PERSPECTIVE OF TERRORISM AND ITS

IMPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNALLY

DISPLACED PERSONS IN NORTH WAZIRISTAN,
PAKISTAN
PhD DISSERTATION

This Dissertation is submitted to National Defence University, Islamabad in

partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and
Conflict Studies

By
GHULAM MUHAMMAD AWAN
NDU-PCS/PhD-14/F-024

Supervisor
DR. KHURAM IQBAL

Department of Peace and Conflict Studies

Faculty of Contemporary Studies
National Defence University
Islamabad Pakistan
2020
 Author’s Declaration

I Mr. Ghulam Muhammad S/o Ghulam Hussain hereby state that my

PhD thesis titled “Perspective of Terrorism and its Implications: A Case

Study of Internally Displaced Persons in North Waziristan, Pakistan”

is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any
degree from National Defence University or anywhere else in the country/world.

At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate the

university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree.

Signatures of Scholar:

Name of Scholar: Mr. Ghulam Muhammad S/o Ghulam Hussain

 Plagiarism Undertaking

I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled

“Perspective of Terrorism and its Implications: A Case Study of Internally Displaced
Persons in North Waziristan, Pakistan” is solely my research work with no
significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help
wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has
been written by me.

I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and National Defence
University towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an Author of the above titled
thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any
material used as reference is properly referred/cited.

I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled
thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to
withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the
right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of
students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis.

Scholar /Author Signature:

Name of Scholar/Author: Mr. Ghulam Muhammad S/o Ghulam Hussain

Countersigned

Supervisor Signature:
Name of Supervisor: Dr. Khurram Iqbal
 iv

DEDICATIONS

This effort is dedicated to my late parents

Safoora Begum

&

Ghulam Hussain

For their grooming, care, trust and confidence in me to move on

this intellectual journey

 v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have been intimately involved as Director Operations and later as Secretary General of
Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS) with Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) of North
Waziristan Agency (NWA) from their arrival to Bannu and surrounding areas in June 2014,
settling down to rented accommodations, schools, host communities and government
buildings. Pakistan Red Crescent has been one of those organizations that have been
supporting Internally Displaced Persons from serving hot food, Food Items, Non-Food Items,
Psycho Social Support, Health, Provision of drinking water and many other areas of their
basic needs. I want to acknowledge the efforts of our Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and
Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA) branches, staff and volunteers of Pakistan Red
Crescent Society who have been involved to mitigate the sufferings of these people.

This project has been challenging and was difficult to complete within stipulated time frames
due to my ever-busy schedule of work. Dealing with Internally Displaced Persons was one of
the projects of Pakistan Red Crescent besides running number of other development projects
as well as responding to various natural disasters in other parts of Pakistan. I have been lucky
that my staff at National Headquarters (NHQs) and support from provincial branches have
been timely and forthcoming. However, following names needs particular mention: -

First and foremost, my profound gratitude to our young energetic supervisor Dr. Khuram
Iqbal, Assistant professor in International Relations department of National Defense
University, whose constant guidance, supervision and acknowledgement of efforts remained
a source of moving in the right direction.

My gratitude for Professor Dr. Qadar Bakhsh Baloch, Director Institute of Business Studies
& Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, an old friend and buddy for his
encouragement and appreciation of small works leading to completion of this work. My
sincere thanks to Raheel Manzoor for playing a major role in supporting my work,
administering questionnaire and facilitating me in compilation and statistical analyses of the
data. I am also thankful to my PhD classmates, Ahmed and Rooh Ul Amin for their support
and continuous encouragement.
 vi

At the end, my special thanks to my wife Samina Awan whose regular support and
encouragement was always there to continue with my work despite my heavy professional
commitments. Indeed, it could have not been possible without her support and involvement to
complete this huge task.

Ghulam Muhammad Awan

 vii

List of Abbreviations

BHUs Basic Health Unit

CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor

FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas

FCR Frontier Crimes Regulations

FDMA FATA Disaster Management Authority

ICRC International Committee of Red Cross

IDPs Internally Displaced Persons

IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

INGO International Non-Governmental Organization

KPK/KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

NDMA National Disaster Management Authority

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NOC No Objection Certificate

NWA North Waziristan Agency

PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority

PRCS Pakistan Red Crescent Society

PSP Psycho Social Support

QRF Quick Reaction Force

SWA South Waziristan Agency

TTP Tehrik –e- Taliban Pakistan

 viii

UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees

UNICEF United Nations International Children Emergency Fund

UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

WAT War against Terrorism

 ix

List of Tables
Table 1 List of Population..................................................................................................................... 18
Table 2 Sample Size Determination...................................................................................................... 20
Table 3 Proportionate Division Scheme. .............................................................................................. 21
Table 4. Sampling Details - Gender Wise............................................................................................. 97
Table 5. Age Wise Detail of Sampling ................................................................................................ 98
Table 6 Qualification Wise Details of Sampling .................................................................................. 99
Table 7 Age * Gender Cross Tabulation............................................................................................... 99
Table 8 Age * Qualification Cross Tabulation ................................................................................... 100
Table 9 Gender * Qualification Cross Tabulation .............................................................................. 101
Table 10 KMO and Bartlett’s Coefficients ........................................................................................ 106
Table 11 Rotated Component Matrix and Communalities ................................................................. 110
Table 12 Goodness of fit for overall Models ...................................................................................... 118
Table 13. Goodness of fit Statistics ................................................................................................... 125
Table 14. Matrix Correlation ............................................................................................................. 129
Table 15. Tests of Normality ............................................................................................................. 131
Table 16 Leven Statistics .................................................................................................................... 133
Table 17 Durbin-Watson Statistics ..................................................................................................... 134
Table 18 Collinearity Statistics ........................................................................................................... 135
Table 19 Effect of IV’s on DV............................................................................................................ 136
Table 20 Effect of IV’s on DV............................................................................................................ 138
Table 21. Paired Samples - Statistics .................................................................................................. 139
Table 22 Respondents Ages (North Waziristan) ................................................................................. 161
Table 23 Gender of Respondents (North Waziristan) ......................................................................... 161
Table 24 Respondent –Repatriated From............................................................................................ 162
Table 25 Adequate Security is Available in Your Place ..................................................................... 163
Table 26 Frontier Constabulary/ Khasadars1 Force is Accessible for Assistance when needed ........ 164
Table 27 Remnants of Militants are timely identified and arrested by security forces ...................... 165
Table 28 Sufficient Security is provided to Schooling ....................................................................... 167
Table 29 Social events like Marriages or Sports are Safe to Attend ................................................... 168
Table 30 Check post and security patrolling of the Area is Continued .............................................. 169
Table 31 Hidden Minefields are cleared from Routes, Fields etc. ..................................................... 171
Table 32 Adequate Financial Assistance was rendered at the time of Repatriation .......................... 172
Table 33 Loss of Valuable Belonging left behind at the time of sudden Displacement is compensated
............................................................................................................................................................ 173
Table 34 Loss of Standing Crops/Live Stocks/ Shop/ Business due to Displacement is compensated
by the Administration ......................................................................................................................... 175
Table 35 Shops destroyed are reconstructed by the administration support ...................................... 176
Table 36 Administration Facilitated Reconstruction of Damaged Houses, Mosques etc. ................. 178
Table 37 Administration facilitated for adequate livelihood provision ............................................. 179
Table 38 Administration facilitated for adequate Livelihood Provision ............................................ 180
Table 39 Adequate teaching staff is available after repatriation ......................................................... 182
Table 40 Girls schooling is operative” ............................................................................................... 183
Table 41 Movement of Teachers and Students to and from the Schools is Safe ............................... 184
Table 42 Computer and Internet Facilities are Available .................................................................. 185
 x

Table 43 Adequate Medical Facilities are Available .......................................................................... 187

Table 44 Hospitals damaged are reconstructed .................................................................................. 188
Table 45 Adequate Health Facilities are provided ............................................................................. 189
Table 46 Security of the Hospitals and Staff is Adequate .................................................................. 190
Table 47 Medicine and Medical Instruments are Available ............................................................... 191
Table 48 X-Rays and Medical Labs are Sufficient ............................................................................. 192
Table 49 Business operations are safe and secure now....................................................................... 193
Table 50 Damaged/ Destroyed Markets are reconstructed and Open” .............................................. 194
Table 51 Roads, bridges are reconstructed ........................................................................................ 195
Table 52 Supply Routes and Transportation of Goods is Appropriate .............................................. 196
Table 53 Water Channels are clean and Operative ............................................................................. 197
Table 54 Smuggling is controlled ...................................................................................................... 198
Table 55 Marriage Halls and Community Center are rehabilitated ................................................... 200
Table 56 Support Grounds are re-build.............................................................................................. 201
Table 57 Mosques are re-built with Adequate Security ..................................................................... 202
Table 58 Social and Religious Festivals are resumed ........................................................................ 203
Table 59 Overall Security .................................................................................................................. 204
Table 60 Overall Financial Concern .................................................................................................. 205
Table 61 Overall Education Concerns ................................................................................................ 206
Table 62 Overall Health Concern ....................................................................................................... 207
Table 63 Overall Business Concern .................................................................................................... 208
Table 64 Overall Social Concern ........................................................................................................ 209
Table 65. Overall Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................. 210
Table 66. Hypotheses Test ................................................................................................................ 255

List of Figures

Name Page Number

Figure 1 Map of North Waziristan ........................................................................................................ 85

 xi

Abstract

The focus of this research is to investigate the terrorism perspective as experienced in

North Waziristan, resulting into the unprecedented outflow of the IDPs and their delay in

repatriation influencing and leading to possible radicalization. This research focused on

five IDPs concentrations around settled districts of KP. The total population of male and

female IDPs living in five cities/camps located in the diverse locations of KP, namely,

Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lucky Marwat and Sperka Waziran was 10000 and the

sample sized having 95% of confidence interval was 385. Total 385 questionnaires were

distributed amid male and female IDPs of five aforementioned places and 375

questionnaires duly filled were returned. Regression analysis found that social

deprivation, push factors, pull factors and delay in repatriation has significant positive

effect on radicalization. Study concluded that besides early repatriation quality

environment should be provided which included some vital essential that are a)

Arrangements for livelihood b) provision of clean drinking water, rehabilitation of water

supply schemes, tube wells, c) provision of reliable and regulated electricity through

repair of transmission lines and replacement of destroyed poles, d) improvement and up

gradation of BHUs and Tehsil /district level hospitals. Also, provision of medicines and

required doctors at all levels, e) reconstruction and improvement of educational

institutions, f) establishment of cottage industries of small scale in most of the Tehsils of

North Waziristan Agency.

Keywords: Terrorism, Radicalization, Extremism, Talibanization, Rehabilitation and

North Waziristan Agency, Basic Health Units

 xii

Contents
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Contributions of the Study .......................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Operational Terms and Definition .............................................................................................. 4
1.2.1. Terrorism ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2. Extremism ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. Radicalization...................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.4. War on Terrorism. ............................................................................................................... 6
1.2.5. North Waziristan ................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.6. Internal Displaced Persons.................................................................................................. 6
1.2.7. Refugee ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.3. Academic Theories ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1. Triangulation of Theories .................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2. Relative Deprivation Theory ............................................................................................. 10
1.3.3. Frustration Aggression Theory. ......................................................................................... 10
1.3.4. Conflict Theory. ................................................................................................................. 10
1.3.5. Push Factor........................................................................................................................ 10
1.3.6. Pull Factor ......................................................................................................................... 11
1.4. Rationale of the Study............................................................................................................... 11
1.5. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 12
1.6. Research Questions. ................................................................................................................. 12
1.7. Research Objectives. ................................................................................................................. 13
1.8. Significance of the study. .......................................................................................................... 13
1.9. Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................... 15
1.10. Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 15
1.10.1. Research Philosophy ......................................................................................................... 15
1.10.2. Population ......................................................................................................................... 18
1.10.3. Sample Size Determination ............................................................................................... 19
1.11.3. Sampling................................................................................................................................ 21
1.10.4. Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 22
1.11. Theoretical Foundation of Measurement Instrument. ......................................................... 23
1.12. Instrumentation .................................................................................................................... 24
 xiii

1.12.1. Social Deprivation ............................................................................................................. 24

1.12.2. Push Factors ...................................................................................................................... 25
1.12.3. Pull Factors ........................................................................................................................ 26
1.12.4. Delay in Repatriation......................................................................................................... 27
1.12.5. Radicalization .................................................................................................................... 28
1.13. Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 28
1.13.1. Descriptive Statistics. ........................................................................................................ 28
1.13.2. Inferential Statistics. ......................................................................................................... 28
1.13.3. Validity Measures.............................................................................................................. 28
1.13.4. Relationship Measurement............................................................................................... 29
1.14. Scheme of the Study ............................................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 31
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 31
2.1 Terrorism................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.Terrorism and Radicalization .......................................................................................................... 32
2.1. Radicalization ................................................................................................................................. 37
2.1.1. Radicalisation Process. ............................................................................................................ 46
2.1.2. Radicalization and Ideology .................................................................................................... 47
2.1.3. Social Relations ....................................................................................................................... 47
2.1.4. Criminal Activity ...................................................................................................................... 48
2.1.5. Identifying Radicalisation ........................................................................................................ 48
2.1.6. Early Intervention ................................................................................................................... 49
2.1.7. Factors Affecting Radicalization .............................................................................................. 49
2.1.8. Radicalization in Pakistan........................................................................................................ 50
2.2. What is an IDP? .............................................................................................................................. 51
2.3. Internal Displacements in Pakistan. ............................................................................................... 52
2.3.1. Reasons of Displacements and Resultant Issues. .................................................................... 53
2.4. Protection of IDPs. ......................................................................................................................... 56
2.4.1. Responsibility of Provision of Protection ............................................................................... 56
2.4.2. Protection of IDPs under law .................................................................................................. 56
2.4.3. National Responsibility of Government for IDPs .................................................................... 57
2.4.4. Responsibility of Individuals and Community ......................................................................... 59
2.4.5. Effects on Host Communities ................................................................................................. 60
2.4.6. Problems of IDPs ................................................................................................................... 68
 xiv

2.6. Application of Relevant Theories ................................................................................................... 73

2.6.1. Relative Deprivation Theory ................................................................................................... 73
2.6.2. Frustration Aggression Theory. ............................................................................................... 76
2.6.3. Social Conflict Theory. ........................................................................................................... 78
2.7. Causal Factors of Radicalization. .................................................................................................... 80
2.8. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................................. 83
2.9. Development of Hypotheses: ........................................................................................................ 83
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 84
PREVAILING ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH AREA .......................... 84
4.1. Political Hierarchy ..................................................................................................................... 85
4.2. Topography ............................................................................................................................... 85
4.3. Major Tribes .............................................................................................................................. 86
4.4. Background and current situation of IDPs ................................................................................ 86
4.5. Displacements ........................................................................................................................... 89
4.5.1. New Displacements........................................................................................................... 89
4.5.2. Refugees in Afghanistan (Khost and Paktika provinces). ................................................. 90
4.5.3. Past displacements ............................................................................................................ 90
4.6. Background to the Conflict ....................................................................................................... 91
4.6.1. Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) ....................................................................................... 92
4.6.2. Al Qaeda ........................................................................................................................... 92
4.6.3. Peace Negotiations. ........................................................................................................... 93
4.6.4. US Drone Strikes and its Impact. ...................................................................................... 93
4.7. Significance of North Waziristan Agency ................................................................................ 94
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 97
DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................... 97
4.1. Demographic Variables............................................................................................................. 97
4.2. Validity ................................................................................................................................... 102
4.2.1. Content Validity .............................................................................................................. 102
4.2.2. Face Validity ................................................................................................................... 103
4.2.3. Construct validity ............................................................................................................ 103
4.3. Factor Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 104
4.3.1. Confirmatory Factor analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis ..................................... 104
4.3.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis ........................................................................................... 105
4.4. KMO and Bartlett’s Test ......................................................................................................... 105
 xv

4.5. Test of Assumptions ............................................................................................................... 106

4.6. Communalities ........................................................................................................................ 110
4.7. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structure Equation Modeling .......................................... 115
4.8. Structural Analysis of Deprivation, Push/Pull Factors and Radicalization ............................. 115
4.9. Correlation .............................................................................................................................. 128
4.10. Regression Analysis ............................................................................................................ 130
4.11. Multicollinearity ................................................................................................................. 134
4.12. Multiple Linear Regression................................................................................................. 135
4.13. Multiple Regression ............................................................................................................ 137
4.14. Paired Sample T-test ........................................................................................................... 139
CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 144
IDPS REPATRIATION PROCESS: CHALLENGES & RESPONSE .............................................. 144
5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 144
5.2. Rehabilitation Process; Salient from Review of Literature.......................................................... 147
5.3. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................ 150
5.4. Hypotheses Development ............................................................................................................ 151
5.5. Research Methodology ................................................................................................................ 151
5.6. Analyses of the Sustained Rehabilitation Environment ............................................................... 153
5.6.1. Health Sector......................................................................................................................... 153
5.6.2. Roads Infrastructure and Intra Agency Connectivity............................................................ 154
5.6.3. Markets and Trade Terminals. .............................................................................................. 158
5.6.4. Education .............................................................................................................................. 159
5.7. Analyses of Primary Data: North Waziristan Repatriates............................................................ 160
5.8. Prevalent Perceptions about the Development Work: South Waziristan ..................................... 212
5.9. Findings........................................................................................................................................ 248
Impact of Erstwhile FATA Development Projects ........................................................................... 248
5.10. Hypotheses Test ......................................................................................................................... 249
5.11. Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 250
CHAPTER VI ..................................................................................................................................... 252
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................... 252
6.1. Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 252
6.2. Major Findings. ............................................................................................................................ 258
6.3. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 259
6.3.8. Measures for establishment of government’s writ ................................................................ 261
 xvi

6.3.9. Measures to Improve the Repatriation & Rehabilitation Process ......................................... 262
6.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 264
6.5. Limitations. .................................................................................................................................. 265
6.6. Future Area for Researchers ........................................................................................................ 265
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 267
Annexure-A......................................................................................................................................... 282
Annexure-B ......................................................................................................................................... 286
 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Pakistani society remained exposed to two major wars in recent history in neighboring
country Afghanistan with active involvement and stakes of regional and global players.1
Before these wars, it had sufficient tolerance level with relatively low discrimination to
religion, caste, color and creed. Pakistan remained a subject of major research and
discussions at the world forum during the Afghan war from 1979 to 1989 and its fallout
thereafter due to its major involvement as forward staging section for entire war effort.2 It
went out of spotlight from 1990 to 2001. It again became a focus of world attention when the
government of Pakistan opted to be part of a joint coalition against War on Terror (WOT) by
becoming a ‘front line state’.3

WOT resulted in increased level of terrorism and extremism internally in Pakistan as well as
in Afghanistan. US WOT resulted into dislodging the Taliban from their powerbase in
Afghanistan. Taliban and their sympathizers in Afghanistan were either killed or pushed out
of their areas due to increasing military pressure in various parts of Afghanistan. Many
Taliban found shelter next door in Pakistan and started active retaliation against Pakistani
forces inside Pakistan and against NATO forces in Afghanistan. Due to porous nature of
border between Pakistan and Afghanistan as well as existence of various unfrequented routes,
movement of Pakistani and Afghan Taliban on either side was quite easy and often
undetectable.

Frequent incidents of terrorism and Pakistan’s military actions against terrorists have
displaced local people forcing them to move to safer areas. Terrorism in tribal areas added to
uncertainty and greatly affected sources of livelihood. Besides, military actions, poverty and
frequent natural disasters have also been sources of increased Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs) in Pakistan. This internal movement within the province and rest of the country
reached to around 5 million in 2004. The number of the IDPs reached a number of 3 million

1
Larry P. Goodson, Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the
Taliban (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2011), 23.
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid, 24.
 2

in 2009 due to continued operations conducted by the army against militants in various parts
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). It
also included similar operations in Swat, Bajaur, Mohmand, Lower and Upper Dir.4

The phenomenon of internal displacements in Pakistan is the result of a complex emergency

that has been occurring since the 1990s.5 The WOT has displaced millions of Pakistani
citizens from their birthplaces.6 Although, all of them, left their lands for fear of insecurity,
however, the background of the IDPs has not been the same in many cases. Some of them
while living in their areas, supported terrorists ideologically, some were forced to support
them, some supported them for politico religious reasons, and few were completely against
the terrorists’ due to their philosophy and approach towards the life. However, almost all of
them left their respective places for fear of becoming the possible victims of the war between
the government forces and terrorists.

Although it is not within the ambit of the study to analyze background of IDPs, the research
assumes that there was a broad spectrum of impacts on the IDPs and their households’ due to
actions against the terrorists, by the terrorists and analyses the scenarios that will result in
further disruption of the society they live in, allowing terrorist groups to radicalize the local
population and expand. A radicalized IDPs could easily be used for any violent action with
little efforts. A number of elements, both external and internal, will be contributing to the
crunch or expansion of the level of radicalization such as global WOT efforts, media, external
influences in the country, local political instability, poverty and feeling of injustice are few to
be mentioned here in this study.

The study analyses these pull and push factors and attempts to find out the linkages of the
radicalization due protracted IDPs stay. This study analyzes changes in the WOT with
radicalization in the overall life pattern of the IDPs after displacement, existing hazards and
vulnerabilities and gathers their perception towards some long-term solutions. The
susceptibility of displaced households and the probabilities of falling into poverty traps will
also be analyzed.

4
Newsdesk, "Nearly a three quarter of a million people displaced in Pakistan," The Express Tribune, May 14,
2014.
5
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
 3

1.1. Contributions of the Study

The outcomes of the research shall help policymakers to review the terrorism perspective in
North Waziristan so as to implement detailed policies for the de radicalization and early
repatriation of the IDPs in order to manage with the displacement shock in befitting manner.
The research investigates factors in terrorism perspective that can help to explain why IDPs
may become militarized or radicalized in some situations and not others. The research also
describes the involvement of humanitarian aid which has multiplying role in subsidizing
terrorism affected radicalization and pacification of resenting behavior. The lawful
expectations of the IDPs after their displacements if not timely addressed could possibly lead
to violent actions. In such a situation, it becomes quite easier to take advantage of the
situation by the terrorists. The research study is presumably the first of its kind that is
conducted in Pakistan on repatriation and rehabilitation of IDPs of conflict zone. There might
be similar studies found in case of Palestinian IDPs/ refugees, IDPs in Sudan, Somalia, and
Rwanda but there is no research on the issue which has been evolved along triangulation of
theoretical framework with mixed research method approach. The research in hand offers
multi-directional contributions of varying levels i.e. academics, socio-economic, political and
organizational governance.

1.1.1. Academic Contribution: The research is presumably first in its quantitative nature
that testifies through triangulation method three theories of Social Sciences i.e. Relative
deprivation; Frustration Aggression Theory and Social conflict of Karl Marx. The research
academic innovation rests in its blend of functionalist and Marxist perspectives, whose
findings reinforce the validity of all three theories in one case study of Pakistani IDPs. The
existing literature available on radicalization of IDPs, repatriation and rehabilitation of IDPs
is mostly in the form of organization reports or case studies devoid of any theoretical or
conceptual foundations. Whereas research in hand is not only based on theoretical framework
rather evolved around triangulation of theories and triangulation of methods, hence sets new
academic parameters. Furthermore, contrary to the routine researches, the study follows an
exploratory research, qualitative in nature to determine the suitability of living socio-
economic environment in the post conflict zone for the returnees repatriating IDPs and their
smooth long-term rehabilitation. The research modeling of Push factors & Pull Factors
conceptualized as the underpinning of the research offers a new paradigm in academic
stinting to measure the priority effect of corresponding socio-political, or economic and
 4

governance factors in such environment. The research also recommends academia for future
to replicate the study on IDPs of natural disasters to identify difference, if any. The research
findings and validation of theoretical framework in Pakistan’s socio-political setting enriches
the existing academic literature.

1.1.2. Socio- Economic Contributions: The research study also contributes to help create
awareness and understand the post conflict socio-economic environment of North Waziristan.
Such an awareness is predictor of good governance and change in administration echelons
from military to civil administration. The socio-economic environment explored by the
research study help to correctly estimate the success of rehabilitation process of returnee
IDPs in near future. The study also appreciates the post conflict consolidation phase by the
operating forces on one hand and well-knitted coordination of civil-military commands in
completing success full repatriation, minimizing the chances of radicalization and completion
of rehabilitation to its logically positive end.

1.1.3. Organizational Contribution: The research findings offer lots of lessons and
guide lines for the civil-military administration to demonstrate good governance in such an
unpredictable, fluid and unwarranted volatile environment with meager resources on their
disposal. The research conclusion contributes in setting directions for the civil- military
commanders confronting such type of menace in built-up areas as well as rugged terrain on
one hand and effectively neutralizing the sources and forces of radicalization of the
countrymen.

1.2. Operational Terms and Definition

1.2.1. Terrorism

The consistent prevalence of terrorism has generated psychological effects on the behavior of
the population in the area and beyond. The significant effects of terrorism on the people’s
behavior are reflected in shape of possible radicalization, feelings of deprivation and urge to
take revenge. Terrorism may be termed as “use of violence to achieve political, economic,
religious, social or ideological aims”. Terrorism relies on the proliferation of fear within a
society to achieve its aim and often relies on the use of unlawful violence.7

7
Title 22, Chapter 38, 2565f of the US Code on Annual Country Reports on Terrorism
 5

1.2.2. Extremism

In its literal meaning, “Extremism can be described as an act, quality or condition of being in
an extreme state.”8 In terms of this discussion, we can link extremism to the idea of holding
extreme religious or political views.

1.2.3. Radicalization

Radicalization is one of those terms like terrorism where a unified and agreed definition is
difficult to find. It can be termed as a form of extremism that could either be violent or
nonviolent. Use of this term in various contexts have given in it different meanings and
scholars have varied expressions in defining it. Radicalization could also change its meaning
in a given situation. National Counter Terrorism Center of the United States defines this term
as an activity that could be determined in local context either through self or personal
anxieties as well as adding to frustrate world events to send global level messages.9 This term
has gained its fame after incident of 9/11 where it has been used to categorize mindsets of
various individuals who are determined to react to apparent deprivations due to various
political reasons. After 9/11, radicalization has mostly been referred in context of religiously
motivated or inspired individuals conspiring or willing to collaborate with sub groups, groups
or other entities like sub state actors to react in a given situation. Moeed Yusuf a well-known
scholar believes that Radicalization remains a concept with different explanations and to
reach out to an agreed solution apparently seems difficult.10 Major reason for selecting
definition below is that it quite comprehensive, elaborate and covering all possible angles that
could be used to define radicalization. Like discussed above, this definition can still invite
questions and generate discussion in different context for its application. However, it is
assumed that subject definition shall cover most angles of the concept. Radicalization is
the extreme social, administrative, religious or political standards that discard or destabilize
the status quo or undermine the existing philosophies of the nation.11

8
"Definition of extremism by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
9
Michael Leiter, "Nine Years After 9/11: Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland," National Counter
Terrorism Center, September 22, 2010, 02, accessed October 20, 2018,
10
Moeed Yusuf and Arsla Jawaid, "Radicalism Among Youth In Pakistan: Human Development Gone
Wrong?" National Human Development Report 2015, November 2014, 03, accessed October 20, 2018,
http://nhdr.undp.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Moeed-Yusuf-Youth-Radicalisation.pdf.
11
Alex S. Wilner and Claire-Jehanne Dubouloz, "Homegrown terrorism and transformative learning: an
interdisciplinary approach to understanding radicalization," Global Change, Peace & Security 22, no. 1
(2010): 34
 6

1.2.4. War on Terrorism.

The axiom of “War on Terror” now has become a common term in the modern security
studies. War on Terror is normally used to define the continued military operations by the
United States, United Kingdom and their allies, against individuals or organizations that are
identified by them as, terrorists.12 Under this idea, we do not consider the stand-alone
counterterrorist operations conducted by various countries under their own purview.

