Championnat National Premi�re Division
======================================
Final Table:
1.Stade Malien (Bamako) 26 17 8 1 52-13 59 Champions
2.Djoliba AC (Bamako) 26 15 9 2 46-18 54
3.Cercle Olympique (Bamako) 26 17 3 6 41-22 54 [aka COB]
4.JS Centre Setif Keita (Bamako) 26 14 7 5 45-24 49 [aka CSK]
5.AS Korofina (Bamako) 26 9 8 9 23-26 35 [aka ASKO]
6.USFAS (Bamako) 26 7 13 6 23-21 34
7.AS Bamako 26 8 10 8 20-22 34 [aka ASB]
8.AS Bakaridjan de Barou�li (S�gou) 26 8 7 11 27-35 31
9.AS Nianan (Koulikoro) 26 7 7 12 17-33 28
10.AS R�al (Bamako) 26 6 9 11 26-34 27
11.CS Duguwolofila (Koulikoro) 26 6 8 12 25-33 26
12.Stade Malien (Sikasso) 26 5 7 14 17-34 22
------------------------------------------------------------
13.AS Commune II (Bamako) 26 5 7 14 18-38 22 Relegated
14.Sigui (Kayes) 26 2 9 15 7-34 15 Relegated
NB: AS = Association Sportive
CS = Club Sportif
Round 1
[Jan 6]
CO Bamako 1-1 ASKO
USFAS 0-0 Commune II
[Jan 7]
Duguwolofila 0-0 AS Bamako
Bakaridjan 1-2 Djoliba
SM Bamako 4-0 Nianan
Sigui 0-1 CSK
SM Sikasso 1-0 R�al
Round 2
[Jan 18]
USFAS 0-0 R�al
AS Bamako 1-0 Bakaridjan
[Jan 19]
Djoliba 4-0 Sigui
CSK 1-2 ASKO
[Jan 20]
Commune II 0-1 Nianan
CO Bamako 1-0 SM Sikasso
Duguwolofila 0-1 SM Bamako
Round 3
[Jan 23]
Commune II 0-2 SM Bamako
ASKO 1-0 Duguwolofila
[Jan 24]
R�al 1-3 Djoliba
[Jan 25]
Sigui 1-1 CO Bamako
Bakaridjan 0-1 CSK
Nianan 1-1 USFAS
[Mar 11]
SM Sikasso 1-0 AS Bamako
Round 4
[Feb 2]
Commune II 0-0 Bakaridjan
[Feb 3]
SM Bamako 2-1 R�al
USFAS 0-1 ASKO
[Feb 4]
CSK 3-1 Djoliba
AS Bamako 1-2 CO Bamako
SM Sikasso 0-1 Sigui
Nianan awd Duguwolofila [awarded 0-0 win to Nianan; originally
1-2; Duguwolofila fielded ineligible
Round 5 players]
[Feb 9]
ASKO 1-0 Djoliba
CSK 1-0 USFAS
[Feb 11]
Sigui 0-1 Commune II
Duguwolofila awd CO Bamako [awarded 0-0 win to COB; originally
R�al 0-0 Bakaridjan 1-1; Duguwolofila fielded ineligible
[Feb 14] players]
Nianan 0-0 AS Bamako
[Feb 15]
SM Bamako 4-0 SM Sikasso
Round 6
[Feb 17]
CSK 1-1 Duguwolofila
AS Bamako 1-0 R�al
[Feb 18]
Djoliba 2-2 Commune II
SM Bamako 1-0 ASKO
Bakaridjan 1-2 CO Bamako
Nianan 1-0 Sigui
SM Sikasso 0-2 USFAS
Round 7
[Feb 20]
R�al 3-0 Sigui
[Feb 21]
Djoliba 2-0 Nianan
ASKO 0-1 AS Bamako
[Feb 22]
SM Bamako 1-1 CSK
CO Bamako 3-1 USFAS
Bakaridjan 1-0 SM Sikasso
[Mar 11]
Duguwolofila 0-2 Commune II
Round 8
[Feb 24]
USFAS 1-1 Bakaridjan
AS Bamako 0-1 Commune II
[Feb 25]
Djoliba 1-1 SM Bamako
CSK 1-1 CO Bamako
Nianan 0-0 R�al
Sigui 0-1 ASKO
[Mar 15]
SM Sikasso 1-1 Duguwolofila
Round 9
[Mar 3]
Duguwolofila 1-3 Djoliba
[Mar 4]
Sigui 0-0 USFAS
[Mar 7]
CSK 1-2 AS Bamako
R�al 0-0 ASKO
[Mar 8]
Bakaridjan 0-6 SM Bamako
CO Bamako 3-0 Nianan
Commune II 0-1 SM Sikasso
Round 10
[Mar 18]
SM Sikasso 1-2 Djoliba
Nianan 0-1 CSK
Commune II 3-1 R�al
ASKO 3-2 Bakaridjan
[Mar 19]
AS Bamako 0-0 Sigui
USFAS 1-0 Duguwolofila
[Apr 18]
SM Bamako 0-1 CO Bamako
Round 11
[Mar 31]
ASKO 0-0 Nianan
CO Bamako 2-1 Commune II
[Apr 1]
SM Sikasso 0-1 CSK
Duguwolofila 3-3 R�al
Sigui 1-0 Bakaridjan
SM Bamako 1-0 AS Bamako
[Apr 18]
Djoliba 0-0 USFAS
Round 12
[Apr 7]
Commune II 0-1 ASKO
[Apr 8]
SM Bamako 0-0 Sigui
R�al 1-1 CSK
Bakaridjan 3-2 Duguwolofila
Nianan 2-0 SM Sikasso
[Apr 22]
Djoliba 2-1 CO Bamako
AS Bamako 1-1 USFAS
Round 13
[Apr 13]
ASKO 1-1 SM Sikasso
[Apr 14]
USFAS 1-1 SM Bamako
CO Bamako 2-0 R�al
[Apr 15]
Djoliba 3-1 AS Bamako
CSK 7-0 Commune II
Nianan 2-1 Bakaridjan
Sigui 1-1 Duguwolofila
Round 14
[May 4]
ASKO 1-2 CO Bamako
Commune II 0-1 USFAS
[May 5]
AS Bamako 2-3 Duguwolofila
R�al 3-2 SM Sikasso
[May 6]
Djoliba 3-2 Bakaridjan
Nianan 1-3 SM Bamako
CSK 2-0 Sigui
Round 15
[May 26]
R�al 1-1 USFAS
Bakaridjan 1-1 AS Bamako
Sigui 0-1 Djoliba
Nianan 1-1 Commune II
SM Sikasso 0-2 CO Bamako
[May 27]
ASKO 0-2 CSK
SM Bamako 3-3 Duguwolofila
Round 16
[Jun 9]
AS Bamako 1-1 SM Sikasso
USFAS 3-1 Nianan
[Jun 10]
Duguwolofila 2-1 ASKO
CSK 1-2 Bakaridjan
[Jun 19]
Djoliba 1-1 R�al
SM Bamako 5-2 Commune II
[Jun 21]
CO Bamako 5-0 Sigui
Round 17
[Jun 14]
Sigui 0-0 SM Sikasso
Bakaridjan 1-0 Commune II
ASKO 0-0 USFAS
Duguwolofila 2-0 Nianan
[Jun 23]
R�al 1-1 SM Bamako
CO Bamako 0-1 AS Bamako
[Jun 24]
Djoliba 4-1 CSK
Round 18
[Jul 11]
AS Bamako 2-1 Nianan
Commune II 0-0 Sigui
[Jul 12]
Djoliba 1-0 ASKO
USFAS 2-2 CSK
CO Bamako 3-0 Duguwolofila
Bakaridjan 3-0 R�al
SM Sikasso 0-2 SM Bamako
Round 19
[Jul 17]
USFAS 2-1 SM Sikasso
[Jul 18]
Commune II 0-0 Djoliba
R�al 0-1 AS Bamako
[Jul 19]
ASKO 0-3 SM Bamako
CO Bamako 2-3 Bakaridjan
Duguwolofila 0-4 CSK
Sigui 0-1 Nianan
Round 20
[Jul 23]
USFAS 0-1 CO Bamako
Commune II 1-0 Duguwolofila
[Jul 24]
CSK 0-2 SM Bamako
AS Bamako 0-0 ASKO
Nianan 1-1 Djoliba
Sigui 1-2 R�al
SM Sikasso 0-0 Bakaridjan
Round 21
[Aug 1]
Real 4-0 Nianan
ASKO 3-0 Sigui
[Aug 2]
Bakaridjan 1-1 USFAS
Commune II 1-2 AS Bamako
CO Bamako 1-2 CSK
Duguwolofila 1-0 SM Sikasso
[Aug 3]
SM Bamako 0-0 Djoliba
Round 22
[Aug 4]
USFAS 2-0 Sigui
[Aug 5]
AS Bamako 1-1 CSK
ASKO 1-3 R�al
Nianan 0-1 CO Bamako
