Gene Expression—Transcription How is mRNA synthesized and what message does it carry 11 referred (o as a genetic blueprint. In the same way that blueprints contain the instructions for construction of a building, the DNA found inside the nuclei of cells contains the in wing organism. The DNA blueprint carries its instructions in the forr s direct the production of a polypeptide, from which other more complex proteins, such a of tructed, These polypeptides and other molecules run th enzymes or hormones, may ism and, in multicellular organisms, dictate what each cell’ job is. So, what is the languag coded by the cellular organelles? This activity will focus on these instructions and how are they read and de the decoding of genes in eukaryotes Model 1 — Transcription 5 ** Chromosome from a Inside the Nucleus Free RNA Noclear membrane Gene Expression—Transcription.Consider the eukaryotic cell in Model 1 «a. Wherein the cell is the DNA found? wucleds b Where in the cell docs tspnscription take place? wu(leus Refer to Model 1 44. What polymer is synthesized during transcription? fe- wah 4 What monomers ate wsed to construct this polymer and where ae they found? nucleo tees, found ja the NUcleys. According to Model 1, what enzyme sroqired for transcription? (Hint: Think about how nays are named. What ending i used for enzyme names?) Ran Poly morose Refer to Model 1 a. What is the base alt rule for a DNA stray Git AY, OG, TA matching an RNA strand? 1b Compare this base-pair rule with that of vo DNA strands. °C, AT, (GTA Vv Which auand of the DNA contains the “blueprint” for the pre mRNA’ Coding Sr/end, gene srrre Sense Stree) Consider Model 1. «a In hich direction is the DNA molecule read? — 7-75" RNA serand ae anti-parallel With this in mind abel dhe 3! and 4b. The DNA strand and pre-r Model 1. See Mader | 5° ends of the pre-mRNA strand in <¢_ Inwhich direction js the premRNA molecule constructed? sai + co share the informa: books had to be transcribed in ord rocess in Model 1 1s Before printing presses were available, Transcription and explain why the Pr tion in them. Consider the defininion of described using that word oe Tr 5 Wei From ont (0 anger POGIL™ Activities for AP" Biology ———ae ou RNA polymerase joins with several transcription factor proteins at the Fee Te Bec sequence of basepairs on the DNA template strand that signals he by initiation eer factor proteins, along with the RNA polymerase, is called the transcript oer This moves along the DNA template strand at about 40 base pais per second pro DARE PE MRNA. When the RNA polymers reaches the terminator sequence of bas pair on the NA template strand, it completes the production of pre-mRNA and releases it into the nucleoplasm 8. What parts make up the transcnipoon initiation complex? T raatot Blaeinss 4 RNA, Potrwer ae 2 Voanscey 04 \or 9. Where on the DNA strand docs the transcription initiation complex form? Pomotnl 10. Nearly all cells in an organism contain identical DNA, and each DNA strand may contain hun dreds or thousands of individual genes. Is it likely that a cell would transcribe all the genes within its nucleus simultaneously? Justify your answer using complete sentences. no, becavse it s not needed all Me time + / That Mul, Wouldn't Fit OGts rae (4 al50 take foo long at Yo bocePeirs POO second, /p tle e AULle Vs. ne@ lf moves 11. Considering the many types of clls ina multicellular organism, and their different functions, is it likely that all cells transcribe all their genes at some point in their lifetime? Justify your answer using complete sentences LiMk So / thik So, This 5 Leva ¢ (Cl 2 sary for, the for tid n¢ Chrymes are blade frou, traus ( C . Gome COlly we fwitsed ogy Arymes av WCE Fain afeas, Gene Expression— Transcription 3Model 2 - mRNA Processing Inside the Nucleus Outside the Nucleus 2. Compare the pre-mRNA to the mRNA leaving the nucleus in Model 1 4. What has been removed from the pre-mRNA to make it into mRNA? La trons ‘b. What has been added to the mRNA that was not present in the pre mRNA, and where on the mRNA strand are the additional items located? wet Pr) PA tole 9 3, Iclentify the structure through which the mRNA leaves the nucleus Mey toh wy lleny fb/e 14, The nucleotides on the mRNA will be “read” in che next step to producing a polypeptide. What sequence of bases indicates the starting point for the polypeptide “blueprint”? AUG 5. The “m” in mRNA is short for “messenger.” Why is this molecule called messenger RNA? 4 SMe e a I I Pp ! et Le Vibosomes, v / 4 POGIL™ Activites for AP* Biology ee EeRead This! Tntrons are sections of pre-mRNA that ate noncoding. That ts, they donit provide useful information for the production of the polypeptide being synthesized. There is evidence that suggests these introns al low certain sections of DNA to code for different polypeptides when different sections are removed. The emoval of specific sections is criggered by 2 signal response in the cell. The portions of the pre-mRNA that remain are called exons. The methyl cap (sometimes called the GTP cap ot 5’ cap) helps the mRNA molecule move through the nuclear pote and attach to a ribosome, its final destination. mRNA isa short lived molecule, Once in the cytoplasm the mRNA will be subject to exonucteases that immediately start removing individual nucleotides from the 3’ end of a nucleic acid. The individual mRNA nucleoudes will then be free to be used again during the process of transcription 16, The human genome contains about 25,000 genes and yer produces about 100,000 diferent polypeptides. Propose an explanation of how this is possible. Proving metbe ditterepd muiarions 2CCOUME f, : : e V or this wR (an Paduce$i(Fertwel Le the RY ic Cacaded wong, [i/o ferent mRVA dee eubing “on § pn fie 4 7 wae ena Ore 17, Using de infortaion in PERLE Ca hs hypothe vo epain the advange ofthe poly-A tail added to he 3° end of the mRNA. Cho nucleases is VOFt damaging to the RUA. The ow. toi paces ove tlat wf o Starts, the @Cncod Vand A 5 oO Whut 16 Taken Ore Bis, Dierent mRNA molecules can have ply-A ail of differen lengths. Considering the purpose ‘of adding the poly-A tail (from the previous question), why are some tails longer than others? Justify your answer using complete sentences. oo This Cov Yd be base) Jiscauce He mR YA rm/5t tare The {yytey jt mutt go, He Move A's 4 19. Summarize the steps of transcription. vw The forscripiion in Picton coMflek keg as ar fe Promoter, % hloues ath Pre- miu, The introns Are then 5 bak ack COP + Foy, tollodied A, WAC Then bes 0 AAAY Gene Expression—Transeniption ;Extension Questions 20. What type of biological molecule is an exonuclease? Paes P'0/ Frovern 21, Free mucleotides must be available in a cell’s nucleus to produce mRNA strands. Where do these free nucleotides come from? The food we eat + bro & en-dowil wh NA Stands ZF 22. Even though bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus, transcription occurs in a similar way 10 atic cells. How might biologists use transcription mechanisms to support the theory of evolution? Since transcription $ Similot in all OV 9 Gh i$ this Sugg ests We all ham Some So/* oF rere \ CVoU tan. eukat ve Gil She ew Whe, 59 es POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology