MIL-HDBK-1004/6

30 MAY 1988
SUPERSEDING
DM 4.6
1 DECEMBER 1979

MILITARY HANDBOOK

LIGHTNING PROTECTION

AMSC N/A

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION IS

UNLIMITED.

AREA FACR
ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿
³ CCB Application Notes: ³
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ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ
 ABSTRACT

This handbook provides basic design guidance developed from extensive

re-evaluation of facilities. It is intended for use by experienced architects
and engineers. The contents cover electrical design considerations applying
to lightning protection systems.
PAGE iv IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK
 FOREWORD

This handbook has been developed from an evaluation of facilities in the shore
establishment, from surveys of the availability of new materials and
construction methods, and from selection of the best design practices of the
Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFACENGCOM), other Government
agencies, and the private sector. This handbook was prepared using, to the
maximum extent feasible, national professional society, association, and
institute standards. Deviations from this criteria, in the planning,
engineering, design, and construction of Naval shore facilities, cannot be
made without prior approval of NAVFACENGCOMHQ Code 04.

Design cannot remain static any more than can the functions it serves or the
technologies it uses. Accordingly, recommendations for improvement are
encouraged and should be furnished to Commanding Officer, Chesapeake Division,
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Code 406, Washington Navy Yard, Building
212, Washington, D.C. 20374-2121; telephone (202) 433-3314

THIS HANDBOOK SHALL NOT BE USED AS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT FOR PROCUREMENT OF

FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION. IT IS TO BE USED IN THE PURCHASE OF FACILITIES
ENGINEERING STUDIES AND DESIGN (FINAL PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND COST
ESTIMATES). DO NOT REFERENCE IT IN MILITARY OR FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS OR
OTHER PROCUREMENT DOCUMENTS.
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CRITERIA MANUALS

Criteria
Manual Title PA
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ

MIL-HDBK-1004/1 Preliminary Design Considerations CHESDIV

MIL-HDBK-1004/2 Power Distribution Systems PACDIV

MIL-HDBK-1004/3 Switchgear and Relaying CHESDIV

MIL-HDBK-1004/4 Electrical Utilization Systems CHESDIV

DM-4.05 400-Hz Generation and Distribution CHESDIV

Systems

MIL-HDBK-1004/6 Lightning Protection CHESDIV

DM-4.07 Wire Communication and Signal CHESDIV

Systems

DM-4.09 Energy Monitoring and Control HDQTRS

Systems

MIL-HDBK-1004/10 Cathodic Protection (Proposed) NCEL

NOTE: Design manuals, when revised, will be converted to military handbooks.

This handbook is issued to provide immediate guidance to the user.

However, it may or may not conform to format requirements of
MIL-HDBK-1006/3 and will be corrected on the next update.
 LIGHTNING PROTECTION

CONTENTS

Page
Section 1 CODES AND POLICIES
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.3 Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.3. Lightning Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.3.2 Local Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.3.3 National Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Section 2 SYSTEMS
2.1 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.1.1 Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.1.2 Secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.1.3 Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.2 Primary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.2.1 Lightning Masts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.2.2 Grounded Aerial Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.3 Secondary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.3.1 Air Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Section 3 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3.1 Masts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.1.1 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.1.2 Top Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.1.3 Height and Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.1.4 Zone of Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.1.5 Joint Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.1.6 Joint Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.1.7 Metal Mast Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.2 Grounded Aerial Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.3 Earthed Energy Dissipation Systems . . . . . . . . .11
3.3.1 Electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.3.2 Ground Counterpoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.3.3 Radials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.3.4 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Section 4 INSTALLATION
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.2 Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.2.1 Earth Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.2.2 Soil Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.3 NAVFAC Design Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.4 Ordnance Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.4.1 Storage and Handling Facilities Above Ground . . . .13
4.4.2 Earth-Covered Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.4.3 Cranes on Piers and Wharves . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
4.4.4 Marshalling Yards (Truck and Railroad) . . . . . . .14
4.4.5 Railroad Sidings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.4.6 Electric Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
 Page

4.4.7 Exterior Overhead Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

4.4.8 Fences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.5 Generating Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.5.1 Surge Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
4.5.2 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.6 Outdoor Substations or Switching Stations . . . . . .15
4.6.1 Air Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.6.2 Grounded Aerial Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.6.3 Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.7 Transmission and Distribution Lines . . . . . . . . .15
4.7.1 Distribution Line Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.7.2 Transmission Line Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . .15
4.7.3 Clearance Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.8 Flagpoles and Chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.9 Towers and Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.10 Aircraft and Aircraft Hangars . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.11 Ordinary Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
4.12 Obstruction Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Primary Lightning Protection for Ordnance Handling

Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

APPENDIX B International System of Units (SI) Conversion

Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

FIGURES

1 Primary Lightning Protection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2 Lightning Mast Ground Connection Details . . . . . . . . . . .4
3 Secondary Lightning Protection or Grounding System . . . . . .5
4 Bonding and Grounding of Railroad Track . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5 Concrete and Steel Ground Connections for Secondary System. . .7
6 Other Grounding Details for Secondary System . . . . . . . . .8
7 Other Grounding Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
PAGE ix IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK
 Section 1: CODES AND POLICIES

1.1 Scope. This handbook presents data and considerations that are
necessary for the proper design of lightning protection systems.

1.2 Cancellation. This handbook cancels and supersedes NAVFAC DM-4.6,

Electrical Engineering, Lightning and Cathodic Protection of December 1979.
Cathodic protection in DM-4.6 is to be covered in the proposed military
handbook, MIL-HDBK-1004/10.

1.3 Policies. The policy of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command is

to provide the most effective degree of lightning protection.

1.3.1 Lightning Protection. As a minimum, for all ordinary, non-ordnance

facilities requiring lightning protection, the requirements of National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) NFPA 78, Lightning Protection Code, should be
followed. The requirements of this handbook must be followed for ordnance
facilities and those facilities within the scope of NFPA 78. Ordnance
facilities, such as magazines and other structures, truck and railroad
marshalling yards, railroad sidings, and wharves and piers where ordnance and
explosives are handled and stored, shall be provided with special protective
measures. Design for these systems shall be in accord with criteria in this
handbook; DOD-STD-6055.9, Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards; MIL-
HDBK-419, Grounding, Bonding and Shielding; and NAVSEA OP-5, Vol. 1,
Ammunition and Explosives Ashore.

1.3.2 Local Codes. Although the federal Government is not required to

conform to local (city or district) building and electrical codes for
installations within Government ownership lines, consideration should be given
to local standards and regulations wherever practicable.

1.3.3 National Codes. The NFPA and the National Electrical Manufacturers
Association (NEMA) have established basic minimum standards of design and
installation practice including: NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC);
NFPA 70B, Electrical Equipment Maintenance; NFPA 78; and American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI C2, National Electrical Safety Code. These
standards shall be complied with in all projects. Approval of the
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. should be considered for all electrical
materials, fittings, and appliances where possible. Refer to Underwriters'
Laboratory (UL) UL 96, Lightning Protection Components, UL 96A, Installation
Requirements for Lightning Protection Systems, and UL 467, Grounding and
Bonding Equipment.

1
 Section 2: SYSTEMS

2.1 Types. Lightning protection systems are either primary, secondary,

or a combination of primary and secondary.

2.1.1 Primary. Design primary protection to prevent damage from direct

lightning strokes by diverting any charges from structures through a low
resistance path to earth.

2.1.2 Secondary. Design secondary protection to prevent metal parts of

buildings, building contents, or other types of structures from accumulating
electric charges that can cause sparking or flashover. Sparking or flashover
is likely to occur when metal objects are proximate. In the event of a
lightning discharge, the potential of independently grounded metal objects can
change with respect to nearby objects generating flashover between the
objects.

2.1.3 Combination. The installation of a primary and a secondary

protection system for the same structure is not always required. A secondary
static ground system providing an interconnection of metallic masses within a
building or on piers and wharves may also be required with a primary lightning
protection system. When a structure is equipped with both primary and
secondary systems, interconnect all grounds.

2.2 Primary Systems. Design protection based on 100 ft (30.5 m)

lightning strike arc. Design either primary or secondary type and determine
mast locations or grounded aerial conductors and their heights. Mast
locations or grounded aerial conductors and their heights influence the type
of masts along with mast foundation requirements and the ___location of the
ground counterpoise. Primary protection shall consist of lightning masts or
grounded aerial conductors as described in paras. 2.2.1 and 2.2.2.

2.2.1 Lightning Masts. Lightning masts (freestanding air terminals)

placed around a facility and connected to a buried ground counterpoise (see
Figures 1 and 2).

2.2.2 Grounded Aerial Conductors. Overhead conductors spanned above a

facility and connected to a buried ground counterpoise.

2.3 Secondary Systems. A secondary system generally consists of a

buried ground counterpoise to which all metal parts, including reinforcing
steel of the building or other structure, are connected (see Figures 3, 4, 5,
6, and 7). An equipment ground bus may be utilized for the grounding of the
building contents. The ground bus shall not form a loop. Connect ground bus
to ground counterpoise as shown in Figure 3.

2.3.1 Air Terminals. Points (lightning rods) mounted on the salient parts
of facilities and connected to the ground counterpoise may be used for
protection for certain specific applications in a secondary system.
 Section 3: SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3.1 Masts. Lightning masts shall be tapered metal, self-supporting

type, (single section design or multisection design) with slip joints, as
dictated by total height of mast. The cross section shall be circular or
polygonal, symmetrical about the longitudinal axis, and uniform in
configuration throughout the entire length. Wood masts may be used only when
heights and structural strength permit and shall be electrical pole line
embedded type, topped with a lightning rod or metal cap and with two bare
copper ground wires not less than No. 1/0 AWG (53.5 mmÀ2Ù), run down each side
of the pole to the ground system. The ground wires shall have a protective
molding extending from grade level to a point at least 10 ft (3.05 m) above
grade.

