MiCOM P142

Feeder Protection
 30 – 10 – 2011 SCHEDULE

9.00 – 10.00 INTROUDUCTION ON MICOM P142

SETTING

10.00 – 10.30 INTRODUCTION ON MICOM P543
SETTING

10.30 – 12.00 PRACTICAL EXERCISES ON MICOM 142
& P543 SETTING

Schneider Electric - Energy Automation – 09/2010 2

 MiCOM P141 – Feeder Protection
Document Version
Version Comment Author Date
A First Version F. BROTTET 19/10/09
B Schneider Electric Migration S. GASCO 04/11/10

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 SYSTEM DATA

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 System Data
» Generalities

General configuration menus

4 setting groups

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 System Data
» Settings
» Choose between English,
French, German and Spanish
» Selected language will be
the one displayed on LCD
front panel

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 System Data
» Settings

» Feeder name (displayed

on LCD front panel)
» Station name (displayed on
LCD front panel)

» Frequency : 50Hz or 60Hz

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 CB CONTROL

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 CB Control

» No manual control of the CB

» Open/Close commands can be
issued only by protection functions
(such as autoreclose, trip, …)

» Open/Close commands can be

issued from front panel using HOT
KEYS or via SYSTEM DATA menu
»Commands can also be issued from
• Disabled relay front communication port
• Local
• Remote
• Local + Remote » Open/Close commands can be
issued from rear communication port
• Opto
• Opto+ Local
• Opto+ Remote
• Opto + Rem + Local » Open/Close commands can be
issued from opto inputs (one opto for
open, one opto for close is required)

!
» CB position contacts should be available on the relay (via opto) when CB control function
is enabled.

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 CB Control

» Minimum duration of close

command sent to CB

» Minimum duration of open

command sent to CB

!
» It may be necessary to match these values with CB manufacturing data to ensure safe
operation of the CB.

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 CB Control

» Time between local close

command sent by operator and
relay order sent to CB (to go out
of the room for safety reasons)

» Waiting time to receive « CB

Healthy » information given by CB.
» If relay does not receive this
information, no more command can
be issued and CB is locked in open
position.

! » This function requires an opto input connected to relay CB Healthy internal data
(via PSL Editor).
Opto Label 06 CB Healthy
DDB #037 DDB #230

» If not, CB Healthy will be set internally at 1, meaning CB always healthy.

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 CB Control

» If CB is locked, choose lockout

reset by :

• Operator action (front panel)

• A successful manual close command

» At the end of this timer

» Specify which position contacts are wired to the relay opto :

» 52A for CB Closed position
» 52B for CB Open position

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 DATE AND TIME

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 Date and Time

» View / modify date and time (relay

front panel )
» When creating setting file, these
are default values

» Enable / Disable IRIG-B

synchronisation

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 Reminder : MiCOM S1 Studio

1. Select relay from Studio Explorer

2 2. Click on « Supervise »
3. Modify

1 3

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 Date and time

» Battery Status

» When Alarm is disabled, low

battery will not generate any alarm

!
» In case of power supply failure, the battery will save
the date, time, events, disturbance & fault recorder.
» Settings/PSL are saved in EEPROM memory : no
battery is required to save data even without power
supply.
» Battery life time is 1 year if relay is not supplied or
10 years if relay is permanently supplied.

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 Date and time

» Allow to set automatic time change

(UTC, winter/summer time)

» It is possible to set time shift

between UTC and local

» Winter/Summer time changeover

can be setup accuratelyt

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 CONFIGURATION

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 Configuration

» Restore default settings for whole file or setting

group only
» Available only from front panel

» 4 Settings groups available (PSL included)

» Setting group change over via Menu or Opto

» Enable / Disable protection functions

» Enable one function make it visible in the setting

group :

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 Configuration

» Display or hide general menus (not proteciton

functions)
» Choose display type for settings values (primary
or secondary values)

» Display or hide direct quick access using

HOTKEYS or FUNCTION KEYS
» Setup relay LCD contrast
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 Configuration

» Select via Menu : Active setting group is » Select via Opto : Active setting group is
selected by operator action (relay front panel or selected automatically viaOpto1 and Opto2 (only
front/rear communication to PC). these 2 optos).
» Notes : Opto 1 and 2 can be used for other
applications
Opto 1 0
» Active setting group is selected via the Opto 2
0 Group 1
parameter Active Settings

Opto 1 1
Group 2
Opto 2 0

» Notes : 0
Opto 1
» Opto inputs 1 and 2 must be Group 3
set in the PSL Opto 2 1

» Setting group change over

can be modified only by these Opto 1 1
optos (not through front panel or Group 4
communication). Opto 2 1

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 Configuration

» It is possible to set up to 4 setting groups.