SM Sikasso 3-1 Commune II
[Aug 6]
Djoliba 0-0 Duguwolofila
SM Bamako 3-0 Bakaridjan
Round 23
[Aug 12]
R�al 1-0 Commune II
Bakaridjan 2-3 ASKO
Sigui 1-1 AS Bamako
Duguwolofila 1-0 USFAS
CO Bamako 0-2 SM Bamako
[Aug 13]
Djoliba 3-0 SM Sikasso
CSK 2-1 Nianan
Round 24
[Aug 18]
CSK 1-1 SM Sikasso
AS Bamako 0-1 SM Bamako
[Aug 19]
Commune II 0-2 CO Bamako
R�al 0-3 Duguwolofila
Nianan 2-0 ASKO
Bakaridjan 1-0 Sigui
[Aug 28]
USFAS 0-3 Djoliba
Round 25
[Aug 25]
CSK 2-0 R�al
Duguwolofila 0-1 Bakaridjan
USFAS 2-0 AS Bamako
[Aug 26]
ASKO 1-1 Commune II
Sigui 0-2 SM Bamako
SM Sikasso 2-1 Nianan
CO Bamako 0-4 Djoliba
Round 26
[Aug 30]
SM Sikasso 1-1 ASKO
R�al 0-2 CO Bamako
Commune II 1-4 CSK
[Aug 31]
SM Bamako 1-1 USFAS
AS Bamako 0-0 Djoliba
Bakaridjan 0-0 Nianan
Duguwolofila 1-1 Sigui
Final Table:
1.Stade Malien (Bamako) 26 17 8 1 52-13 59 Champions
2.Djoliba AC (Bamako) 26 15 9 2 46-18 54
3.Cercle Olympique (Bamako) 26 17 3 6 41-22 54 [aka COB]
4.JS Centre Setif Keita (Bamako) 26 14 7 5 45-24 49 [aka CSK]
5.AS Korofina (Bamako) 26 9 8 9 23-26 35 [aka ASKO]
6.USFAS (Bamako) 26 7 13 6 23-21 34
7.AS Bamako 26 8 10 8 20-22 34 [aka ASB]
8.AS Bakaridjan de Barou�li (S�gou) 26 8 7 11 27-35 31
9.AS Nianan (Koulikoro) 26 7 7 12 17-33 28
10.AS R�al (Bamako) 26 6 9 11 26-34 27
11.CS Duguwolofila (Koulikoro) 26 6 8 12 25-33 26
12.Stade Malien (Sikasso) 26 5 7 14 17-34 22
------------------------------------------------------------
13.AS Commune II (Bamako) 26 5 7 14 18-38 22 Relegated
14.Sigui (Kayes) 26 2 9 15 7-34 15 Relegated
NB: AS = Association Sportive
CS = Club Sportif
Topscorers:
16 Bakary Coulibaly 'Bako' (Stade Malien (Bamako))
13 Aim� Koffi (CSD)
12 Drissa Sidib� (Bakaridjan)
11 Ousmane Ciss� (COBn)
Moussa Diallo (Djoliba)
Coupe du Mali
=============
NB: 47th edition
Provincial Stage
----------------
Ligue du District de Bamako
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Round 1
[May 10]
CO Bamako 4-1 AS Police
[Amadou Diamout�n� 5, 13, 55, Rodrigue Amon 90; Ouagabiri Sangar� 25]
AS Commune II 1-0 AS Korofina (ASKO)
[Dramane Sylla 90]
[May 11]
AS Bamako 2-1 AS de Fadjiguila (ASFA)
[Mamoutou Doumbia 33, Oumar Kida 90; Moussa Diallo 36]
[May 12]
JS Centre Setif Keita 0-1 Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la
[Mohamed Traor� 54]
AS R�al (Bamako) 3-0 AS Mand�
[Momo Wandel Soumah 45, 86, Oumar Sidib� 54]
[May 13]
Djoliba AC 6-0 Jeunesse Sportive de Bamako (JSB)
[Yahaya Coulibaly 21, 51, 65, Isma�l K��ta 28, Souleymane Demb�l� 76,