3.1.1 Material. Metal material shall be corrosion-resistant steel,

noncorrosion-resistant steel with hot-dipped galvanized finish, or aluminum
for single section or multiple section masts with anchor bolt mounting. No
combination of materials shall be used that form an electrolytic couple which,
in the presence of moisture, causes accelerated corrosion.

3.1.2 Top Point. Mast top shall be fitted with a copper or bronze air
terminal or metal cap to take the lightning stroke. The point shall be
included in the determined overall height of the mast.

3.1.3 Height and Location. Refer to Appendix A for determination of mast

height and for ___location as related to structure being protected. Masts of
heights up to 40 ft (12.2 m) shall be of single section design. Masts 40 to
70 ft (12.2 to 21.34 m) in height should be single-section design if delivery
to the site is practical. Design for masts in excess of 150 ft (45 m) receive
special consideration.

3.1.4 Zone of Protection. A lightning mast system establishes a

zone-of- protection. The-zone-of-protection is described by an arc having a
radius not greater than 100 ft (30.5 m). To prevent sideflashes, each mast
shall be separated from the structure by not less than one-half of the height
of the assumed salient plane, but never less than 6 ft (2 m). The maximum
distance from the structure shall be 25 ft (7.6 m).

3.1.5 Joint Design. Slip-joint design shall meet the following

requirements:

a) Assure overall structural integrity of the mast.

b) Include field assembly requirement to assure a snug fit, so that

joints of the mast will not loosen when subjected to vibrational modes caused
by wind or other means after erection.

c) Be compatible with field erection requirements to assure ease of

installation at the site.

d) Have good metal-to-metal contact, so that electrical

conductivity will be equal to or better than the parent metal used.
3.1.6 Joint Test. After assembly, each joint shall be tested at the site
and shall be measured by a digital ohmmeter with a 0.01-ohm resolution and an
accuracy of 5 percent of the reading, plus one digit. Tests shall consist of
comparative measurements across slip joints, with equal spacing of meter
probes at least 4 ft (1.22 m) apart. An acceptable joint is one yielding a
measurement equal to or less than a similar measurement of the parent metal in
a given section of the mast, with the same spacing of the meter probes. The
lowest meter range providing an indication in the scale region of greatest
accuracy should be used. If the meter reads zero or infinity, an incorrect
scale has been chosen or the meter is broken.

3.1.7 Metal Mast Foundation. Foundations for setting metal masts shall be
in accordance with the following:

a) Steel or aluminum, mounted by anchor bolts set in a concrete

foundation poured in place. Follow manufacturer's recommendations for
foundation design and type and for setting of anchor bolts.

b) Steel, mounted by means of a stub set directly into a concrete

foundation. Corrosion-resistant steel masts may be set directly into earth
where soil conditions permit.

3.2 Grounded Aerial Conductors. Overhead conductors shall be spanned

between masts and connected to a ground counterpoise to suit the type of
installation. (Refer to Appendix A.)

3.3 Earthed Energy Dissipation Systems

3.3.1 Electrodes. Made electrodes, as defined in the NEC, shall consist

of ground rods not less than 3/4 in. (19 mm) diameter and 10 ft (3.05 m)
long. Ground rods shall be copper clad steel or solid copper. Connections to
ground rods shall be made by bolted clamp type devices.

3.3.2 Ground Counterpoise. Each ground counterpoise shall consist of a

No. 1/0 AWG (53.5 mmÀ2Ù) bare copper cable completely surrounding the
facility, with its ends connected together to form a closed loop. The size of
any strand of the cable shall be not less than No. 17 AWG (1.04 mmÀ2Ù). The
counterpoise shall be buried at least 30 in. (762 mm) below grade, external to
the structure and away from structural foundations or footings (see Figures 1
and 3). Each counterpoise shall be fixed by driven ground rods. Connection
at each ground rod shall be made with a bolted clamp type device to facilitate
disconnection of the counterpoise from the ground rod for periodic testing.

3.3.3 Radials. Radial systems shall consist of No. 1/0 AWG (53.5 mmÀ2Ù)
bare copper cables arranged in a star pattern with the structure at the
center. The size of any strand shall be not less than No. 17 AWG (1.04
mmÀ2Ù). The radials shall be buried at least 30 in. (762 mm) below grade,
external to the structure. Each radial shall be fixed by ground rods.
Connection at each ground rod shall be made with a bolted device to facilitate
disconnection of the radials from the ground rods for periodic testing.
Quantity and length of radials shall be as required to provide the required
ground resistance. Refer to IEEE 142, Recommended Practice for Grounding,
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, for resistance calculations.
3.3.4 Plates. The use of plate electrodes is discouraged due to the high
cost of achieving proper grounding effects with this system.
 Section 4: INSTALLATION

4.1 General. Lightning protection systems shall be provided in

accordance with this manual.