Each setting group can have different
parameters/PSL

!
» It is advised to disable non-used
setting groups

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 CT AND VT RATIOS

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 CT and VT Ratios

» Main voltage transformer ratio (3

phases)

»Current transformer ratio (3 phases)

» Neutral current transfomer ratio

used for Earth Fault 1 or REF
protection function

» Sensitive neutral current

transformer ratio used for SEF or REF
high impedance protection function

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 RECORD CONTROL

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 Record Control

» Allow to define which information

will be stored in event memory

» Allow to clear disturbance record

memory
» Only from relay front panel

» Allow to prevent one protection

signal to appear in the event list

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 DISTURB RECORDER

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 Disturbance Recorder
» Configuration of disturbance record
duration
» Selection of operating mode (single
or extended)

» Selection of Analog Channels

signals (current, voltage)

» Selection of Digital Channels

signals (opto status, output status,
start, trip…)
» Selection of trigger for disturbance
recording

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 Disturbance Recorder

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 Disturbance Recorder

» Trigger Mode Single : another

trigger is ignored

» Trigger Mode Extended : recording

time is extended to take into account
second trigger

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 Disturbance Recorder

» For each digital channel, it is possible to choose

if it is a trigger for disurbance recording :
» yes, on rising edge
» yes, on falling edge
» no, not a trigger

» By default, digital channel linked to Output

contact R3 (trip contact) is a trigger.

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 MEASURE’T SETUP

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 Measurement Setup

» "Standby" display for relay front panel

(after 15 min inactivity)

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 Measurement Setup

IA
5.62A

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 Measurement Setup

» Selected value will be the reference for

phase angle calculation

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 Measurement Setup
Mode 0 Mode 1

P P
i u i u
u u
i i

Q Q
i u u i u u
i i

Mode 2 Mode 3

P P
i u i u
u u
i i

Q Q
i u u i u u
i i
Direction of energy displayed on the relay depends on
the selected mode

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 Measurement Setup

» Average values are calculated

during this period
» Display is refreshed after each
period

» Average values are calculated

during the last « x » sub periods –
each sub period lasts « y » minutes
» Display is refreshed after each sub-
period

» For fault ___location function, select

unit for distance and display type for
the value.

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 CB MONITOR SETUP

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 CB Monitor Setup

» Select 1 for broken current or 2 for

broken squared current

» Activation of a CB mainenance alarm if

limit is reached :
» Total broken currents
» Number of operations
» Operating time

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 CB Monitor Setup

» Activation of CB lockout (in open position) if the

limit is reached :
» Total broken currents
» Number of operations
» Operating time
» Number of operations in a definite time

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 OPTO CONFIG

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 Opto Configuration

» It is mandatory to select supply voltage for opto:

- same voltage for all inputs
- customed for each input

» In case no voltage is available, it is

possible to use 48VDC output voltage
from the relay to supply opto inputs.

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 Opto Configuration

Voltage range Undefined range

24 / 27VDC 16,2 – 19,2VDC

30 / 34VDC 20,4 – 24VDC
48 / 54VDC 32,4 – 38,4VDC
110 / 125VDC 75 – 88VDC
220 / 250VDC 150 – 176VDC

100%

80%
1
60%
Previous state*

! 0
» Opto can be damaged if overvoltage
occurs (more than300VDC ) 0%
* Schmitt Trigger
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 Opto Configuration

» 1 = opto filtered  response time = 10ms

» 0 = opto non filtered  response time < 5ms

» Each opto input can be filtered. It allows a pre-filtering

of half-period wich prevent opto from wiring noise.
» This filter provide safety but input may be to slow for
application such as Intertripping. In this case, we can
disable filtering.