Moussa Diallo 82]
USFAS 2-1 Commune V [aet]
[Lassine Berth� 32, Idrissa Diakit� 118; S�kou Diomand� 66]
Stade Malien bye
Round 2
[May 19]
Djoliba AC 2-0 AS Commune II
AS R�al 1-0 USFAS
[May 20]
CO Bamako 3-2 Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la [aet]
Stade Malien 3-0 AS Bamako
Ligue du District de Koulikoro
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Final round
Fl�che Noire Sanankoroba bt Nianan de Koulikoro
Ligue du District de S�gou
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Final round
Renaissance de S�gou 0-3 AS Bakaridjan de Baraou�li
National Stage
--------------
Preliminary round 1
Bronconi de Niono lt R�veil de San
Preliminary round 2
R�veil de San lt �toile Filante de Koutiala
1/8 Finals [Jun 29]
D�bo Club de Mopti 0-4 CS Duguwolofila
AS Kafo de Kayes 1-10 CO Bamako
Stade Malien de Bamako 4-1 Centre Maliano-Belge de Mopti
Fl�che Noire Sanankoroba 1-4 AS Bakaridjan de Baraou�li
Atar Club de Kidal 0-4 Stade Malien de Sikasso
AS Commune de Tombouctou 0-2 Djoliba AC de Bamako
AS Sahel de Gao 1-2 AS R�al de Bamako
�toile Filante (Koutiala) 0-0 Sigui de Kayes [aet, 7-6 pen]
Quarterfinals [Jul 8]
Djoliba AC 2-0 CS Duguwolofila
[Br�hima Traor� 15, Lamine Diawara 69]
AS R�al de Bamako 4-0 Stade Malien de Sikasso
[Jacques Koffi N'Guessan 26, 75, Momo Wandel Soumah 81,
Abou Sanoussy Cont� 90+2]
�toile Filante (Koutiala) 0-1 CO Bamako
[Amadou Sidib� 43pen]
AS Bakaridjan 2-0 Stade Malien de Bamako [aet]
[Drissa Sidib� 98, 104]
Semifinals [Jul 15, both at Stade Modibo Ke�ta, Bamako]
Djoliba AC 4-2 AS R�al de Bamako
[Lassana Fan� 8, Ousmane Bagayoko 11, Moussa Diallo 77,
Mallal N�Diaye 89; Koffi Jaques N�guessan 42, 49]
CO Bamako 1-2 AS Bakaridjan
[Morimakan K��ta 69; Abdoul Karim Magassouba 22, Alou Bakayoko 25]
Final [Jul 29, Stade Abdoulaye Macoro Sissoko, Kayes]
Djoliba AC 2-0 AS Bakaridjan
[Moussa Diallo 52, Sory Ibrahima Bangoura 81pen]
[Djoliba: Cheick Oumar Bathily (cap), S�kou Berth�, Mohamed Lamine Sissoko,
Daouda Diakit�, Sory Ibrahima Bangoura, Souleymane Demb�l�, Lassana Fan�,
Lamine Diawara (Isma�l Ke�ta), Ousmane Bagayoko (Ibrahim Diallo),
Moussa Diallo, Br�hima Traor� (Mallal N'Diaye); coach: Fany�ri Diarra;
AS Bakaridjan : Brahima Bamba, Mohamed Camara, Chaka Demb�l� (cap),
Mamadou Sangar�, Abdoul Karim Diakit�, Bourama Sagara (Abdourahamane Ciss�),
Adama Samak�, Zakaria K. Diakit� (Abdoulaye Traor�), Alou Bagayoko,