4.2 Design Calculations. Design calculations shall consider earth

resistance and shall be based upon the soil resistivity for the specific
___location. Computer programs are available and should be used whenever
possible. Project design criteria shall include names of approved computer
programs for use in design.

4.2.1 Earth Resistance. Maximum ground resistance for any lightning

protection system should not exceed 10 ohms. In high resistance soils or rock
formation, it may be necessary to provide ground counterpoises or artificial
grounds or to sink ground wells. After installation, each system shall be
tested by the single, direct reading instrument method. Where characteristics
are unknown, trial grounds should be installed and periodically tested during
the course of at least 1 year to include seasonal variations. Refer to
para. 4.5.2 for approved grounding methods.

4.2.2 Soil Resistivity. Project criteria will set forth the specific soil
resistivity values to be used for grounding system design.

4.3 NAVFAC Design Guides. For specific criteria and sample layouts for
systems, refer to NAVSEA OP-5, Vol. I, and Appendix A of this handbook.

4.4 Ordnance Facilities. Ordnance facilities shall be protected in

accordance with the following criteria: DOD-STD-6055.9; MIL-HDBK-419; NAVSEA
OP-5, Vol. I; NFPA 78; and Appendix A of this handbook.

4.4.1 Storage and Handling Facilities Above Ground. Provide a primary

protection system consisting of lightning masts or overhead conductors spaced
around the facility. Connect the masts and all metalwork in the vicinity,
such as railroad tracks, metal sheaths of underground cables, and metal piping
and conduits below ground that do not extend into the building or other
structure being protected, to the primary ground counterpoise. All railroad
tracks that extend into the building or structure shall also be grounded at a
minimum of 10 ft (3.05 m) from the building or structure.

4.4.2 Earth-Covered Magazines. Provide a secondary protection system.

Where a metal ventilator provides a salient point above the structure, mount a
pointed lightning rod on the ventilator and connect it to the secondary ground
counterpoise. A pointed lightning rod should also be mounted on the concrete
portal wall and connected to the secondary ground counterpoise. Bond together
reinforcing steel by wrapping it with wire and connecting it to the secondary
ground counterpoise.

4.4.3 Cranes on Piers and Wharves. Provide a primary protection system

consisting of overhead conductors spanned between structural supports and
connected to ground rods or to metal plates submersed in water.
4.4.4 Marshalling Yards (Truck and Railroad). Provide a primary
protection system consisting of overhead conductors spanned between structural
supports and connected to a primary ground counterpoise. Ground all metal
parts and reinforcing steel of above grade structures to the ground
counterpoise. The reinforcing steel of precast concrete slabs should be
grounded, but where inaccessible within the slabs, it is permissible to omit
such grounding. Ground railroad tracks 10 ft (3.05 m) or more outside of
barriers at entrances and exits to the yard and where they cross a
counterpoise (see Figure 1).

4.4.5 Railroad Sidings. Provide a primary protection system consisting of

overhead conductors spanned between structural supports and connected to
ground rods. Ground all metal parts and reinforcing steel of aboveground
structure to driven ground rods. Ground all railroad tracks to ground rods
located 10 ft (3.05 m) or more outside of the entrance to barrier.

4.4.6 Electric Service. Electric and communication services to explosives

operating buildings and magazines shall be run underground in metallic conduit
for the last 50 ft (15 m). Services to buildings not containing explosives
may be overhead. The line side of the main protective device shall be
provided with suitable surge arresters. Surge arresters shall be located at
the service transition to underground conduit outside the 50 ft (15 m) limit.
A separate ground shall be provided at the secondary electric service
entrance. This ground shall be bonded to the facility ground counterpoise.
The electric supply to an explosives area shall be arranged so that it can be
cut off by switching devices located at one or more control points outside of
and immediately adjacent to the explosives areas.

4.4.7 Exterior Overhead Pipelines. Bond overhead pipes which enter a

building, storage facility, or area to all metal objects that are within
sideflash clearance of the pipes where they are in a zone of lightning
protection. Pipe segments shall be electrically continuous.

4.4.8 Fences. Fences shall be grounded on each side of every gate, at

points 150 ft (45 m) on each side of high-tension line crossings, and at 150
ft (45 m) intervals along the fence where high-tension lines (as defined by
ANSI C2) are directly overhead and run parallel to the fence. Fences shall
be grounded every 1,000 ft to 1,500 ft (300 m to 450 m) of length when fences
are in isolated places and at lesser distances depending upon proximity of
fence to public roads, highways, and buildings. The ground shall be made with
a bolted connection at a fence post by the use of No. 2/0 AWG (67.4 mmý)
copper cable. Where plastic coated fabric is used, the post shall be bolted,
and each strand of the fence shall be brazed to the metallic bare conductors.
The conductors shall then be grounded.

4.5 Generating Plants. Commercial type, metal-oxide, surge arresters

shall be provided on all overhead feeders adjacent to a plant as described in
paras. 4.5.1 and 4.5.2.