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 SYSTEM CONFIG

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 System Configuration
» Select phase sequence (usefull in
case phases wiring is reversed)

» It is possible to block current functions

when harmonic 2 is present (inrush current)
» Above the high set of current, blocking is
cancelled

» For each function

based on current, it is
possible to select the
threasholds blocked by
2nd harmonic detection :

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 OVERCURRENT (50/51/67)

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

» Elements I>1 and I>2

Operating time for settings I>1 and I>2 can be
switched between :
» Definite Time (DT)
OR
» Inverse Time (IEC, IEEE… international curves)

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

»Elements I>1 and I>2

» Settings I>1 and I>2 can be set to :
Non directional
OR
Directional Forward
OR
Directional Reverse

» Characteristic angle can be set between -95°and +95°

» Angle is same for all elements
» Minimal polarising voltage is fixed at 0.5 V (synchronous
polarisation is enabled below this threashold)

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

»Elements I>1 and I>2

» Set current threashold and

associated timer (or TMS for inverse
time curve)

» PSL :
Phase
selective Start

Any phase

Phase
selective Trip

Any phase

» It is possible to add a fixed timer

(offset) to the inverse time curve

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

» Elements I>1 and I>2

» Timer before threashold
reinitialisation

tRESET = 0
I>1

TIMER
TRIP

tRESET ≠ 0
I>1

TIMER
TRIP
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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

»Elements I>3 and I>4

» Elements I>3 and I>4 are only
definite time :

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

All threasholds may be individually blocked

following :
» a VT error detected by VT Supervision
function (used for direction determination)
» an inrush current detection (2nd harmonic
method)

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

Action of VT Supervision function for direction

determination :
» ex. of directional forward element when loss
of voltage occurs :

VT Supervision VT Supervision VT Supervision

Disabled Indication Blocking

Forward Fault NO TRIP NO TRIP TRIP

NO TRIP NO TRIP NO TRIP

Reverse Fault NO TRIP NO TRIP TRIP

NO TRIP NO TRIP NO TRIP

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

Action of inrush current blocking (2nd harmonic

detection) :
» Choose blocking for each element
» Choose blocking operating mode :
1PH detection blocks 1PH
OR
1PH detection blocks 3PH

1PH detection blocks 1PH

1PH detection blocks 3PH

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 Overcurrent (50/51/67)

» For I>1 and/or I>2 elements, it is possible to

reduce threashold when a voltage drop is
detected (function 51V) :
for ex. to detect a remote fault

Vrms
I>1
V<

k.I>1

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 NEG SEQ O/C (46)

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

» Elements I2>1 and I2>2

Operating time for settings I2>1 and I2>2 can be
switched between :
» Definite Time (DT)
OR
» Inverse Time (IEC, IEEE… international curves)

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

» Elements I2>1 and I2>2

» Settings I2>1 and I2>2 can be set to :
Non directional
OR
Directional Forward
OR
Directional Reverse

» Characteristic angle can be set between -95°and +95°

» Angle is same for all elements
» Minimum polarising voltage (Vi) can be set during
commissioning : above negative sequence voltage in
stable conditions

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

»Elements I2>1 and I2>2

» Set current threashold and

associated timer (or TMS for inverse
time curve)

» It is possible to add a fixed timer

(offset) to the inverse time curve

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

» Elements I2>1 and I2>2

» Timer before threashold
reinitialisation

tRESET = 0
I2>1

TIMER
TRIP

tRESET ≠ 0
I2>1

TIMER
TRIP
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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

»Elements I2>3 and I2>4

» Elements I2>3 and I2>4 are only
definite time :

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

All threasholds may be individually blocked

following :
» a VT error detected by VT Supervision
function (used for direction determination)
» an inrush current detection (2nd harmonic
method)

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

Action of VT Supervision function for direction

determination :
» ex. of directional forward element when loss
of voltage occurs :

VT Supervision VT Supervision VT Supervision

Disabled Indication Blocking

Forward Fault NO TRIP NO TRIP TRIP

NO TRIP NO TRIP NO TRIP

Reverse Fault NO TRIP NO TRIP TRIP

NO TRIP NO TRIP NO TRIP

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 Negative Sequence Overcurrent (46)

Action of inrush current blocking (2nd harmonic

detection) :
» Choose blocking for each element

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 BROKEN CONDUCTOR (46BC)

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 Broken conductor (46BC)

