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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
, without obstruction. The earliest modern observatory of importance in Europe was erected by the landgrave of Hesse Cassel in 1561. It occupied the whole upper portion of his palace, and was well furnished with astronomical instruments. Tycho Brahe, about the same period, made material improvements on the landgrave's instruments, and constructed a quadrant capable of showing single minutes. He afterwards erected an observatory on the island of Huen, under the patronage of the king of Denmark; it was furnished with quadrants, sextants, circles, astrolabes, globes, clocks, and sun — dials. These instruments were divided to single minutes, and some were so divided as to read to ten seconds. The royal observatory at Paris was completed in 1671, and was placed in charge of M. Cassini, after having been furnished with instruments at a very great expense. The Greenwich Observatory was erected five years later; Flamstead, under the title of Astronomer Royal, was its first supe
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
oyed in calculating a large volume of life-tables, which the authorities at Somerset House declare never would have been undertaken had not this machine been in existence. Cal′cu-lating and Meas′ur-ing In′struments. See under the following heads: — Abacus.Coin-assorter. Adding-machine.Coin-weighing machine. Addressing-machine.Comparateur. Almucanter-staff.Conformator. Ambulator.Counter. Angular instruments.Counter-scales. Arrow.Cross. Atwood's machine.Cross-staff. Authometer.Danish balance. Back-staff.Datum-line. Balance.Declinator. Ballot-box.Delineator. Batter-level.Demi-circle. Bench-marks.Dendrometer. Bevel-square.Dividers. boning.Dividing-engine. Bow.Dotchin. Burette.Dumpy-level. Calculating-machine.Dynamometer. Caliper-rule.Electrometer. Calipers.Electric-balance. Chain-inclinometer.Fare-box. Circumferentor.Fare-register. Circumventor.Faucet, Measuring Fore-staff.Platform-scales. Funnel. MeasuringPlotting-scale. Gage.Plumb. Gaging-rod.Pris
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), G. (search)
ructed consists of a magnetized needle placed parallel to a wire, which, when electrically excited, causes the deflection of the needle. See electrometer; electroscope. The discovery of this property in an electric current was by Oersted of Denmark, in 1819. The principle was soon adopted by electricians in the construction of the indicator telegraph. Ampere, Arago, Schilling, Gauss, Weber, and Alexander all used the principle, but it received its perfected form by Cooke and Wheatstone, nth), is cited as particularly skilful in blowing up his enemies. He stuffed — so says the legend — copper figures with explosive and combustible materials which were emitted at the mouths and nostrils of the effigies, making great havoc. The Danish historian, Saxo Grammaticus, A. D. 1200, gives an account of a similar contrivance, used by a Gothic king. The devices of Archimedes, who defended Syracuse from the Romans, 212 B. C., were mechanical or optical, and do not seem to have involved
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), H. (search)
elt from Waterford, Ireland, resembling in shape the earlier stone tools, such as axes, adzes, chisels, hoes, for the chase, war, carpentry, and agriculture. b is a winged celt from Ireland, c a socketed celt from the same country. d e f show the modes in which the celts a b c were stocked. Celts and hatchets. These celts vary in size from an inch to a foot in length. g is a stone celt. h is a celt-mold from Ireland. i is a decorated bronze celt from Ireland. k l m are Danish celts of bronze. n is a stone axe from Ireland. o, a stone hatchet found in county Monaghan, Ireland, yet mounted in a pine handle 13 1/2 inches long. Almost none of these weapons are found with holes for the handles. See axe. p is an ancient stone hatchet found at the streamtin works, Morbihan. q is a bronze hatchet from Morbihan. r is the Roman securis. It had a single edge, or a blade and poll, as represented in the figure. When it had a blade on each side of the haft i
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), I. (search)
intermediately from the armature of the electro-magnets. 3. (Optics.) A finger working in the field of a microscope to point out a special object within the field of view. 4. A dynamometer or power measurer. In′di-cator-card. A card containing a diagram drawn by the working steam by means of an indicator (which see). In′di-cator-tel′e-graph. An electric telegraph in which the signals are given by the deflections of a magnetic needle. It was about 1819 that Oersted of Denmark made the discovery that if a magnetic needle, free to turn about its center, were placed near to and parallel with a wire, then, on causing an electric current to pass through this wire, the needle would be deflected to an angle proportioned to the force of the current. In Fig. 2670, A, a b being the wire and n s the needle, the passage of a current in the direction of the arrow deflects the needle to the position indicated, the stops c c limiting its motions. When the direction of the<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), J. (search)