4.5.1 Surge Protection. Surge protection shall be provided between the

aerial surge arresters and generator or on a bus for several generators.
Where a generator is connected to an overhead line through a transformer,
provide a station type surge arrester on the high voltage side of the
transformer.
4.5.2 Grounding. Provide protection for smokestacks as described in
para. 4.8, and ground all steel columns, beams, trusses, and equipment frames
at their lowest points to a low resistance station grounding system.

4.6 Outdoor Substations or Switching Stations. All overhead feeders

shall be provided with surge arresters at the station which shall be connected
to their own ground rod system. The ground rod system shall be connected
below grade to the station ground mat. Refer to IEEE 80, Guide for Safety in
Substation Grounding, and IEEE 81, Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity,
Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System. Additional
protection shall be as described in paras. 4.6.1 through 4.6.3.

4.6.1 Air Terminals. On distribution metal station structures, provide

lightning rods at each corner of the station, extending rods above the
structure and the electric conductors. Connect the structure and all
equipment frames, transformers, tanks, and bases to a low resistance grounding
system.

4.6.2 Grounded Aerial Conductors. In areas where lightning storms are

prevalent, install overhead ground conductors above the transmission and
distribution system conductors to form a ground wire network over distribution
stations. Extend the overhead ground wires out over transmission lines for a
minimum of 1/2 mile (0.8 km). Aerial ground wires shall be grounded at the
station and at each pole.

4.6.3 Grounding. Provide a ground system of No. 2/0 AWG (67.4 mmý)
copper cable, welded to the columns and equipment frames and connected to a
ground system. Provide a ground mat for stations supplying distribution
voltages and a counterpoise for substations supplying utilization voltages.
A ground mat shall consist of a system of bare conductors located on or below
grade throughout the station and connected to a counterpoise to provide
protection from dangerous touch voltages.

4.7 Transmission and Distribution Lines. Overhead aerial lines shall be

provided with lightning protection coordinated with NFGS-16302 and in
accordance with standard utility practice at the project ___location. Acceptable
shielding results when a perpendicular line from grade to the ground wire and
when a line from the ground wire to the conductor protected do not result in
an angle greater than 30ø. Overhead ground wires may be steel, copper,
aluminum, or copper clad steel, with sizes dependent upon mechanical
requirements but not smaller than No. 1/0 AWG (53.5 mmý) copper-equivalent.
Ground the overhead ground wires at each pole. Where an overhead electric
transmission and distribution line transitions to underground, the underground
cable shall be provided with lightning protection.

4.7.1 Distribution Line Clearances. The towers or poles supporting

distribution lines operating at less than 69 kV, and unmanned electric
substations operating at less than 69 kV, shall not be closer to ordnance
facilities than public traffic route distances as defined in DOD-STD-6055.9.

4.7.2 Transmission Line Clearances. For transmission lines operating at

69 kV and above, and for electric substations operating at 69 kV and above
which are part of a system serving a substantial off base area, both the
towers or poles supporting the lines and the stations shall not be closer to

15
ordnance facilities than inhabited building distances, as defined in
DOD-STD-6055.9. When failure of the lines and stations will not cause serious
hardships, both the towers or poles supporting the lines and the stations may
be located at public traffic route distances.

4.7.3 Clearance Calculation. Line clearance distance calculations shall

be based on airblast over pressure only. Fragment distances will not be used.

4.8 Flagpoles and Chimneys. Provide grounding at the bases of metal

chimneys or flagpoles at the lowest points in accordance with NFPA 78.
Provide protection for other chimneys and flagpoles in accordance with NFPA
78.

4.9 Towers and Antennas. Provide grounding at the bases of metallic

towers or at the lowest points in accordance with NFPA 78. At least two
columns should be connected to an adequate ground by No. 2/0 AWG (67.4 mmý)
copper cable. Provide the same grounding for metallic watch/surveillance
tower structures. Structures adjacent to metallic towers and within their
zone of protection do not require primary protection, but all metal frames,
ventilators, doors, and window frames shall be bonded together and adequately
grounded. Provide antenna lead-ins with spark gap protection connected to
ground adjacent to supporting structure of antennas.

4.10 Aircraft and Aircraft Hangars. Provide aircraft and aircraft

hangars in accordance with NFPA 78. Grounding receptacles shall be located in
accordance with DM-21.1, Airfield Geometric Design, and DM-21.9, Skid
Resistant Runway Surface.

4.11 Ordinary Buildings. Provide protection in accordance with NFPA 78.

Health care facilities are included under ordinary buildings, except
protection for flammable liquids and gases shall apply as appropriate. Where
air terminals are located on flat roofs, either near mechanical equipment or
in areas traversed by maintenance personnel, special consideration must be
given to preventing injury from tripping over air terminal points, such as
installing longer or elevated air terminals.