1.2.5. North Waziristan

The capital town of North Waziristan is, Miran shah. The predominant tribe in the area is
Darwesh Khel (also known as Utmanzai Waziris) and the Dawar Tribe. The Utmanzai
Waziris are directly related to Ahmadzai Waziris, who belong to southern part of Waziristan.
They are an off shoot of the Wazir tribe and the area has been named after it as well. The
Ahmadzai Waziris reside in fortified mountain villages. Some of these include, Shewa, ,
Datta Khel, Shawal, Spin Wam, Dosali, and Razmak.

On the other hand, Dawar tribe reside in the main Tochi Valley. They mainly rely on farming
in the valleys below. Some of the prominent villages including Tapi, Miranshah, Ali Khel,
Darpa Khel, Amzoni, Haider Khel, Arabkot, Mirali, Issori, Hassu Khel, Khaddi, Hurmaz,
Mussaki , Ziraki, and Edak irrigated mainly through Tochi River.13

1.2.6. Internal Displaced Persons

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) refers to the notion that an individual or a group of
individuals moving out of their place of residence against their will, however, while still
residing within the boundaries of their countries of residence. 14 In layman’s terms, IDPs are
often referred to as “refugees’, however that is technically incorrect. 15 IDPs were projected to

12
Schanzer Jonathan, "The Hamas-al Qaeda Alliance," The Weekly Standard, May 2, 2011, accessed
October 24, 2018, https://www.weeklystandard.com/jonathan-schanzer/the-hamas-al-qaeda-alliance.
13
Nawaz Khan, "Geological Report of Shinkai Copper Mineralization North Waziristan Agency," Pakistan
Mineral Development Corporation-FATA-DC Peshawar, November 2008, 12, accessed October 24, 2018,
https://www.scribd.com/document/14052388/copper-geological-report.
14
Norwegian Refugee Council, "Internal displacement global overview of trends and developments in 2006," Internal
Displacement Monitoring Centre, April 2006, 07.
15
Haysom Simone, "Sanctuary in the city? Reframing responses to protracted urban displacement," HPG Policy
Briefs, June 2013, accessed October 24, 2018, https://www.odi.org/publications/7533-sanctuary-city-responses-
protracted-urban-displacement.
 7

be in the figure of 28.2 million globally in 2015. In Pakistan, the IDPs population was
recorded 1.4 million.16

1.2.7. Refugee

Like IDPs, refugees are also pushed due to prevailing circumstances to vacate or escape from
the place of their residence. Refugees are forced to take up residence in some other country
and are finding it difficult to return to homes, due to fears of persecution.17 Individuals or
groups of individuals may be forced to seek refuge due to threats to life, liberty, freedom or
general violent behavior. It may be more pertinent to mention here about type of migrations
as well. Migration can be described that once people opt to move from one place to another
due to certain reasons. It could be within own boundaries due to various administrative or
economic reasons. Another type of movement could be outside national borders. This
movement could also be attributed either to economic, social or political situation depending
upon the contexts. However, any movement against will of the people shall fall in the
category of forced migration. Forced migration could be within national or international
borders due to some uncertain situation, situation of conflict or collective violence where life
and property becomes at risk.18 There would always be number of push and pull factors in
these two major situations. These pull and push factors will always play a major role in
leaving a place and moving to another place of selection. Unemployment could be a push
factor where a pull factor will be possibility of employment. In case of conflict or forced
migration, push factor will be situation of uncertainty and violence and pull factor will be
peace and political stability. Number of push and pull factors have been identified in direct
relation to the topic and have been mentioned at number of places appropriately.

1.3. Academic Theories

1.3.1. Triangulation of Theories

The simple definition of Triangulation could be the use of a minimum of two methods, with
an aim to verify the outcomes of the study in a particular subject. "The concept of

16
Ibid.
17
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) 2011, accessed October 24,2018
http://www.unhcr.org/4fc880b30.pdf.
18
Stephen Castles, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (London,
United Kingdom: Macmillan International Higher Education, 1998), 78.
 8

triangulation is borrowed from navigational and land surveying techniques that determine a
single point in space with the convergence of measurements taken from two other distinct
points”.19 Through the use of triangulation, an individual can be more certain on the findings
of the study because of the verification of two (or more) separate methods. In essence, the
origin of the principle of Triangulation can be traced to the idea of locating or fixing an item's
precise position through the use of several control points. This discovery quickly developed
the staple in military tactics and navigation. To this day, it is an important tool in the
surveyor’s trade.20 Whereas, “Theory triangulation: involves using more than one theoretical
scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon”.21

Triangulation relies on the verification of data through the utilization of multiple sources.
This method is a powerful tool to facilitate research. Simply, it advocates the application of
multiple research methods to study the same subject. Denzin also advocated the
implementation of “several approaches in the evaluation of the same empirical events”, he
also opined that every technique highlights various features of empirical evidence.

“A single method may not always be the superior. There would always be strength and
weaknesses of each method. Now it is the responsibility of the sociologists to accept the
reality and approach various problems through available relevant and appropriate techniques,
to the strategy of methodological triangulation”22 Triangulation gives additional options and
can direct to better findings.

Triangulation Methodology is the application of more than one variation of method, data,
investigations or/and theories, to study the same subject. It should be highlighted that;
triangulation is merely a tool and does not have a major impact on final result. It is rather a
powerful methodological approach for the execution of a research study leading to some
valuable outcomes, if applied correctly. The reason for this is that it has the potential for
combining both aspects of qualitative and quantitative and research techniques.23 Owing to
the inbuilt benefit of triangulation to control biasness and add in to the validity of research
today it has become norm in research to use triangulation of method in foe form or the

19
Lisa M. Given, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
Publications, 2008), 892-894.
20
Mike Weyers, Herman Strydom, and Arnel Huisamen, "Triangulation in Social Work Research: The Theory
and Example of its Practical Application," Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk 44, no. 2 (2014): 45.
21
Norman K. Denzin, Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook (RSM Press, 2006), 59.
22
Norman K. Denzin, "Strategies of Multiple Triangulation," The Research Act, 2017, 300.
23
Mary E. Duffy, "Methodological Triangulation: A Vehicle for Merging Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Methods," Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 19, no. 3 (1987): 131.
 9

other.24 One of the leading motives where the use of Triangulation has been so strongly
advocated is due to the fact that the application of one method can help remove the
deficiencies of the other method. Thus, by combining the two methodologies, they can
complement each other. Nonetheless, triangulation has also faced some criticism especially
with regards to the lack of awareness in the epistemological and ontological assumptions of
the various theories and/or methods. Due to this, there can be the emergence of major hurdles
where techniques built on various suppositions are used. Grave complications have been
formed, which usually went unnoticed or failed to be recognized, when techniques based on
various suppositions were used.25

The research in hand conceptualized its research theoretical framework involving social
sciences three theories namely, relative deprivation theory26, Frustration–aggression theory;27
and Social conflict theory. According to Walker et al: “The need for delineating such a
variety of comparisons and deprivations is an empirical … with B, A will arrive at the belief
that she is deprived relative to B on … more problematic question involves precisely why
absolute deprivation often does not translate into relative deprivation” 28

According to Grimm:

“Frustration is defined as a state that sets in if a goal‐ oriented act is delayed or

thwarted. The instigation remains even though the chances of realization are
constrained by interfering influences.”29

Marx views the Social Conflict theory where many influential groups will be keen to
use their influence and power to take advantage over relatively weaker groups with
less influence and authority. It maintains that persons and groups (social classes) in a
society cooperate on the basis of clash rather than agreement.

24
Kathleen A. Knafl and Bonnie J. Breitmayer, "Triangulation in Qualitative Research: Issues of Conceptual
Clarity and Purpose," Qualitative Nursing Research: A Contemporary Dialogue,230.
25
Norman W. Blaikie, "A critique of the use of triangulation in social research, “Quality and Quantity 25, no. 2
(1991): 121.
26
Stephen G. Brush, "Dynamics of Theory Change in the Social Sciences," Journal of Conflict Resolution 40,
no. 4 (1996): 529.
27
Robert T. Craig, "Frustration Aggression Theory," in The International Encyclopedia of Communication
Theory and Philosophy, 4 Volume Set (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2016).
28
Iain Walker and Thomas F. Pettigrew, "Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual
critique," British Journal of Social Psychology 23, no. 4 (1984): 306.
29
Robert T. Craig, "Frustration Aggression Theory," in The International Encyclopedia of Communication
Theory and Philosophy, 4 Volume Set (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2016).
 10

1.3.2. Relative Deprivation Theory

Subject theory was advanced by a famous sociologist, Samuel A. Stouffer. This theory is
built on the basis that discontentment and feelings of deprivation are related to legitimate
expectations. Legitimate expectations once not fulfilled due to any economic, social or
political reasons; it is likely to create feelings of relative deprivation. Relative deprivation can
possibly lead to dissatisfaction and reaction in certain situations.

1.3.3. Frustration Aggression Theory.

Under the premise of this theory, existence of aggressive behavior breeds frustration and vice
versa, the presence of frustration manifests itself in some form of aggression. Subject theory
was advocated by John Dollard et al. in 1939. Frustration due to non-fulfillment of any
legitimate expectations could possibly lead to change in behavior. An aggressive behavior
will possibly have certain linkages with frustration.

1.3.4. Conflict Theory.

Subject theory highlights that, “the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic,
animating force of social change and society in general.”30 Proponents of this theory argue
that the upper hand of controlling conflict lies with the group who has capacity to overpower
the opposing group. It further advocates that to maintain social order, civil law could be used
as one of the tools that may benefit a particular group at the cost of another.