Drissa Sidib�, Abdoul Karim Magassouba (S�kou Berth�); coach:
Moussa Ke�ta "Dougoutigui";
ref: Koman Coulibaly; Moumini Berth�, Balla Diarra]
Super Coupe 2007
================
[Dec 12, 2007, Stade du 26 Mars, Bamako]
Stade Malien de Bamako 1-0 Djoliba AC
[Abdoulaye Samak� 87]
[Stade Malien de Bamako: Soumbeyla Diakit�, Ibrahim Kon�, Issiaka Eliassou,
Djibril Sacko, Boubacar Sylla, Youssouf Doumbia, Aboubacar Tambadou,
Mamadou Ke�ta (Boubacar Gu�ye), Karim Sogoba, Lassana Diallo (Abdoulaye
Samak�), Bakary Coulibaly; coach: Cheick Diallo;
Djoliba AC: Cheick Oumar Bathily, S�kou Bagayoko, Yaya Doumbia, Daouda
Diakit�, Issa Traor�, Guimbala Oul� Tounkara, Seydou M'Baye (Boucader
Diallo), Boure�ma Tidinai Diarra (Aim� Koffi), Br�hima Traor�, Isma�l
Ke�ta, Moussa Diallo; coach: Badra Aliou Diallo;
ref: Mahamadou Ke�ta; Ibrahim S. Bagaga, Drissa Niar�]
Coupe BDM-SA 2006
=================
Preliminary round [Oct 13]
ASKO 0-2 AS Commune II
1/4 final
[Oct 14]
AS R�al 0-1 CO Bamako
[Oct 15]
AS Bamako 2-1 Djoliba AC
[Oct 21]
Stade Malien Bamako 3-0 AS Commune II
JS CSK 2-0 USFAS
Semifinals [Nov 5]
Stade Malien Bamako 1-2 JS CSK
CO Bamako 1-1 AS Bamako [6-5 pen]
Final [Dec 3, Stade Modibo Ke�ta, Bamako]
CO Bamako 1-0 JS CSK [aet]
[Mohamed Fall 115]
CO Bamako: Djadjiri Diarra, Mohamed Dram�, Yaya Doumbia, Dramane Traor�,
Mahamadou Mariko, Bassirou Bamba, Lassina Kon� (Agouda Tchagbele),
Djibril S. Traor� (Amadou Diamout�n�, Abdoul S. Dian�), Ousmane Ciss�,
Youssouf Kabor� and Mohamed Fall. Coach: Adama Traor�.
JS CSK: Abdoulaye Diakit�, Diakaridia Diallo, Daouda Coulibaly,
Modibo Kane Ciss�, Idrissa Coulibaly, Gaoussou Papa Diarra
(Mamadou Diawara), Baba S. Kouyat�, Cheick Tidiane Berth�,
Oumar S�ga Mady Kant� (Abdoulaye Bangoura), Mohamed Diakit�
(Mamady Diakit�) and Moussa Diallo (Moussa Samak�). Coach: Adama Ke�ta.
Referees: Abdoulaye Ke�ta, Issa Sanou, Sambou Diakit�.
Coupe INPS (Institut National de Pr�voyance Social) 2006
========================================================
Preliminary round [Oct 25]
ASKO lt AS R�al
1/4 final
[Oct 28]
Stade Malien Bamako 3-0 AS Commune II
CO Bamako 1-0 USFAS
[Oct 29]
Djoliba AC 3-2 AS Bamako
AS R�al 0-1 JS CSK
Semifinals
[Nov 9]
Djoliba AC 0-0 JS CSK
[Nov 11]
Stade Malien Bamako 0-0 CO Bamako
Semifinals replay
[Nov 18]
Stade Malien Bamako lt CO Bamako
[Nov 19]
Djoliba AC 1-0 JS CSK
Final [Dec 10]
CO Bamako 0-0 Djoliba AC [aet, 4-2 pen]
List of winners: Djoliba (13 times), Stade (9), R�al (3) and COB (2).