4.12 Obstruction Lights. Provide air terminals 1 ft (0.3048 m) above the

top of the obstruction lights. Provide surge arrestors connected to the
lighting circuit conductors and bonded to the lightning protection system.
 APPENDIX A

PRIMARY LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR

ORDNANCE HANDLING FACILITIES

1. Scope. The following design method will provide adequate primary

lightning protection for ordnance handling buildings with vertical masts, or
overhead aerial wiring, in the vicinity of the building to be protected. This
method can also be used to provide protection for a group of closely
associated structures or complexes.

2. General. Experiments have indicated that under certain assumed test

conditions, a vertical conductor will generally divert to itself direct
lightning strikes which might otherwise fall within a cone shape or wedge
shape space zone-of-protection space in which the apex is the top of the
vertical mast, or the overhead horizontal ground wiring of the wedge. In this
case, the base is approximately two times the height of the mast or the
overhead horizontal ground cable.

2.1 Lightning Protection System. The lightning protection system

employed herein is based on the zone-of-protection as determined by clearance
arcs and a 100 ft (30.5 m) lightning striking distance. All masts and
overhead ground wiring that is used for the protection of a structure must be
adequately grounded. If the structure being protected is of metal, grounding
must also be bonded to the structure. The ground resistance should not be
over 10 ohms. A sufficient number of masts or overhead ground wires must be
used so that the entire structure is covered by their zone-of-protection.

3. Application of Criteria. The following criteria apply to primary

lightning protection:

a) Basic requirements are an adequate design for lightning

protection and economical cost of the system provided.

b) All three dimensions, the length, the width, and the height, of
a structure to be protected by a primary lightning protection system are of
major importance in determining the height, number, and ___location of the masts
or the overhead aerial wiring which will be used to protect the structure.

c) The spacing of the masts along the length of the structure shall
be a minimum of 1-1/2 times the height of the masts and a maximum of 200 ft
(61 m).

d) The distance "C" of the masts from the structure shall be one-
half the height of the assumed salient plane (S/2) but never less than 6 ft
(1.8 m) or more than 25 ft (7.6 m). In cases where a minor readjustment may
be necessary to accommodate road clearance, an exception shall not grossly
exceed the limits.
 e) The height of the masts is determined by the Equation:

where "M" is the height of the masts, "S" is the height of the assumed salient
plane, "D" is the mast spacing on the diagonal axis as determined by
Equation (1), with C = 40 ft (12 m). "P" is given an empirical value (see
Appendix A, A-1) according to the value of "D" as calculated from Equation
(1).

The height of the masts as determined by the formulae is based on the

condition that the structure to be protected is located between two parallel
rows of masts. To determine the height of the masts, use Equation (1), and
using C = 40 ft (12 m), calculate for D, and then determine M by using the
curves of Appendix A, A-2, Chart No. 1.

f) The protection of a structure by self-standing vertical masts

dictates that the distance from the center line of the structure or complex to
the masts on the normal or the diagonal axis must not be more than 100 ft
(30.5 m). When this condition cannot be met, the protection of the structure
or complex will be by overhead ground wiring. To determine the final
distance, D1, along the diagonal axis, use Equation (1) substituting D1 for D,
with C values between 6 ft (1.8 m) minimum to 25 ft (7.6 m) maximum. D1 shall
not exceed 100 ft (30.5 m).

g) When overhead ground wiring are used for protection, support the
overhead ground wiring on masts located at the vicinity of the protected
structure at distances from the structure established as 6 ft (1.8 m) minimum
to 25 ft (7.6 m) maximum. The lowest point of mid-span sag in the overhead
ground wiring above the salient plane of the protected structure is to be no
less than 10 ft (3.05 m). Increase the distance of cable which is run
parallel to the structure by 1 ft (0.3 m) for each 10 ft (3.05 m) of
horizontal cable greater than 50 ft (15 m). Determine mid-span sag of the
overhead ground wire from the curves of Appendix A, A-2.

4. Graphic Examples. In Appendix A, A-3, Example 1: L, W, and S are

known, C is given the value of 40, B = 18 ft (explained in Appendix A, A-1,
Definitions of Terms), and N is equal to 6. In Equation (1) substitute these
values and D is found to equal 98.5 ft. In Appendix A, A-1, refer to the
curves at point 98.5 ft (30 m) on the horizontal scale, then extend vertically
to the 50 ft slant line, and carry horizontally to the vertical scale, again
using Equation (1) and substituting actual distance C = 6 ft (1.8 m) minimum
to 25 ft (7.6 m) maximum, this will show a mast height of 95.5 (29 m).
In accordance with para. 3, Appendix A, determine actual D1 distance from the
center-line of the building or complex to row of masts on the diagonal axis.
With C = 25 ft, D is equal to 82 ft.

