection to him of old; and
when he had taken Alexandrium in the first place, he attempted to build
a wall about it; but as soon as Gabinius had s