Coupe Mamadou Samba Konat� 2006
===============================
Preliminary round [Nov 1]
ASKO 0-0 USFAS [3-0 pen]
Round 1
[Nov 4]
Djoliba AC 3-0 USFAS
[Nov 22]
CO Bamako lt AS R�al
JS CSK lt AS Bamako
[Nov 23]
Stade Malien Bamako bt AS Commune II
Semifinals [Dec 14]
Stade Malien Bamako 1-1 Djoliba AC [4-2 pen]
AS R�al 2-0 AS Bamako
3rd/4th match [Jun 2, 2007, Stade Modibo Ke�ta, Bamako]
AS Bamako 1-0 Djoliba AC
Final [Jun 2, 2007, Stade Modibo Ke�ta, Bamako]
AS R�al 2-2 Stade Malien Bamako [aet, 3-2 pen]
Coupe Kafo Jiginew de la Ligue de Sikasso
=========================================
NB: 2nd edition (Stade Malien de Sikasso wons 1st edition)
Round 1 [Nov 25]
Tata National 3-0 Mont Rouge
other participants: Stade Malien de Sikasso, AS Tadona and Renaissance.
Final [Dec 16]
Second Level 2006/07
Championnat National 2�me Division
===================================
Ligue du District de Bamako
Poule A
1.AS Police - qualified
2.Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la - qualified (from Commune II)
Commune III
Commune V
JSB - relegated
USB - relegated
FC Badema - relegated (from Commune IV)
Poule B
1.ASOM - qualified (from Commune II)
2.Espoir de Daoudabougou - qualified (from Commune V)
3.AZI FC
4.AS Mand� (from Commune IV)
5.ASDP
Commune I - relegated
Commune VI - relegated
AS Kanu - relegated
NB: ASOM = Association Olympique et sportive de Missira
Carr� d'As
Round 1 [Jul 21]
AS Police 0-0 ASOM
Espoir 1-5 Onze Cr�ateurs
Round 2 [Jul 26]
ASOM 5-0 Espoir
Onze Cr�ateurs 1-0 AS Police
Round 3 [Aug 8]
Onze Cr�ateurs 4-0 ASOM
AS Police 4-0 Espoir
Final Table:
1.Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la 3 3 0 0 10- 1 9
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2.AS Police (Bamako) 3 1 1 1 4- 1 4
3.ASOM 3 1 1 1 5- 4 4
4.Espoir de Daoudabougou 3 0 0 3 1-14 0
NB: Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la qualify for promotion tournament
Mopti Carr� d'As:
Final Ranking:
1.D�bo Club (Mopti)
2.Centre Maliano-Belge (CMB)
3.Douga Club
4.Sabana de M�dina-Coura
NB: D�bo Club de Mopti qualify for promotion tournament
Promotion Playoffs
Sep 21-30
Groupe A (in Gao)
repr�sentatives Gao
D�bo Club de Mopti (repr�sentatives Mopti)
repr�sentatives Tombouctou
repr�sentatives Kidal
repr�sentatives S�gou
Groupe B (in Bamako after Kayes ceded hosting right)
Etoile Filante (repr�sentatives Kayes)
Mamahira de Kati (repr�sentatives Koulikoro)
US Kita (repr�sentatives Sikasso)
Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la (repr�sentatives Bamako)
Round 1
Groupe A [Sep 22]
fixtures unknown
Groupe B [Sep 21]
Onze Cr�ateurs 2-1 US Kita
Etoile Filante 1-3 Mamahira
Round 2
Groupe A [Sep 24]
fixtures unknown
Groupe B [Sep 23]
Etoile Filante 3-2 US Kita
Onze Cr�ateurs 1-0 Mamahira
Round 3
Groupe A [Sep 27]
fixtures unknown
Groupe B [Sep 26]
Onze Cr�ateurs 7-1 Etoile Filante
US Kita 0-1 Mamahira
Groupe A
1.D�bo Club de Mopti Promoted
Groupe B
1.Onze Cr�ateurs de Niar�la 3 3 0 0 10- 2 9 Promoted
------------------------------------------------------------
2.Mamahira de Kati 3 2 0 1 4- 2 6
3.Etoile Filante 3 1 0 2 5-12 3
4.US Kita 3 0 0 3 3- 6 0
With thanks to Doukoun� Coulibaly
Prepared and maintained by José Batalha for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Author: José Batalha
([email protected])
Last updated: 9 Jan 2008
(C) Copyright José Batalha and RSSSF 2007/08
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper
acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.