After the height and ___location of the masts have been determined,
proceed as follows:

a) Draw a plan of the building to scale. Locate the masts at

distances which are determined by the method shown in Appendix A, A-3,
Example 1, Figure 1.

b) Draw an elevation of the building to scale. Locate the masts at

distances which are determined by the method shown in Appendix A, A-3. Draw a
100 ft striking distance radius from the apex of the masts to the center-line
of the building or complex as shown. Draw two arcs (the normal axis and the
diagonal axis clearance arcs) as shown in Appendix A, A-4, from the point of
intersection with the center-line of the building. These arcs must clear the
salient plane.

c) Draw a lengthwise scale elevation of the building. Locate the

masts as shown in Appendix A, A-5 (refer to para. 4b, Appendix A). No part of
the protected building should lie outside the zone-of-protection. Appendix A,
A-6 through A-11 provide examples which illustrate application of this
principle.

5. Facilities Other Than Structures. The following criteria apply for

facilities other than structures.

a) This type of facility can be protected by using overhead ground

cable spanned between two metal towers or poles which are effectively grounded
and meet criteria in para. 3, Appendix A.

b) In this system, the overhead cable will intercept lightning

strikes and the resulted electrical current will be safely carried to ground
via the cable and supporting towers or poles.

c) The design method establishes the height of the horizontal

ground cable at mid-span to provide the required zone-of-protection for a
specific facility.

d) The mid-span sag of the overhead cable must be included when the
height of the supporting towers or poles is determined (see Appendix A, A-2).

e) Selection of cables is based on mechanical strength rather than

electrical considerations. The overhead ground cable should be stranded,
non-corrosive, copper coated steel wire. Minimum size shall be 3/8 in.
(9.5 mm) high strength (7 No. 8 strands).

f) The construction of the towers and their structural members or

the class of poles should be based on considerations of mechanical and wind
loading stresses.
 g) Appendix A, A-12 and A-13 illustrate primary lightning
protection by overhead ground cables for railroad and truck marshalling yards,
railroad siding and detail of overhead ground wire supporting poles and
counterpoise. Piers and wharves should be protected by meeting requirements
stated in paras. 1 and 3, Appendix A.

h) To check the adequacy of the zone-of-protection when the height

of supporting towers or poles is determined, draw sketches to scale as shown
in Appendix A, A-12 and A-13. The effective height of the overhead ground
cable shall be maintained between the low point of the sag and the protected
facility.
24
25
31
 APPENDIX B

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) CONVERSION FACTORS

U.S. INTERNATIONAL APPROXIMATE

QUANTITY CUSTOMARY UNIT (SI) UNIT CONVERSION

LENGTH
foot(ft) meter(m) 1 ft = 0.3048 m
foot(ft) millimeter(mm) 1 ft = 304.8 mm
inch(in) millimeter(mm) 1 in = 25.4 mm

AREA square yard(ydÀ2Ù) square meter(mÀ2Ù) 1 ydÀ2Ù = 0.836 127 mÀ2Ù

square foot(ftÀ2Ù) square meter(mÀ2Ù) 1 ftÀ2Ù = 0.092 903 mÀ2Ù
square inch(inÀ2Ù) square millimeter(mmÀ2Ù) 1 inÀ2Ù = 645.16 mmÀ2Ù

VOLUME cubic yard(ydÀ3Ù) cubic meter(mÀ3Ù) 1 ydÀ3Ù = 0.764 555 mÀ3Ù

cubic foot(ftÀ3Ù) cubic meter(mÀ3Ù) 1 ftÀ3Ù = 0.028 317 mÀ3Ù
cubic inch(inÀ3Ù) cubic millimeter(mmÀ3Ù) 1 inÀ3Ù = 16,387.1 mmÀ3Ù

CAPACITY gallon(gal) liter(L) 1 gal = 3.785 41 L

fluid ounce(fl oz) milliliter(mL) 1 fl oz = 29.5735 mL

VELOCITY, foot per second meter per second(m/s) 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
SPEED (ft/s or f.p.s.)
mile per hour kilometer per hour 1 mile/h= 1.609 344 km/h
(mile/h or m.p.h.) (km/h)

ACCELERA-foot per second meter per second 1 ft/sÀ2Ù = 0.3048 m/sÀ2Ù

TION squared(ft/sÀ2Ù) squared(m/sÀ2Ù)

MASS short ton(2000lb) metric ton(t) 1 ton = 0.907 185 t

(1000 kg)
pound(lb) kilogram(kg) 1 lb = 0.453 592 kg
ounce(oz) gram(g) 1 oz = 28.3495 g

DENSITY ton per cubic metric ton per cubic 1 ton/ydÀ3Ù =1.186 55
t/mÀ3Ù
yard(ton/ydÀ3Ù) meter(t/mÀ3Ù)
pound per cubic kilogram per cubic 1 lb/ftÀ3Ù =16.0185 kg/mÀ3Ù
foot(lb/ftÀ3Ù) meter(kg/mÀ3Ù)

FORCE ton-force(tonf) kilonewton(kN) 1 tonf = 8.896 44 kN

kip(1000 lbf) kilonewton(kN) 1 kip = 4.448 22 kN
pound-force(lbf) newton(N) 1 lbf = 4.448 22 N