» Define ratio of negative sequence current /

positive sequence current and associated timer

» Note : this function guarantees good operation

even with low level of load current (that is different
from function 46)

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 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
(50N/51N/67N)

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)
» 3 types of earth fault protection available
» based on IN measurement

» based on IN calculation

» based on Sensitive IN
measurement

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» Elements IN>1 and IN>2

Operating time for settings IN>1 and IN>2 can be
switched between :
» Definite Time (DT)
OR
» Inverse Time (IEC, IEEE… international curves)

» Note : operation is same for EARTH FAULT 2 and SEF/REF

in SEF mode functions

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» Elements IN>1 and IN>2

» Settings IN>1 and IN>2 can be set
to :
Non directional
OR
Directional Forward
OR
Directional Reverse

» Characteristic angle can be set between -95°and +95 °

» Angle is same for all elements

Polarisation can be performed using :

» residual voltage (-3Vo) – mandatory for SEF function : we can define minimum voltage for
polarisation
» negative sequence elements : in this case, residual current provides starting and direction is
determined by negative sequence voltage and current : we can define minimum values for
theses elements

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

»Elements IN>1 and IN>2

» Set current threashold and

associated timer (or TMS for inverse
time curve)

» It is possible to add a fixed timer

(offset) to the inverse time curve

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» Elements IN>1 and IN>2

» Timer before threashold
reinitialisation

tRESET = 0
IN>1

TIMER
TRIP

tRESET ≠ 0
IN>1

TIMER
TRIP
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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

»Elements IN>3 and IN>4

» Elements IN>3 and IN>4 are only
definite time :

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

All threasholds may be individually blocked

following :
» a VT error detected by VT Supervision
function (used for direction determination)
» an inrush current detection (2nd harmonic
method)

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

Action of VT Supervision function for direction

determination :
» ex. of directional forward element when loss
of voltage occurs :

VT Supervision VT Supervision VT Supervision

Disabled Indication Blocking

Forward Fault NO TRIP NO TRIP TRIP

NO TRIP NO TRIP NO TRIP

Reverse Fault NO TRIP NO TRIP TRIP

NO TRIP NO TRIP NO TRIP

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

Action of inrush current blocking (2nd harmonic

detection) :
» Choose blocking for each element

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» SEF/REF Add-ons

SEF cos(PHI) / sin(PHI)

For specific applications, it may be difficult to
discriminate healthy from faulty feeder as the residual
current may be similar. We can use IcosΦ characteristic
as the faulty feeder will have a higher active component
than the healthy.
For isolated networks, we prefer using IsinΦ

Wattmetric
It is possible to add a power criteria from existing
elements by choosing Wattmetric characteristic

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» SEF/REF Add-ons

REF : Restricted Earth Fault

For transformer protection it is advised to use
instantaneous protection for earth fault at low voltage
side. To ensure stability of the protection in case of
external fault, we can use :
» High impedance method
» Low impedance method (bias characteristic)

Note : It is possible to use both low impedance REF and DTS/Wattmetric function while
using high impedance REF is exclusive

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» High impedance REF operating mode principle

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 Earth Fault Protection (50N/51N/67N)

» Low impedance REF operating mode principle

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 RESIDUAL O/V NVD (59N)

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 Residual overvoltage (59N)

Note : this function is based on calculated VN

= VA+VB+VC

» Operating time for element VN>1 can be

switched between :
Definite time (DT)
OR
Inverse time (IDMT)
» We can then set the threashold and associated
timer/TMS

» Second element VN>2 is only definite time

» We just need to set the threashold and
associated timer

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 Residual overvoltage (59N)

» Element VN>1
» Timer before threashold
reinitialisation

tRESET = 0
VN>1

TIMER
TRIP

tRESET ≠ 0
VN>1

TIMER
TRIP
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 THERMAL OVERLOAD (49)

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 Thermal overload (49)

Note :
» Single characteristic (one time constant) is
used to protect cables or dry transformers.
» Dual characteristic (two time constants) is
used for oil insulated transformers with natural
air cooling
» one time constant protects against
slow increase of oil temperature
» one time constant protects against fast
increase of windings temperature

» We define full load current setting (maximum load)

» It is possible to set an alarm to warn operator of
thermal state increase

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 NEG SEQUENCE O/V

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 Negative sequence overvoltage

» For specific applications where the input

voltage must be perfectly balanced (motor
supply…), it is advised to use negative
sequence overvoltage function
» Set the threashold and corresponding timer

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 COLD LOAD PICKUP

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 Cold Load Pickup

» After closing the circuit breaker, it is possible

to block phase & earth overcurrent elements,
or to define new settings (generally increase
threasholds) during a fix timer.
» Blocking or new settings will be activated
during tclp Time Delay after CB closure.
» Blocking or new settings will also be
activated after tcold Time Delay when CB is
open (load disconnected).