1.3.5. Push Factor

Push Factors are regarded as an adverse effect or circumstances that motivates an individual
to move away from his home, region and other affiliations. In terms of migration, these
factors essentially motivate, a group of people to depart its place of residence. There could be
many reasons behind this factor ranging from economic, social or political uncertainties.
There could also be certain administrative reasons that could become part of push factor.

30
Dalton Conley, You May Ask Yourself: An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist (New York, NY: W.
W. Norton, 2016), 30.
 11

1.3.6. Pull Factor

As opposed to the Push Factor, Pull factor is a set of features that magnetize people to a
particular area, company or country etc. While Push Factors are regarded as negative factors,
pull factors are generally regarded to be positive attributes. Pull Factors are mostly used
under the pretense of globalization to describe as to what drives and attracts people for
undertaking a journey to a new land. Pull factor in certain conditions is major contributor for
migration.

1.4. Rationale of the Study

Pakistan has been facing the IDPs and refugee crises since its inception. In recent years,
especially after 9/11, these displacements have increased manifold. The major reason for
these displacements remains the operations conducted by the military to flush out
militants/terrorists from erstwhile FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Almost all agencies of
erstwhile FATA have been through army operations for elimination of terrorists and their
activities. The underlining aim of the military operation was to create peaceful environment
to help people to avoid becoming radicalized on the behest of terrorists. The major reason for
selection of North Waziristan case is the number of IDPs which went to over 1 million and
spread over many settled districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Such a mass internal
displacement has been quite rare in the history of erstwhile FATA.

This major displacement clearly indicates that the government and its relevant departments
are not yet trained enough or their capacity to respond to such crises was still at the
rudimentary level. In recent year, Pakistan military had been playing a leading role in
reconstruction and rehabilitation role of IDPs in a major way. However, civil administration
that was expected to fill the vacuum and bridge the gap had not been able to deliver results as
per expectation of the people.

Another reason is that North Waziristan was one of those erstwhile agencies that were figured
out at international level due to alleged presence of Haqqani Network and its affiliates
working against the United States and NATO forces. The erstwhile agency was considered as
a base of terrorists operating in many parts of the world having some affiliation with the area
either for training or support base mechanism. The area had also proved to be the centre of
support and training for terrorists operating in many parts of Pakistan.
 12

1.5. Problem Statement

Pakistan is one of those countries that are suffering from natural as well as man-made
disasters since its initial days. In recent years, due to continuous state of militancy and
engagement in certain areas of KP and entire erstwhile FATA region, has influenced
radicalization of the people to a great degree. The normalization of militancy and terrorist
activities in North Waziristan is only possible if radicalization in the people behavior is
timely arrested to avoid any such reoccurrences. To avoid collateral damages, it was
considered essential to move the civilian population to safer areas before launching any major
size army operations. Operations in Swat, Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, South and North
Waziristan besides a number of small intelligence-based operation (IBOs) had caused
massive displacements from time to time.

The inability of government and other stakeholders to provide sufficient alternative options in
shape of education, shelter, health and livelihood had added to the future uncertainty.
Protracted stay of IDPs in camps, rented accommodation or with host families had created
socio-economic issues. The IDPs problem was compounded through the initiation of
operation “Zarb-e-Azb” (code name of army operation for North Waziristan), as over one
million people were displaced. The issue became a major challenge due to limited capacity of
the government to immediately compensate and rehabilitate.

Destruction of infrastructure in areas of origin and snail-paced rehabilitation had forced most
of the IDPs to look for other options. The protracted stay of the IDPs out of their hometowns
and the government’s indifferent approach could possibly generate a feeling of relative
deprivation among them. Relative deprivation may prove to be an ideal ground for changed
behaviors of radicalized approach towards life, state and society. This situation warranted
urgent attention of all stakeholders, proper contingency planning, sound administrative
structural measures and long-term rehabilitation policy to compensate the losses in an
appropriate manner.

1.6. Research Questions.

The research questions seeking answers from the study were as under:

1. What is terrorism and how does it affect human behaviour into radicalization.
 13

2. What is the cause and effect of the IDPs social deprivation, push & pull factors, and delay
in repatriation on the IDPs radicalization?

3. What is the relationship among the IDPs social deprivation, push & pull factors, delay in
repatriation and radicalization?

4. What are the policy measures for decision-makers about betterment of the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa IDPs?

1.7. Research Objectives.

The study is intended to attain succeeding objectives:

1. To find out the cause and effect of social deprivation and push and pull factors on the
IDPs radicalization.

2. To measure the cause and effect of social deprivation and push and pull factors on the
IDPs delay in repatriation.

3. To find out the consequences of delay in repatriation on the IDPs radicalization.

4. To carry out a post research exploratory study, the perceptions of the repatriating IDPs
whether the living environment found on their return are suitable for their sustained
rehabilitation.

1.8. Significance of the study.

A great volume of research has already been done on the WOT31, its effects, implications,
role and stakes of global players, including the future of Afghanistan, after gradual
withdrawal of forces from 2014. However, no major research has been conducted on the
socio-economic conditions, key hazards and vulnerabilities and key changes that have
happened during the IDPs camping and after repatriation.

31
William Dan, "Israel provides intelligence on Islamic State: Western diplomat, “Reuters, September 8, 2014,
accessed October 24, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-islamicstate-israel/israel-provides-
intelligence-on-islamic-state-western-diplomat-idUSKBN0H31UG20140908.
 14

Based on analysis of the current living conditions and the IDPs’ expectations, this study
analyzes the push and pulls factors and internal and external factors that further contribute to
an enabling environment (favorable conditions) for resolving the issue in the long run. This
study is a pioneer in the sense that it reviews the internal IDPs situation and the current
external environment that includes global and regional scenarios.

The study also finds out whether unfulfilled promises and inability of the government and
other stakeholders to live up to minimum expectations of the IDPs could lead to a change in
their behavior towards radicalization. Effort has also been made to establish how far feelings
of relative deprivation could push the IDPs from uncertainty to radicalization and extremism.
This study helps in understanding the plight of the IDPs living in camps so that the
government, humanitarian organizations and private sector realign their humanitarian
support. This study shall also help to develop an appropriate strategy to reduce future impacts
of radicalization and extremism on the IDPs and further consequences. The study is also
helpful in understanding the natural hazard related risks to the IDPs. There is no denying the
facts that the study is unique in its nature and carries local, regional and global implication
because of the following:

 In view of the extensive literature review, my personal visits to the relevant institutions
and research organizations, no identical study is found, therefore study is unique in its
nature. Furthermore, the research study is more comprehensive and all-encompassing as it
explores the phenomenon from the areas of War Against Terror (WAT), movement of
IDPs from Erstwhile FATA to provincial settled areas of KP, their repatriation and the
role of state institutions in their rehabilitation, turning the war-torn areas into a peaceful
Tribal Districts.
 local implications of the research are restricted to the North Waziristan, whereas the
movement of IDPs into provincially administrative areas and administration provided by
the provincial government, the local government and involvement of the government of
Pakistan and Afghanistan brings regional shade on the research. Furthermore, the
involvement of international community, United Nations, Asian Development Bank and
many other national and international NGOs brings the issue into global perspective.
 15

1.9. Hypotheses

The theoretical framework derived from the review of the literature, led to the following set
of assumptions:

H1: Social deprivation takes significant influence over radicalization.

H2: Push factors have significant effects on radicalization.

H3: Pull factors have a significant effect on radicalization.

H4: Social deprivation has a significant effect on delay in repatriation.

H5: Push factors have a significant effect on delay in repatriation.

H6: Pull factors have a significant effect on delay in repatriation.

H7: Delay in repatriation has a significant effect on radicalization.

1.10. Research Methodology

The research in hand is descriptive, co relational and analytical in nature. The research
approach adopted during the course of this study was mixed involving both qualitative and
quantitative methods.

1.10.1. Research Philosophy

Gilbert32 classifies the knowledge creating procedure as, post positivism. The qualitative
method is derived from the humanism perspective that highlights events, behaviors, attitudes
and religious beliefs. Whereas quantitative procedures lay emphasis more on facts and less on
interpretation. Being of a deductive approach, it emphasizes that there is a possibility to
capture reality with the help of research instruments such as experiments and
questionnaires.33 Consequently, as a combination of both positivism and humanism, the
present research can be termed as survey research.

32
Paul Gilbert, Depression: The Evolution of Powerlessness (London, England: Routledge, 2016), 45-78.
33
Philip Dobson, "Critical Realism and Information Systems Research: Why Bother with
Philosophy?" Information Research, January 2002, accessed October 24, 2018,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26387629_Critical_Realism_and_Information_Systems_Research_W
hy_Bother_with_Philosophy.
 16

Gilbert characterizes the information creating process as, post positivism. The humanism
standpoint is sometime referred to as subjective strategy, as it gives itemized portrayals of
practices, occasions, styles and beliefs relating to the individual. Positivism, earlier
recognized as quantitative strategy, is to augment the realities with an insignificant
translation. The methodology in question is deductive in nature and uses research instruments
(investigations and surveys) to get a sense of reality. Thus, it very well may be said that the
examination close by is a review look into dependent on blend of positivism and humanism.
The quantitative research approach reacts to inquire about investigations based on numerical
inputs, whereas printed information is needed for research questions, being a subjective
methodology. Quantitative research expands from existing speculations with the help of
investigations and experimentation being explicit in nature. The quantitative research in itself
supports suspicions of an empiricist’s belief. Quantitative research begins with an issue
articulation and builds up to a theory, a writing audit, and an investigation relating to
quantitative information.

Creswell (2003) states “quantitative research utilizes techniques of appeal, for example, test
and summaries, and gathers data on foreordained apparatuses which yield factual data".
The outcomes from a quantitative research can show prescient and also be informative and
affirming. Quantitative research comprises of collection of information to evaluate the data
thus leading to fact checks which would either help or disprove "elective learning claims" A
quantitative research began in the physical sciences, particularly in science and material
science. The analyst applies numerical models as the procedure of data investigation.

Three recorded designs having linkages to quantitative research includes research

configuration, trial and assessment methodology, besides factual examination. Generally
numeric data is a product of information accumulation in quantitative research. Information
investigation is done through the use of certain scientific models by the subject specialist.
Along with this request techniques are employed to facilitate concurrency with factual
information gathering procedures.

Amidst trial inquire about, the specialist assesses the handling of a mediation into the
examination collection and after that estimates the results of the treatment. Exploratory
methodologies can be divided in to three categories: pre-test, genuine test, and semi trial. The
pre-test configuration includes a free factor that does not differ, or a control assemble that
isn't haphazardly chosen. He supported the genuine test structure, that can be used to achieve
 17

greater level of control in the test and delivers a greater level of validity. The real test plans
result in a foundational way to deal with quantitative information collection including
numerical models in the examinations, while semi test configuration includes nonrandom
choice of study members. In this manner, control is restricted, and genuine experimentation is
preposterous. Since the variable cannot be controlled, legitimacy might be yielded.

The methodology for this exploration is intended to be as logical as conceivable in the choice
of techniques and examination. Specifically, the dependability and legitimacy of the
instrument is viewed as a high need issue. The examination technique depends on a
corroborative report because of the way that accessible measurements offered in the past
observational and calculated models show a blend of results in assessment of radicalization.
Thusly, there is a requirement for exact confirmations, which give a proof about the
legitimacy of measurements. This contention likewise infers that this examination embraces a
positivist methodology together with the use of numerous techniques (triangulation) in setting
up the legitimacy of measurements. Attributable to the idea of research as enlightening cum
relationship, the most suitable technique for information accumulation was overview look
into. Review look into techniques assemble data from the respondent through their responses
to the inquiries asked in the survey. The study examine technique is one of prevalent research
strategies on account of intrinsic "adaptability, productivity and generalizability". As
indicated by Reinharz,34

"Overviews inquire about is a quantitative method whereby a specialist signifies

some procedure of foreordained inquiries to a whole gathering, or test, of people.
This strategy might be applied as a technique for quickly increasing some broad
insights regarding one's populace important to help get ready for a progressively
engaged, inside and out investigation utilizing time-concentrated techniques, for
example, top to bottom meetings or field inquire about".

This exploration ponder examination is distinct and co-social in nature concentrated on

essential wellsprings of information. As per Reinharz explore is characterized "as a sorted
out, precise, information based, basic, objective, logical request or examination concerning an

34
. Shulamit Reinharz and Lynn Davidman, Feminist Methods in Social Research, (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1992), 27-39.
 18

explicit issue, attempted with the reason for discovering answers or arrangements. Collin and
Hussy share comparative perspectives and by characterizing research as something those
individuals embrace so as to discover things deliberately".

The target of this examination is a) to explore and quantify the elements influencing the IDPs
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan i.e. drive, force and social hardship on postponement
in repatriation and radicalization and b) to quantify the immediate impact of deferral in
repatriation of the IDPs upon radicalization. The explanation behind the determination of KP
IDPs is the outrageous event of IDPs in assorted urban communities of KP because of
cataclysmic and horrendous peace circumstance for the most recent decade.

1.10.2. Population

Uma Sekaran35 defines study population as the “group of persons, procedures, or stuffs of
interest that the researcher wishes to investigate”. In statistics, a population is a set of similar
items or occasions i-e of attention for some enquiry or experiment (Yates et al., 2003). A
numerical populace may be a collection of actually existing objects or a hypothetical and
potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience.36 The
population frame for the study is IDPs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 10,000 IDPs living
in five cities located in the diverse locations of KP, namely, Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak,
Lakki Marwat and Sperka Waziran were the population of this study. The succeeding table
displays the details.
Table 1 - List of Population.

S# Cities Population

1 Bannu 2295

2 Bazen Khel 2313

3 Karak 1764

4 Lakki Marwat 1679

35
Uma Sekaran and Roger J. Bougie, Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach (Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2016), 57-76.
36
Ibid.
 19

5 Sperka Waziran 1949

Total 10000

Appropriate sample size remains critical for collection of primary data and subsequent
research outcomes. It shall also be helpful in ensuring the validity of the exploration
outcomes. So as to guarantee the consistency/homogeneity of the populace, the example
included just business and the board sciences divisions of previously mentioned colleges. The
aggregate populace of male and female IDPs living in five cities located in the diverse
locations of KP, namely, Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lakki Marwat and Sperka Waziran was
10,000.

1.10.3. Sample Size Determination

As per Israel G.D.37three criteria as a rule should be indicated to decide the proper example
estimate: the dimension of exactness, the dimension of certainty or chance, and the level of
changeability in the properties being estimated. The exploration while guaranteeing
unwavering quality from one viewpoint additionally tried to ration the inefficient utilization
of assets. The two estimates that considered essential to guarantee the precision of the
information were to retain room for mistakes to the lowest operationally conceivable whereas
keeping up certainty level to its most extreme degree. Consequently, the examination while
figuring its example kept room for give and take/accuracy (certainty interim) 5% and sure
dimension to + - 5%.

As per Israel G. D.38 the dimension of meticulousness, now and again called testing mistake,
is the range in which the real valuation of the populace is assessed to be. This range is
commonly talked in rate focuses (e.g., ±5 percent). The certainty or hazard level depends on
thoughts incorporated under the Central Limit Theorem. In an ordinary dissemination, around

37
. Israel, G. D. Determining sample size, University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of
Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS, Scientific Researcher: An Academic Publisher Volume 9 No 5,
October 18, 2016.

38
. ibid
 20

95% of the example esteems are inside two standard deviations of the genuine populace
esteem (e.g., mean). The level of fluctuation in the credits being estimated alludes to the
appropriation of traits in the populace. The more heterogeneous a populace, the bigger the
example estimate required to acquire a given dimension of exactness and the less factor
(progressively homogeneous) a populace, the littler the example estimate." In brief, certainty
level is proportion of how positive you are that your example accurately mirrors the populace
inside its given wiggle room. The example estimate assurance process is ordinarily done by
any one technique out of the accompanying:

 Taking complete populace as an example which is known as statistics inquire about.

Attributable to cost and other asset overwhelming thought the registration is improved the
situation little populace just i.e. around 200.

 Using a similar example measure as those of concentrates like the exploration close by.
For this study, sample size was identified while using formula of Yamene, Taro39 for
finite population. The computation and details of formula is given below:

n = N/1+N*(e)2

n = Sample size

N = Population

e = error probability i.e. 5%

Table 2 Sample Size Determination.

Population (Faculty) Total

n = N/1+N*(e)2 n=10000/1+10000*(.05)2 n = 385

Total Sample 385

39
Taro Yamane, Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 34-65.
 21

1.11.3. Sampling

Examining is a technique to choose sufficient measure of components from the entire

populace. For understanding the attributes or properties of the example, the specialists
improve these qualities to the whole populace. For information gathering from the IDPs of
KP, the strata have been made and scientist utilized proportionate allotment technique for
examining portion in every one of the strata that is relative to that of the aggregate populace.
The analyst gathered the information from proficient IDPs who can without much of a stretch
read, comprehend and fill the survey. Along these lines, specialist utilized non-likelihood
inspecting procedure i.e. snowball inspecting for the information accumulation. The
corresponding allotment method is characterized as pursues:
n
ni   Ni -------------------------------------------------------- (3.1)
N
Where:
Where:
n = Sample size
N = Total number of IDP’s
N i = Total number of IDP’s in each city

Detail of the respondents selected via proportionate allocation method are indicated in table
below:
Table 3. Proportionate Division Scheme.

Ser. Faculty Population Sample (ni)

1 Bannu 2295 88

2 Bazen Khel 2313 89

3 Karak 1764 68

4 Lucky Marwat 1679 65

5 Sperka Waziran 1949 75

Total 10,000 385

 22

The final sample of female and male IDPs living in 5 cities located in the diverse locations of
KPK, namely, Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lakki Marwat and Sperka Waziran were 88, 89,
68, 65 and 75, respectively. This sample led to a final figure of sampling size to 385.
Accordingly, 385 individuals were served with various questions related to collection of data
to meet the requirement of research.

1.10.4. Data Collection

Information accumulation strategies contain a fundamental piece of any examination

structure. In this manner, utilization of a suitable technique extraordinarily upgrades the
legitimacy of the exploration. To obtain progressively well-off data, self-administrated close
organized survey was created (connected as Annexure "A"). Study strategy was utilized for
information accumulation. A self-managerial poll (Annexure-A) was appropriated among the
IDPs of KP.

Before the organization of polls to the objective example, a pilot contemplate was directed to
discover the dependability of builds of the instrument. The goal of the pilot think about was
to determine whether the poll was straightforward and react by the respondents or something
else. Fifty (50) surveys were appropriated among the IDPs living in two urban areas to be
specific, Bannu, and Karak, KP. Every city was regulated 25 surveys. The responses provided
certain flexibility in augmenting the survey regarding sentence structuring and expressing of
things, anywhere needed. Besides, reactions crosswise over urban communities were
contrasted with guarantee that they were not essentially extraordinary. Generally, results
uncovered no critical distinction in various develops. A sum of 385 polls was circulated
among the male and female IDPs of five previously mentioned urban areas and 375 surveys
were returned, rate of reaction was 97%.