MOMENT ton-force foot kilonewton 1 tonf.ft = 2.711 64 kN.m

OF FORCE (tonf.ft) meter(kN.m)
TORQUE pound-force newton meter(N.m) 1 lbf.in = 0.112 985 N.m
inch(lbf.in)
 APPENDIX B

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (Continued)

U.S. INTERNATIONAL APPROXIMATE

QUANTITY CUSTOMARY UNIT (SI) UNIT CONVERSION

PRESSURE, ton-force per megapascal(MPa) 1 tonf/inÀ2Ù = 13.7895 MPa

STRESS square inch
(tonf/inÀ2Ù)
ton-force per kilopascal(kPa) 1 tonf/ftÀ2Ù = 95.7605 kPa
square foot
(tonf/ftÀ2Ù)
pound-force per kilopascal(kPa) 1 lbf/inÀ2Ù = 6.894 76 kPa
square inch
(lbf/inÀ2Ù)
pound-force per pascal(Pa) 1 lbf/ftÀ2Ù = 47.8803 Pa
square foot
(lbf/ftÀ2Ù)

WORK, kilowatthour(kWh) megajoule(MJ) 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ

ENERGY British thermal kilojoule(kJ) 1 Btu = 1.055 06 kJ
QUANTITY unit(Btu)
OF HEAT foot-pound-force joule(J) 1 ft.lbf = 1.355 82 J
(ft.lbf)

POWER, horsepower(hp) kilowatt(kW) 1 hp = 0.745 700 kW

HEAT British thermal watt(W) 1 Btu/h = 0.293 071 W
FLOW unit per hour
RATE (Btu/h)
foot pound-force watt(W) 1 ft.lbf/s = 1.355 82 W
per second
(ft.lbf/s)

COEF Btu per square watt per square 1 Btu/ = 5.678 26 W/

FICIENT foot hour meter kelvin ftÀ2Ù.h. degF mÀ2Ù.K
OF HEAT degree
TRANSFER Fahrenheit(Btu/ (W/mÀ2Ù.K)
(U-value) ftÀ2Ù.hr. degF)

THERMAL Btu per foot watt per meter 1 Btu/ = 1.730 73 W/

CONDUC- hour kelvin (W/m.K) ft.h. degF m.K
TIVITY Degree Fahrenheit
(K-value) (Btu/ft.hr. degF)
 APPENDIX B (Continued)

AMERICAN WIRE GAGE (AWG) CONVERSION

AWG kCM mmÀ2Ù

20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.517
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.823
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.31
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.08
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.31
10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.26
8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.37
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3
4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4
1/0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.5
2/0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4
3/0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.0
4/0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.0
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Military Handbooks Government agencies may obtain copies of military

handbooks from the United States Naval Publications and Forms Center, 5801
Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120, TWX: 710-670-1685, TELEX: 834295,
AUTOVON telephone 422-3321. Nongovernment organizations may obtain copies of
military handbooks from the same source.

MIL-HDBK-1008A Fire Protection for Facilities Engineering,

Design, and Construction
 REFERENCES

American National Standard Institute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY

10017.

C2 National Electric Safety Code

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., IEEE Publications,

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.

80 Guide for Safety in Substation Grounding

81 Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground

Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a
Ground System

142 Recommended Practice for Grounding Industrial and

Commercial Power Systems

Military Standards and Handbooks, Government agencies may obtain copies of

military standards and handbooks from the United States Naval Publications and
Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120, TWX: 710-670-1685,
TELEX: 834295, AUTOVON telephone 422-3321. Nongovernment organizations may
obtain copies from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

MIL-HDBK-419 Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic

Equipments and Facilities.

DOD-6055.9-STD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA

02269.

70 National Electrical Code

70B Electrical Equipment Maintenance

78 Lightning Protection Code

Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFACENGCOM). Government agencies may
obtain copies of Design Manuals (DM), Naval Facilities Guide Specifications
(NFGS) and Ordnance Pamphlets (OP), from the United States Naval Publications
and Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120, TWX:
710-670-1685, TELEX: 834295, AUTOVON telephone 422-3321. Nongovernment
organizations may obtain copies from the Superintendent of Documents, United
States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

DM-2 Series Structural Engineering

DM-4.2 Power Distribution Systems

DM-7 Series Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Earth Structures

DM-21.1 Airfield Geometric Design

DM-21.9 Skid Resistant Runway Surface

NFGS-16302 Overhead Electrical Work

NAVSEASYSCOM

NAVSEA OP-5 Ammunition and Explosives Ashore

Vol. I

UL Standards, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road,

Northbrook, IL 60062.

UL 96 Lightning Protection Components

UL 96A Installation Requirements for Lightning Protection

Systems

UL 467 Grounding and Bonding Equipment

CUSTODIAN: PREPARING ACTIVITY

NAVY - YD NAVY - YD

PROJECT NO.
FACR-0218