ontinuity of the joists is broken. The strength of joists, of equal thickness, is as the square of the height. A joist 4 × 6 has one quarter the strength of a joist 4 × 12. The latter is only twice as large. Timber is weakened by sawing. A floor of 16 feet hearing, supported by 12 joists 8 inches square, 1 foot apart, is stronger than a similar floor of 24 joists, 8 × 4, placed edgeways, 6 inches apart. The quantity of timber is the same in both cases. Jolly-boat. （Dutch jol; Danish jolle; a yawl.) A small boat used for the general miscellaneous work of a ship, such as bringing off marketing, etc. A boat of this kind attached to United States vessels of war is called a dingy. It is clinker-built, from 16 to 20 feet long, with a beam from .33 to .29 of its length. Jour′nal. （Machinery.) That portion of a shaft which rests in the bearings. Journal-bear′ing. （Machinery.) The support of a shaft or axle, generally boxes or brasses in a pillow block.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), L. (search)
hirts, and buskins were common among the nations in the motley army of Xerxes. The Libyans wore dresses of leather. The Paphlagonians leathern buskins and helmets. The Gordian knot was of leathern thongs, and was summarily cut about 330 B. C. Alum was used in tawing leather by the Saracens. We do not recollect any account of human hide leather, but as raw-hide or parchment it has been utilized. The doors of Rochester (England) Cathedral were formerly covered with the skins of Danish pirates. The same is reported of the doors of the churches of Hadstock and Copford, Essex, England. In the case of the Hadstock church, the microscope has determined the truth of the tradition, for a portion having been removed and tested, it proved to be the skin of a fair-haired person. Upon the north doors of the cathedral at Worcester was formerly nailed the skin of a person who had sacrilegiously robbed the high altar. The doors date from the end of the fourteenth century, and have
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
e on. About 1756, John Canton, in England, made about 4,000 experiments for discovering and explaining the cause of the diurnal variation of the needle. La Perouse sailed from France with instructions and instruments, intending to make special observations at remote stations in regard to the variation and dip of the needle. The lamented death of the Admiral and destruction of his vessels in 1788 prevented the results from being communicated to the scientific world. M. Hansteen of Denmark undertook the subject in 1811, and in 1819 published his celebrated work Upon the magnetism of the earth. He treated the matter historically and scientifically, making a variation chart for 1787. The agonic line, or line of no variation, where the magnetic and geographical lines coincide, was discovered by Columbus in 1492, about 100 miles west of the Azores. Like other magnetic lines, it appears to have shifted. Hansteen's observations confirmed in great detail the position of Halley
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), O. (search)
ate which credits the driver with eight kilometers (about five miles) an hour, or two francs, according to the Parisian tariff. Table of Lengths of Foreign Road Measures. Place.Measure.U. S. Yards. ArabiaMile2,146 AustriaMeile (post)8,297 BadenStuden4,860 BelgiumKilometre1,093.63 BelgiumMeile2,132 BengalCoss2,000 BirmahDain4,277 BohemiaLeague (16 to 1°）7,587 BrazilLeague (18 to 1°）6,750 BremenMeile6,865 BrunswickMeile11,816 CalcuttaCoss2,160 CeylonMile1,760 ChinaLi608.5 DenmarkMul8,288 DresdenPost-meile7,432 EgyptFeddan1.47 EnglandMile1,760 FlandersMijle1,093.63 FlorenceMiglio1,809 France 1, 60931 miles = 1 kilometre. Kilometre1,093.6 GenoaMile (post)8,527 GermanyMile (15 to 1°）8,101 GreeceStadium1,083.33 GuineaJacktan4 HamburgMeile8,238 HanoverMeile8,114 HungaryMeile9,139 IndiaWarsa24.89 ItalyMile2,025 JapanInk2.038 LeghornMiglio1,809 LeipsieMeile (post)7,432 LithuaniaMeile9,781 MaltaCanna2.29 MecklenburgMeile8,238 MexicoLegua4,638 Mi
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
laws of Solon were written boustrophedon. The later Greek, long before the Christian era, came to be written from left to right like the Sanscrit and the other languages to which it — not its characters — was allied. The number of letters in the following alphabets is thus given in Ballhorn's Grammatography, Trubner & Co., 1831: — Hebrew22Ethiopic202 Chaldaic22Chinese214 Syriac22Japanese73 Samaritan22Dutch26 Phoenician22Spanish27 Armenian38Irish18 Arabic28Anglo-Saxon25 Persian32Danish28 Turkish33Gothic25 Georgian38French28 Coptic32German26 Greek24Welch4 Latin25Russian35 Sanscrit328 The letter J was introduced into the alphabets by Giles Beye, a printer of Paris, 1660. Short-hand writing was known to the Greeks and Romans. Its invention was ascribed to Xenophon. It was introduced into Rome by Cicero. Pliny employed a short-hand amanuensis. The Chinese dictionary shows 43,496 words: of these 13,000 are irrelevant, and consist of signs which are ill-formed<
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