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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), A. (search)
ch the bladdervalve lay, offering but slight cohesive opposition to the raising of the valve as the piston ascended and the air from the receiver pressed upward against it. Rotary air pump. to prevent lodgment of the air in the lower part of the barrel, he removed the external pressure from the piston-valve, by making the piston move through a collar of leather, and forced the air out by a valve applied to the plate at the top of the barrel, which opened outwardly. Cuthbertson of Amsterdam introduced the improvement of mechanically opening an escape for the air without depending upon its elastic force to open the valve leading to the cylinders. air force-pumps are used for the supply of aircarbureting machines. A common form of these consists of what is called a meter-wheel, from its resemblance to the measuring-wheel of a gas-meter. Fig. 113. in the illustration the buckets M are curved, and gather in the air of the chamber a. as the wheel rotates the air is discharged
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), B. (search)
ties. Bil′liards. A game of skill, played on a smooth, level table of peculiar construction, with hard, elastic balls propelled by a tapering stick called the cue. It was invented either in France or Italy, probably during the sixteenth century. The invention is generally ascribed to Henrique Devigne, an artist in the reign of Charles IX., 1571. The game is spoken of by Shakespeare. In 1578, during the reign of William, Prince of Orange, permission was given to some residents of Amsterdam to keep billiard-tables. Up all of us and to billiards. — Pepys, 1665. After dinner to billiards, where I won an angel. — Ibid. Billiard-tables of the best quality have marble tops covered with cloth. The general appearance is well known. The full-size table is 6 feet by 12, having six pockets, one at each corner and two opposite each other at the midlength of the table. The cushions are the ledges running around the table, which prevent the balls from being projected over its e<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), C. (search)
n-of-war in the Dutch service could be made to pass the sand-bars of the Zuyder Zee. The in- vention, in Holland, is ascribed to Meuves Meindertszoon Bakker, of Amsterdam, about 1688. The approaches to Amsterdam had always been obstructed by sand-bars and similar obstacles, so that vessels of heavy draft were forced to receive Amsterdam had always been obstructed by sand-bars and similar obstacles, so that vessels of heavy draft were forced to receive and deliver the greater part of their cargoes several miles below the city, which was effected by means of lighters. To enable large vessels to pass the shoals, previous to the invention of the camel, large chests filled with water were fastened to their bottoms, and the water was afterwards pumped out. This method was attended wi From the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries canals in the Netherlands were made in great numbers. The ship-canal, 51 miles in length, whereby the commerce of Amsterdam reaches the ocean, is wide and deep enough to float two passing frigates. It was built 1819-25, at a cost of $4,250,000. A still deeper and wider one is now in
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
gine of Nuremberg described by Caspar Schott, 1657, was of a different character. It was mounted on a sled 4 × 10 feet, and drawn by two horses. It had a cistern 2 × 8 feet and 4 feet deep, in which were two horizontal cylinders. The brakes were worked by twenty-eight men, and the combined streams from the cylinders issued at a one-inch orifice, and reached a hight of 80 feet. An English patent appears of the date of 1632 to Thomas Grant, and one to John Van der Heyden (or Heide), of Amsterdam, 1663. He is credited with having brought the machine to the present modern form of hand-engine. The brothers Van der Heyden appear to have been the inventors of the leathern hose in detachable sections. In 1699, a patent was granted in France to Duperrier for a pompe portative for extinguishing fires; to this Perrault added the air-chamber. Papin also adopted it. Hooks and fire-ladders must be assumed to have been long in use, but come into historic notice about this time. Fire-plu
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
ing are broadly divided into platen and cylinder machines, and the latter again into such as have a flat type-bed reciprocating at the same speed as the surface speed of cylinder, and those which carry the type or printing plates on a revolving cylinder. See list on page 1793. The first printing-press was a common screw-press with a bed, standards, a beam, a screw, and a movable platen. A contrivance for running the form in and out was afterward added. Fanklin's press. Blaew of Amsterdam made a number of improvements in 1620, which entitle him to the rank of the first great improver of the printing-press. His press had a traveling bed, a platen depressed by a screw which was moved by a lever, and by a spring to raise the screw and platen after the delivery of the impression. The condition of the press in the time of the most illustrious printer on record is shown by the annexed cut, which is taken from the original press used by Franklin in London, and now in the museu
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
Rais′ing Sunk′en Ves′sels. （Hydraulic Engineering.) Among the various devices for this purpose may be cited:— 1. The camel or caisson submerged and chained to the vessel; the water in the caisson displaced by air, either by pumping out the water or forcing in the air; the flotative power of the caisson thus lightened lifting the vessel to the surface. The camel has long been used in Holland for floating vessels over the bars of rivers. The invention is credited to Bakker of Amsterdam, about 1688, the year that the great Prince of Orange came over to England and superseded the last of the Stuart kings. The camel consists of twin hollow vessels, so arranged that they can be applied on either side of the ship's hull. They are made water-tight, and on the deck of each windlasses are attached, by which ropes passed under the keel of the vessel are worked. Each half of the camel is allowed to fill with water, which sinks with the weight, and when the ropes are adjusted
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
earing links or lanterns, when going abroad after nightfall. In 1667 the lighting and police arrangements of Paris were improved; the project was that of the Abbe Laudati, and was legalized in 1662. In 1671 the lamps were ordered to be lighted from the 20th of October to the end of March, having previously been kept lighted only during the four winter months; at this time the lamps were kept burning on moonlight nights as well as others. Their number in 1771 was estimated at 6.232. Amsterdam had street lanterns in 1669; The Hague, 1678; Copenhagen, 1681; Hamburg, 1675; Berlin, 1682; Vienna, 1704; Birmingham, England, 1733. For lighting by gas, see gas. Street-lamp. In the example, the glass is in a single piece, flaring at top, and having an opening at the bottom to receive the burner. The cover, to which it is attached, is conical in shape, is supported by four rods affixed to the top of the lamp-post, and is capped by a perforated hood. James L. Ewin's street-la
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), T. (search)
o points: the interval to be divided into an arbitrary number of degrees which were to be continued up and down. These standards obtained general acceptance. The use of mercury in the tube was suggested by Halley, about 1697. This fluid is very convenient for the purpose, as having a range of over 700° Fah. between its freezing and boiling points, and expanding very nearly uniformly with equal increments of heat. Fahrenheit, a native of Dantzic, established as an instrumentmaker at Amsterdam, first practically carried out Halley's suggestion. He divided the space between the freezing and boiling points of water into 180°, and commenced the graduation of his scale at the point to which the mercury fell when the bulb was plunged into a mixture of pounded ice and salt: this, producing the greatest degree of cold known to him, he termed zero: and as it corresponded to 32 of the 180 equal spaces between the boiling and freezing points of water, the latter was marked 32°. Reaumu