Note : It is possible to modify the 4 phase overcurrent elements and the first element of
earth fault 1 & 2 functions.

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 Cold Load Pickup

» If element is set as Enable, the new settings

will be applied when function Cold load pickup
will be activated.

» If element is set as Block, it will not be

active anymore when function Cold load
pickup will be activated.

Note : Elements will appear in Cold Load Pickup function only if they are enabled in the
relevant PHASE OVERCURRENT & EARTH FAULT functions.

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 Cold Load Pickup

» Cold Load Pickup function activation is linked to circuit breaker position. It is thus necessary to
wire CB position on relay digital inputs.
» CB position is managed by two signals: 52A (CB CLOSED) & 52B (CB OPEN). If only one signal
is available, the other one will automatically be calculated by the protection.

» REMINDER : CB position should be defined both

in settings file & PSL file with coherence:

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 Cold Load Pickup
» Activation of Cold Load Pickup function

52A

52B

Function
activation

tclp tcold

Note : If CB position (52A or 52B) is not available, it is possible to activate the function
using the signal « CLP initiate ». Behaviour will be the same as 52B signal (check above
diagram).

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 SELECTIVE LOGIC

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 Selective logic

» On specific logic input activation – for

example – it is possible to modify timers of
elements 3 & 4 for overcurrent functions
(phase & earth)

Note : It is possible to modify elements 3 & 4 for OVERCURRENT, EARTH FAULT 1 &
2 and SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT (SEF).

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 Selective logic

» New timer settings will be applied as long as

blocking signals will be active (PSL
configuration):

Note : if Selective Logic function is disabled, signals such as I>3 Timer Block will
completely block the corresponding element while if Selective Logic function is enabled,
element is not blocked anymore but new timer settings will be applied.

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 VOLT PROTECTION

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 Voltage Protection

» Measur’t Mode: Phase-Neutral

VAN

50 V VAN 50 V

VBN VCN VBN

VCN

No start of element V<1 Start of element V<1

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 Voltage Protection

» Measur’t Mode: Phase-Phase

VAN

VAN

50 V 50 V

VBN VCN VBN

VCN

No start of element V<1 Start of element V<1

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 Voltage Protection

»Operating mode:

» Any phase : protection will start if fault

appears on any of the three phases
» Three Phase : protection will start only if
fault appears on the three phases

Note : measurement mode and operating mode are defined for each function UNDER
VOLTAGE & OVERVOLTAGE. They will be applied for all elements of each function.

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 Voltage Protection

» Function definition

Settings for a definite time element:

» Level
» Timer

Settings for an inverse time curve element

(available only for first element V<1 & V>1):
Trev = K / (1 – M)
with :
K = time multiplier setting TMS
M = ratio measured voltage / voltage threashold

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 Voltage Protection

» Inhibition of Under Voltage protection when CB is open

It is possible to block undervoltage elements when

CB is open: just enable setting « Poledead Inh »

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 FREQ PROTECTION

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 Frequency Protection

» Function definition

Setting definition:
» Threashold value
» Timer

Note : 4 elements available for UNDER FREQUENCY function and 2 elements for
OVER FREQUENCY function.

