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Chapter: Mechanical : Fluid Mechanics And Machinery : Turbines

Turbines - Fluid Mechanics

Hydraulic Machines are defined as those machines which convert either hydraulic energy (energy possessed
by water) into mechanical energy (which is further converted into electrical energy) or mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy. 1. Pelton wheel 2. Francis turbine 3. Kaplan turbine
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TURBINES
 
PRE REQUEST DISCUSSION
 
Hydraulic Machines  are  defined  as  those  machines  which  convert 
either hydraulic  energy (energy  possessed  by  water)  into mechanical
energy (which  is further  converted  into  electrical energy)  or  mechanical
energy into hydraulic  energy.
 
The hydraulic machines, which convert the hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy, are called turbines.
 
Turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in running
an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine.
Thus the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The electric
power which is obtained from the hydraulic energy (energy of water) is
known as Hydro- electro power.
 
In our subject point of view, the following turbines are important and will
be discussed one by one.
 
 
1. Pelton wheel
 
2. Francis turbine
 
3. Kaplan turbine
 
Concept
 
Turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in
running an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the
turbine
 
FLUID                 TYPES OF TURBINE
 
Water                   Hydraulic Turbine
Steam                   Steam Turbine
Froen                   Vapour Turbine
Gas or air             Gas Turbine
 
Wind                    Wind Mills
 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
 
1. According to the action of the water flowing
 
2. According to the main direction of flow of water
 
3. According to the head and quality of water required
 
4. According to the specific speed
 

 
HEAD AND EFFICIANCES OF PELTON WHEEL
 
1. Gross head
 
2. Effective or Net head
 
3. Water and Bucket power
 
4. Hydraulic efficiency
 
5. Mechanical efficiency
 
6. Volume efficiency
 
7. Overall efficiency
 
 
 

IMPULSE TURBINE
 
In an impulse turbine, all the energy available by water is converted
into kinetic energy by passing a nozzle. The high velocity jet coming out of
the nozzle then impinges on a series of buckets fixed around the rim of a
wheel.
 
 
Tangential Flow Turbine, Radial And Axial
Turbines
 
1.  Tangential flow turbine
 
In a tangential flow turbine, water flows along the tangent to the path of
runner. E.g. Pelton wheel
 
2.  Radial flow turbine
 
In a radial flow turbine, water flows along the radial direction and mainly
in the plane normal to the axis of rotation, as it passes through the runner.
It may be either inward radial flow type or outward radial flow type.
 
 3.  Axial flow turbine
 
In axial flow turbines, water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft.
E.g. kaplan turbine
 
4.  Mixed flow turbine
 
In a mixed flow turbine, the water enters the blades radiallsy and comes out
axially and parallel to the turbine shaft .E.g. Modern Francis turbine.
 

In our subject point of view, the following turbines are important and will
be discussed one by one
 
1. Pelton wheel
 
2. Francis turbine
 

3. Kaplan turbine
 
 
 

PELTON WHEEL OR PELTON TURBINE

 
The Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine and now in common
use. Leston A Pelton, an American engineer during 1880,develops this
turbines. A pelton wheel consists of following main parts.
 
 
1. Penstock
 
2. Spear and nozzle
 
3. Runner with buckets
 
4. Brake nozzle
 
5. Outer casing
 

6. Governing mechanism
 

1 VELOCITY TRIANGLES, WORKDONE, EFFICIENCY OF PELTON

 
WHEEL INLET AND OUTLET VECTOR DIAGRAMS
 
 
Let V = Velocity of the jet
 
u = Velocity of the vane (cups) at the impact point u
=       DN/ 60
 
where D = Diameter of the wheel corresponding to the impact point = Pitch
circle diameter.
At inlet the shape of the vane is such that the direction of motion of the jet
and the vane is the same.         
i.e., Ȑ= 0, ș= 0     
Relative velocity at inlet
Vr = V  —u         

Hydraulic efficiency
This is the ratio of the workk done per second per head at inlet to the
turbine.
 
Energy head at inlet = V2/2g

Condition for maximum hydraulic efficiency

 For a given jet velocity for efficiency to be maximum, word done should
be maximum
 
Work done per second per N of water

Hence for the condition of maximum hydraulic efficiency, the

peripheral speed of the turbine should reach one half the jet speed.
 
 SPECIFIC SPEED
 
[ The speed of any water turbine is represented by N rpm. A turbine has
speed, known as specific speed and is represented by N
 
‘ Specific speed of a water turbine in the speed at which a geometrically
similar turbine would run if producing unit power (1 kW) and working
under a net head of 1 m. Such a turbine would be an imaginary one and
is called specific turbine.

 
 

FRANCIS TURBINE
 
Francis turbine is an i nward flow reaction turbine. It is developed b y
the American engineer James B. Francis. In the earlier stages, Francis
turbine had a purely ra dial floe runner. But the modern Francis turbine is a
mixed flow reaction turbine in which the water enters the runner radially
at its outer peripher y and leaves axially at its centre. This arrangement
provides larger discharge area with prescribed diameter of the runner. The
main parts such as
 
1. Penstock
 
2. Scroll or Spiral Casing
 
3. Speed ring  or Stay ring
 
4. Guide vanes or Wickets gat es
 
5. Runner and runner blades
6. Draft tube
 

 
KAPLAN TURBINE
 
A Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine which was
developed by Austrian engineer V. Kaplan. It is suitable for relatively low
heads. Hence, it requires a large quantity of water to develop large power.
The main parts of Kaplan turbine, they are
 
1. Scroll casing
 
2. Stay ring
 
3. Guide vanes
 
4. Runner
 

5. Draft tube
 
 
PERFORMANCE OF TURBINES
 
Turbines are often required to work under varying conditions of head,
speed, output and gate opening. In order to predict their behavior, it is
essential to study the performance of the turbines under the varying
conditions. The concept of unit quantities and specific quantities are
required to
            The behavior of a turbine is predicted working under different
conditions.
       Comparison is made between the performance of turbine of same type
but of different  sizes.
The performance of turbine is compared with different types.
 
 
 
DRAFT TUBE
 
The pressure at the exit of the runner of a reaction turbine is generally
less than atmospheric pressure. Thus the water at the exit of the runner
cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A pipe o gradually increasing
area is used for discharging water form the exit of the turbine to the tail
race. This pipe of gradually increasing area is called a draft tube.
 
SPECIFIC SPEED
 
Homologus units are required in governing dimensionless groups to
use scaled models in designing turbomachines, based geometric similitude.
 
Specific speed is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine, which
will develop unit power when working under a unit head. The specific
speed is used in comparing the different types of turbines as every type of
turbine has different specific speed. In S.I. units, unit power is taken as one
Kw and unit as one meter.
 
GOVERNING OF TURBINES
 
All the modern hydraulic turbines are directly coupled to the electric
generators. The generators are always required to run at constant speed
irrespective of the variations in the load. It is usually done by regulating the
quantity of water flowing through the runner in accordance with the
variations in the load. Such an operation of regulation of speed of turbine
runner is known as governing of turbine and is usually done automatically
by means of a governor.
 
Applications
 
1.  To produce the power by water.
 
GLOSSARY
 
HP –Horse power
 
KW- Kilo watts
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