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Baron de Jomini, Summary of the Art of War, or a New Analytical Compend of the Principle Combinations of Strategy, of Grand Tactics and of Military Policy. (ed. Major O. F. Winship , Assistant Adjutant General , U. S. A., Lieut. E. E. McLean , 1st Infantry, U. S. A.), Chapter 3: strategy. (search)
in the extent of the zone of operations. This definition, which differs a little from that which I had at first given, seems to me to satisfy all exigences; I shall have occasion to develop it successively in the present article and in the one which follows. Let us yet cite an example in order to render these ideas more clear. In 1813, after Austria had acceded to the great coalition against Napoleon, three allied armies were to invade Saxony, another Bavaria, and another Italy; thus Saxony, or more properly speaking, the country situated between Dresden, Magdeburg and Breslau, formed, then, the zone of operations of the principal mass. This zone had three lines of operations conducting to the objective point, Leipzig: the first was that of the army of Bohemia, leading from the mountains of Erzgebirge by Dresden and Chemnitz upon Leipzig; the second was the line of operations of the army of Silesia, going from Breslau by Dresden or by Wittemberg upon Leipzig; finally, the thir
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
per, houses of copper, who plowed with copper, and the black iron did not exist. In the Homeric poems, knives, spear-points, and armor were still made of copper. The process of reducing copper ore depends upon its character. Swansea, in South Wales, has the principal part of the work, ores being brought there from Cornwall, Devonshire, Spain, South America, Australia, Africa, and the United States, and there they are smelted and refined. See copper-furnace. The Mansfield (Prussian Saxony) process consists in roasting the calcareous ore to expel the sulphur and oxidize the metal; the ore is then smelted in a cupola, the slag and molten metal being drawn at two tap-holes into separate cisterns. The matte, combined sulphurets of iron and copper, is repeatedly roasted, and the resulting sulphate of copper removed by lixiviation. When silver is present, it is removed with lead, and that separated by cupellation. Brewer's copper With the Longmaid process the copper pyrite
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 4, 15th edition., Chapter 12: (search)
tria with the apostate Elector of Saxony, who was king of Poland. Aware of the forming combination, Frederic resolved to attack his enemies before they were prepared; and in August, 1756, he invaded Saxony, took Dresden, blockaded the Elector's army at Pirna, gained a victory over the imperial forces that were advancing for its relief, and closed the campaign in the middle of October, by compelling it to capitulate. In the following winter, the alliances against him were completed; and not Saxony only, and Austria, with Hungary, but the German empire, half the German States,—Russia, not from motives of public policy, but from a woman's caprice,—Sweden, subservient to the Catholic powers through the degrading ascendency of its nobility,—France, as the ally of Austria,—more than half the continent, took up arms against Frederic, who had no allies in the South, or East, or North, and in the West none but Hanover, with Hesse and Brunswick. And as for Spain, not even the offer from Pitt
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 10, Chapter 2: (search)
Germany living seeds of culture, which ripened the most various fruit. The complete victory of the pope over the emperor substituted for an all-pervading central dominion, not national freedom, but anarchy under princes and nobles, and thousands of separate jurisdictions; not organized public life, but national dissolution; a triumphant hierarchy, not the greatness of a people. Heinrich von Sybel, Die Deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich, 61. Thanks to the creative energy of the house of Saxony, the empire which it founded had lasted so long that the idea of the unity of the German nation had worked its way indissolubly into the blood and marrow of all the people. But at last the power of this later Roman empire became a phantom; its crown, a decorative bauble; its dignity, precedence in a diet; and he who possessed the fiction Chap. II.} of the great name strove no more but for separate dynastic gains: he could initiate no patriotic, allpenetrating reform; he was no protector o
George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent, Vol. 10, Chapter 11: (search)
of the war in Europe. 1779. Frederic of Prussia had raised the hope that he Chap. XI.} 1779. would follow France in recognising the independence of the United States; but the question of the Bavarian succession, of which the just solution also affected the cause of human progress, compelled him to stand forth as the protector of his own dominions against mortal danger, and as the champion of Germany; so that in his late old age, broken as he was in everything but spirit, he joined with Saxony to stay the aggressions of Austria on Bavarian territory. At this moment, wrote he to his envoys, the affairs of England with her colonies disappear from my eyes. To William Lee, who in March, 1778, im- 1778. portuned his minister Schulenburg for leave to reside at Berlin as an American functionary, he minuted this answer: We are so occupied with Germany that we cannot think of the Americans: we should be heartily glad to recognise them; but at this present moment it could do them no good
The Daily Dispatch: March 5, 1862., [Electronic resource], article 2 (search)
oser Federal Union might be formed between Prussia and such German States as might join her, thereby establishing a kind of political Zoliverein. Although this was no formal proposal, but a mere suggestion, Austria, Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony, and a majority of the other States, Baden and Coburg excepted, remitted a collective note to Prussia protesting against her views, and announcing their intention to hold a conference for the reorganization of Germany, in accordance with the views of Saxony, and inviting Prussia to join the conference. Commercial intelligence. Liverpool, Feb. 14, --Cotton--The Brokers Circular reports the sales of the week at 54,000 bales, including 17,000 to speculators and 10,000 to exporters. The market closed firmer, and with an upward tendency, but unchanged as to quotations. The sales to-day (Friday) are estimated at 12,000 bales, including 6,000 to speculators and exporters, the market closing firmer but as to prices. The authorized quot
The Daily Dispatch: March 20, 1862., [Electronic resource], article 1 (search)
ike France. Its territory open on every side, composed of flat plains, unprotected by great rivers, and surrounded on the South, East, and North by its foes, the contest seemed utterly desperate, with no hope of escape for Prussia." Frederick began the contest by a bold stroke, which demonstrated the vigor of his determination and the strength of his understanding. He carried the war into the enemy's country, suddenly entered Saxony, made, himself master of Dresden, shut the forces of Saxony up in the entrenched camp at Pirna. Marshal Brown advanced with 60,000 men to relieve them. Frederick met and totally defeated him at Lowositz. At Pirna, after vain efforts to escape, 14,000 laid down their arms; the whole of Saxony submitted, and Frederick; throughout the whole war, thenceforward turned its entire resources to his own support. The allies made desperate efforts to regain the advantages they had lost. France put 100,000 men on foot, though bound for only 24,000. The Die
The Daily Dispatch: January 12, 1863., [Electronic resource], A Negro soldier Scot. (search)
The Green question Settled. --The fact of the British Government having agreed with the other protecting Powers to respect the protocol by which Prince Alfred is prevented from accepting the threes of Greece appears to have given satisfaction to the French Government and the Cabinet of Russia. The three Powers have agreed to recommend to the Greeks as their ruler Ferdinand, of Portugal, father of the present of that country. Ferdinand acted as Request of Portugal during the minority of his son. He is a of the royal house of Saxony, forty-six years of age, and very popular.