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 Frequency Protection

» Inhibition of Under Frequency protection when CB is open

It is possible to block underfrequency elements

when CB is open: just check box « Poledead Blk »
for the required element:

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 DF/DT PROTECTION

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 df/dt protection

» Function configuration

Element configuration :
» Threashold value (df/dt rate in Hz/s)
» Timer (for trip)
» Direction:
» Negative for falling frequency conditions operation
» Positive for rising frequency conditions operation
» Both

Note : 4 elements available for DF/DT function

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 df/dt protection

» Rate of change of frequency calculation

Rate of change calculation on 6 cycles will be

faster but less accurate than 12 cycles calculation.
Maximum fault detection delay is:
t = 2 x M + 1 (in cycles)
where M = df/dt Avg.Cycles

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 CB FAIL & I<

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 Breaker failure

» CB Fail stage 1 (re-trip) with corresponding

timer

» CB Fail stage 2 (bad-trip) with corresponding

timer

! » CB Fail elements are strictly

independant

Note : after protection trips, if CB is not open before the end of set timer, CB fail element
will operate

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 Breaker failure
» CB Fail function operation

Trip

CB Open
No Breaker Failure
CB Fail 1 timer

Bfail 1
activation

Trip.

CB Open
Breaker Failure
CB Fail 1 timer

Bfail 1
activation

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 Breaker failure

Acknowledge CB Fail when it has been

started by a non current based protection:
» I< only : When currents drop below the
settings I< Current Set & IN< Current Set.
» CB Open & I< : When currents drop
below the settings I< Current Set & IN<
Current Set AND protection relay receives
external signal for CB open position (from
digital input).
» Prot Reset & I< : When currents drop
below the settings I< Current Set & IN<
Current Set AND started elements has
stopped (fault has disappeared)

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 Breaker failure

Acknowledge CB Fail when it has been

started by an external protection:
» I< only : When currents drop below the
settings I< Current Set & IN< Current Set.
» CB Open & I< : When currents drop
below the settings I< Current Set & IN<
Current Set AND protection relay receives
external signal for CB open position (from
digital input).
» Prot Reset & I< : When currents drop
below the settings I< Current Set & IN<
Current Set AND started elements has
stopped (fault has disappeared)

* Requires an opto input assigned to

External Trip signal in PSL:

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 Breaker failure

When CB fail acknowledge criteria I< is used, we define

levels of current under which current is considered has
disappeared:
»I< Current Set and IN< Current Set for all functions
based on current (except SEF) + protections non based
on current + external protections
»ISEF< Current for Sensitive Earth Fault protection
(SEF)

It can be interesting to block start signals for first

elements I> and IN> when CB fail conditions occurs:
when these signals are used to block another
protection, CB fail allow to stop blocking it so that it can
trip corresponding CB.

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 SUPERVISION

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 CT & VT Supervision

» In case of VT failure, VTS can operate as:

» Indication = an alarm is raised
» Blocking = optional blocking of voltage
dependant protection elements + optional
conversion of directional overcurrent
elements to non-directional

» After a VT failure detected by VTS, blocking

signal will be latched after the delay VTS Time
Delay
» VTS Reset Mode: Acknowledgement of
blocking can be manual (front panel or
communication) or automatic after restoration
of the 3 phase voltages (3 V > fix threashold –
30V for Vn=100/120V)

Note : VTS operates when a residual voltage is detected without negative sequence
current. In case of loss of voltage on the 3 phases, other calculation will take place to
detect VT failure.

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 CT & VT Supervision

» It is possible to disable VTS blocking if phase

current (or negative seq. current) is above the
threashold VTS I> Inhibit (or VTS I2> Inhibit).
» For example, in case of a close up three
phases fault on line energisation, VTS function
should not block tripping!

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 CT & VT Supervision

» CT Supervision activation

» If a zero sequence current appears above

the CTS IN> Set and the zero sequence
voltage is below the CTS VN< Inhibit, CTS
function will operate.
» An alarm is raised on relay front panel after
CTS Time Delay

Note : CTS operates when a zero sequence current (calculated) appears when no zero
sequence voltage is measured or calculated.
When CTS function starts, protection functions based on calculated values (such as
Broken Conductor, Earth Fault 2, Negative sequence overcurrent…) are automatically
blocked.
Other functions can be blocked by customising the PSL using signals « CTS Block » -
instantaneous or « CT Fail Alarm » - time delayed:

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 FAULT LOCATOR

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 Fault locator

» Line length can be set in miles or km:

» Line Impedance: positive sequence line

impedance
» Line Angle: angle of positive sequence
impedance
» kZN Residual: zero sequence line
impedance
» kZn Res Angle: angle of zero sequence
impedance

Note : distance to fault is displayed in the fault report. It can be displayed as a distance,
as an impedance or as % of line length:

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