In the midst of Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lucky Marwat and Sperka Waziran a sum of 88,
89, 68, 65 and 75 polls were circulated out of which an aggregate of 86, 87, 65, 64 and 73
surveys were come back from every city separately. Facilitation in the study was done
willingly and the members were assured of classification of their responses. The respondents
were additionally briefed that their responses are going to be used for the purpose of research
only.

The primary data seeking opinion from IDPs in relation to their displacement, support from
various stakeholders, issues of health, education, livelihood, repatriation and final
 23

rehabilitation were collected through a questionnaire during field survey in January –

February of 2017. Therefore, various sources of primary data mentioned in this chapter and
chapter 4 of data analysis have been collected and compiled by the researcher himself being
actively involved in support of IDPs.

1.11. Theoretical Foundation of Measurement Instrument.

Most of the social movements came from the communal thoughts of deprivation.40 Theory of
Relative Deprivation is based on the premise that discontentment and feelings of deprivation
are related to legitimate expectations. The difference between the people’s considered
legitimate desire and what they get in return can be called relative deprivation. Unfulfilled
expectation could possibly lead to frustration, anger and ultimately radicalization/violence.
The intensity of this reaction would also be dependent on culture, society and surrounding
environment.

Secondly, frustration also leads to aggression. As per the Frustration Aggression Theory,
unfulfilled expectations can lead to a behavior that may or may not be aggressive and that any
aggression will always have frustration behind. Frustration is not a sufficient but an essential
element of aggression and hostility and promotes aggression basically against the source as
well as against the target that is related to the source. So, aggression will essentially be aimed
against the source and its related target that are causing frustration.41

In addition to that, Social Conflict Theory argues that the inconsistencies in benefits and
clash over limited assets amongst various groups are the foundation of social society.42 The
higher class aims to remain consistent in terms of their power, privileges, social position and
status. Due to this, the upper-class influences education, politics and other organizations to
shield and reduce access to their avenues of resources and capital. In contrary to that, the
poorer class has very different interests. Instead of focusing on protecting their access to
capital and resources, focus and major attention is directed at the capital and assets of the
higher class.

40
Denton E. Morrison, "Some Notes Toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social
Change," American Behavioral Scientist 14, no. 5 (May 1971): 675.
41
Leonard Berkowitz, "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation," Psychological
Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 62.
42
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (The Floating Press, 2009), 5-17.
 24

As per the theories, the factors that causes radicalization includes relative social
dispossession (lessening or hindrance of culturally normal communication between a person
and society), push factors (adverse conditions that becomes a source of motivation for an
individual to leave one's place of residence, religion, region and the country), pull factor (that
fascinate people to a region, religion and country), and delay in repatriation (delay in return
of someone to their own country). Based on the foundation of theories, the following are the
measurement instrument of the study.

1.12. Instrumentation

The current study utilized an adopted questionnaire i-e the details mentioned below in table,
where all the items determined via 5-point liker scale. The details are given below:

1.12.1. Social Deprivation

Social Deprivation was measured by using 11 items scale borrowed from the study of
AbidKadir.43However, the underlining spirit of research measurement was to see the linkages
between deprivation and radicalization/extremism as behavioral dimensions of terrorism in
North Waziristan.

DEPRIVATION (The place from where I migrated was

surrounded with)

1. Homeless people

2. Vandalism and deliberate damage to property

3. Poor socio-economic condition

4. Racism and religious comfort ability

5. Poor street lighting

6. Street noise

43
AbidKadir Osman, "Youth radicalization as a tool for terrorism in east Africa: a case study of Kenya," (PhD
diss., University of Kenya, 2016).
 25

7. Issues of pollution, dirt or other environmental hazards triggered by

war equipment or traffic.

8. Lack of open public space

9. Terrorism and risk

10. Racially harassment

11. Poor terrorism risk mitigation facilities

1.12.2. Push Factors

The measurement items for push factors were measured with 14-items scale borrowed from
the study of AbidKadir.44Push factors include certain variables, having direct and indirect
relationship with terrorism, but affecting the people behavior towards the radicalization and
extremism continuum and fueling terrorism further.

PUSH FACTORS (The reason of my migration is)

1. Terrorism and civil unrest condition

2. No job or poorly paid jobs

2. War and conflict

3. Political persecution

4. Food and water shortages

5. Poor education and medical care

6. Crime, unstable law and order situation and hazards

44
AbidKadir Osman, "Youth radicalization as a tool for terrorism in east Africa: a case study of Kenya," (PhD
diss., University of Kenya, 2016).
 26

7. Lack of safety

8. Lack of services

9. Poverty and isolation

10. Lack of humanitarian aid

11. Congestion

12. Pollution (air noise and visual)

13. Lack of livelihood

14. Lack of green spaces

1.12.3. Pull Factors

The measurement items for pull factors were measured with 14-items scale borrowed from
the study of AbidKader.45

PULL FACTORS (The reason of my migration is)

1. Peace and harmony

2. Better healthcare and availability of services

3. Varied employment opportunities

4. Better future prospects

5. No social compulsion

6. Better standard of living

7. Safer atmosphere

45
AbidKadir Osman, "Youth radicalization as a tool for terrorism in east Africa: a case study of Kenya," (PhD
diss., University of Kenya, 2016).
 27

8. Less risk of natural hazards

9. Better service provision

10. Better education services

11. Fear of being victim of terrorism

12. Better humanitarian aid

13. Green house and better recreational facilities

14. Less pollution and cleaner air

1.12.4. Delay in Repatriation

The measurement items for delay in repatriation were measured with 7-items scale borrowed
from the study of Abidkader.46

REPATRIATION

1. I feel stressed in making efforts to readapt to my home lifestyle

2. I feel stressed in making effort to readapt to my home

3. I feel accepted by local community in the home culture

4. I wish to escape again from my home

5. I felt confused about my identity when I returned to my home

6. I have received support from government agencies to readapt to

my home

7. I have attended relocation training program

46
AbidKadir Osman, "Youth radicalization as a tool for terrorism in east Africa: a case study of Kenya," (PhD
diss., University of Kenya, 2016).
 28

1.12.5. Radicalization

The measurement items for radicalization were measured with 6-items scale borrowed from
the study of Abidkader.47

RADICALIZATION (is largely influenced by)

1. Terrorism, extremism, poverty and unemployment

2. Economic crises, political instability

3. Social and economic injustice

4. Ignorance of people

5. Selfishness of rulers

6. Frustration, tension, foreign invasion, lawlessness, suppression

1.13. Data Analysis

The following statistical tools were used for data analysis through SPSS.

1.13.1. Descriptive Statistics.

The researcher firstly analyzed the gathered data by descriptive statistics namely frequency
distribution table and cross tabulation and measured the demographics i.e. (qualification, age,
and gender) of the respondents.

1.13.2. Inferential Statistics.

The researcher evaluated the data via inferential statistics as well.

1.13.3. Validity Measures.

Factor analysis was measured consisting of two parts. Mainly, the researcher used
exploratory factor analysis through using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlet
47
AbidKadir Osman, "Youth radicalization as a tool for terrorism in east Africa: a case study of Kenya," (PhD
diss., University of Kenya, 2016).
 29

investigation. Then confirmatory factor analysis was tested, and construct validity was
measured by using SEM. And to check the model fitness, the subsequent were used (X²/df,
GFI, AGFI, NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA).

1.13.4. Relationship Measurement.

The researcher also measures the correlation and regression analysis and measures the
regression diagnostics that checked several key assumptions namely, data normality, multi-
collinearity, auto-correlation and homoscedasticity. In order to meet the study objectives, the
researcher also used t-test.

1.14. Scheme of the Study

Chapter I: Introduction.

Chapter one aims to provide an introduction of the research study. Through this chapter, the
researcher gives a short introduction of the terrorism in erstwhile FATA and North
Waziristan, objectives and importance of the research as well as questions and rationale
behind the research. The chapter also defines the research procedures followed through the
course of action. The methodology includes the research population, sample size, sample
design, measurement instruments etc.

Chapter II: Literature Review.

Chapter two includes literature on the study variables and also includes the conceptual
framework in which the researcher tries to explain the relationship amid predictors and
response variables. This chapter covers evaluation and analysis of various literature available
to find out various angles of the study. Most of the literature available on the subject deals
with issues of migration and IDPs elsewhere.

Chapter III: Prevailing Environment: An Over View of the Area of Research

This chapter describes the essential information about the area of research i.e. North
Waziristan, its geography and various tribes inhabiting the area. The chapter also discusses
the various terrorists’ outfits, their sanctuaries and socio-economic infra-structure and their
state of development. Erstwhile North Waziristan Agency was considered as one of those
 30

agencies that would need large scale military operation and rehabilitation efforts for its long-
term mainstreaming

Chapter IV: Data Analysis.

Chapter four covers the exploration of the data gathered through questionnaire as well
secondary data associated to the focus of the research. The chapter includes factor analysis
and diverse statistical analysis. It includes descriptive as well as statistical analyses in
descriptive as well as in tabulated form. This chapter deals with major statistical data that
would help in finding out conclusions.

Chapter V: IDPs Repatriation Process – Challenges and Response

Chapter five is based on an exploratory study of inductive nature that presents a holistic view
of the IDP repatriation process which took place just after the flushing out of terrorists from
the area in a bloody operation conducted by the security forces. The chapter evaluates the
socio-economic and socio-political environment of the local area with a view to ascertain its
capacity to smoothly absorb the repatriating IDPs and maximizing successful rehabilitation

Chapter VI: Conclusions and Recommendations

In chapter six, an effort has been made to discuss the overall outcomes of the study in the
light of previous study. The chapter also incorporates the conclusion, recommendations and
suggestions. This chapter deals with final outcomes based on number of factors, statistical
data, analysis and various conclusions drawn to recommend certain measures for decision
makers to for dealing with any such situation in future.
 31

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Terrorism
Terrorism is one of the most commonly used term in recent years. However, despite being
used to such a large extent, there has been no agreed definition at global level. It is still
widely debated and contested definition. As per Bruce Hoffman, Georgetown University,
“Terrorism is a violence or equally important threat of violence, either used and directed in
pursuit of, or in service of political aim”48. There could be number of reasons leading to this
extreme act. Starting from a mind-set, political, religious, economic, or social reasons can
form the basis, radicalize an individual to a level where he/she is willing to commit an act
using extreme force mostly against civilians or non-combatants.

Terrorism has always been there at this planet. However, it got into limelight after the
incident of 9/11. Thereafter, a lot has been written in shapes of books, articles, magazines,
and journals of various kinds to raise awareness and apply corrective measures. Doctrine of
terrorism is essentially based on creation of fear, uncertainty, and intimidation among softer
targets. Operating through some easily accessible targets, strong messages can be given with
political motives. Enabling environment could be due to number of factors ranging from
economic, social, and political deprivations, feelings of anger and hate. Radicalization has
certain push and pull factors ranging from protracted conflict, uncertainties about education,
health, livelihood etc. Extremism and violent extremism are also based on certain pull and
push factors, higher degree of anger, frustration, and uncertainties. Terrorism is the final
outcome where use of extreme force is considered justified to send strong messages to the
decision makers to reconsider their approach and handling of issues. A basic cycle of
terrorism is being explained through a graph below:

48
Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, Revised and expanded edition, (New York: Columbia University Press,
2006),
 32

Enabling Environment
(Economic,Social & Political grievences, Hate, Revenge

Terrorism Radicalization
Use of extreme force to achieve pre defined aim Protracted conflict
Spread of fear and uncertainty Reletive deprivation

Extremism/Violent Extremism
Higher degree of Economic, Social and Political
deprivation, anger, frustration

Pakistan is facing an active form of terrorism since many years. Afghan Jihad of 80s and its
fallout, incident of 9/11 and war initiated thereof in pursuit of perpetrators are two major
components of motivation. A number of supplementing factors ranging from economic,
social, and political marginalization, deprivation, protracted situation of violence in NW part
of the country etc. could also be included in the list. Army undertook number of operations
against the terrorists to bring peace and normalcy in the areas. However, military operations
could be a source of temporary stability, but long-term peace and stability can be brought
through economic, prosperity and social inclusion approach.

2.2. Terrorism and Radicalization

Terrorism has often been closely linked and associated to the culmination of radicalization.
There has been debate among the scholarly circles that due to the proliferation of
radicalization in a society, the chances for violent action also increases. In this regard, it can
be argued that due to the proliferation of radical thoughts and ideas in a society, violent
activities can increase. As a result of this, terrorism can also spread through a society. The
definition of terrorism is often argued and there is a difference of view between different
scholars. One of the reasons why terrorism is often difficult to define is due to the context of
the usage. An example of this phenomenon may be the usage of the term freedom fighter and
 33

terrorist.49 Depending on the context of the usage, a terrorist may be termed as a freedom
fighter and vice versa. This is due to the political, strategic or other benefit that an actor
wants to achieve using these terms. However, there are some common themes associated to
terrorism. One of these themes is the overt use of violence and force to spread fear and terror
among the members of the society.50 Also, Rogers (2011) has argued that the advent and
propagation of terrorism has been in the form of waves and each wave had its own distinct
features and characteristics.51 Elaborating on this idea, Rogers has argued that the current
wave of terrorism has seen an increase of radicalism and extremism based religious teachings
which promote the conduct of violent activities.52

Haberfeld (2011) is of the view that the understanding of the term “terrorism” is vague and it
does not encompass the complete details and features associated with it.53 He also opines that
before the Global War on Terror (GWOT), there was a much more lack of understanding of
the term. However, in the events following the Global War on Terror, increased interest has
been shown in understanding the term and what it encapsulates. In this regard, Borum (2011)
has argued that terrorism is not simply a bilateral relationship between nurture and nature. 54
Instead, Borum proposes that terrorism has more of a societal input. He further elaborates this
by saying that the proliferation and rise of terrorism depends on factors such as emotional,
cognitive, contextual/societal and even biological, over duration of time.55 As there is a
culmination of different factors, Borum argues that there may be instances where a particular
set of variables may dominate over the other.56 Therefore, it becomes difficult to identify and
distinguish terrorism as it has its roots in various societal based factors.

Considering the fact that modern waves of terrorism possess varying characteristics and
features, it is imperative to understand that the modern wave of terrorism is mostly centered
on religious fundamentalism and radicalism, as observed by Rapoport (2006).57 The author
has argued that the ongoing stream of terrorism draws its inspiration from radical religious

49
Brian M. Jenkins, “ The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems”, Rand Paper Series, December
1980, 15.
50
Paul Rogers, “The War on Terror and International Security”, Irish Studies in International
Affairs 22(2011): 16.
51
Ibid.
52
Ibid, 17.
53
M. R Haberfeld, A New Understanding of Terrorism: Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons Learned (New
York, NY: Springer New York, 2011), 1.
54
Randy Borum, Psychology of Terrorism (Lexington, Ky: [University of South Forida], 2011), 9.
55
Ibid.
56
Ibid, 11.
57
David C. Rapoport, Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science : the First Or Anarchist
Wave (2006), 54.
 34

teachings. According to him, these teachings emerged during the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan and the Islamic Revolution that occurred in Iran.58 Due to these events, there was
a sudden influx of religiously motivated violent activities that revolved around the usage of
radical teachings to justify their means.59 Rapoport has also orated that this wave of terrorism
has brought forth new methods of violence as well. In particular, he has argued that the
advent of suicide terrorism was a consequence of this wave of terrorism.60

This trend of justification of violence through use of religion has not been a new phenomenon
but its outlook and context has been modified to suit requirement of modern era. Afghan war
has formed the basis for use of religion for political gains and many volunteers were recruited
around the world on same philosophy. Iranian revolution and its struggle for dominance as
regional power created a race with Saudi Arabia. Iranian and Saudi approach are entirely
divergent and created two blocks on sectarian basis. Most of the terrorists’ activities
thereafter has been justified in the similar context in Asia, Middle East and beyond.

As the focus of the present wave of terrorism is to influx radical religious thoughts, there has
been a greater emphasis on brainwashing and using religion as a tool to motivate individuals
to wage violent activities. Gordon (2006) has also discussed the modus operandi of terrorist
and extremist organizations in training recruits to perpetrate terrorist activities.61 He argues
that due to the dissemination of hate fueled propaganda essentially against the Western
powers, in particular the United States, has led to the proliferation of radical thoughts and
ideas. Gordon is of the view that the modern terrorist organizations utilize the role of religion
in order to indoctrinate a particular set of ideology among its followers which allows them to
command habitual obedience.62 Through such vigorous indoctrination, the followers are more
likely to follow the commands of the leaders without thinking about the moral, ethical or
rational consequences.63 This rationale has also been seconded by Rogers (2011) who argues
that due to the rhetoric of waging a Jihad against infidels, terrorist organization have been
successful in radicalizing a large number of people to commit violent terror based activities.64

58
David C. Rapoport, Terrorism: Critical Concepts in Political Science: the First Or Anarchist
Wave (2006), 56.
59
Ibid, 57.
60
Ibid.
61
Philip H. Gordon, “Can the War on Terror Be Won? How to Fight the Right War”, Foreign Affairs 86, no. 6
(November/December 2006): 56.
62
Ibid, 59.
63
Ibid, 63.
64
Paul Rogers, “The War on Terror and International Security”, Irish Studies in International
Affairs 22(2011): 19.
 35

He has given the example of the formation of Al-Qaeda and the thought process behind its
formation. Rogers has argued that Al-Qaeda’s foundations lay in the fact that the Western
countries participated in the Gulf War and stationed their troops in Saudi Arabia.65 This fact
was misconducted by Osama bin Laden who argued that this all was an invasion of the
Muslim Holy Land and therefore waged Jihad against the US and its allies.66 Therefore, by
manipulating the narrative, Rogers argues that Osama bin Laden was able to successfully
radicalize a huge number of individual in order to commit violent activities against the US
and other Western countries.67

Through the utilization of religion, terrorist organizations can promise its followers the status
of martyrdom or the spiritual rewards in the life hereafter. The justification of terror based
organizations in carrying out violent attacks against civilians is that they have deviated from
the true path and deserve to be punished for this.68 However, Ally and Streigher (2012) have
noted that such teachings and philosophies are completely divergent from the source
religion.69 In fact Ally and Streigher have opined that such misconstrued teachings are a
method of terrorist organizations to justify a grave and abhorrent activity such as the killing
of innocent civilians.70 On the other hand, Rink and Sharma (2016) have also argued that
through the utilization of religion as a recruiting tool, terrorist organizations maintain
structure, order and devoted following to their cause.71 In essence, according to Rink and
Sharma, misconstrued religious philosophies are a means for the terrorist organization to
function in an efficient and orderly manner.72

As religion plays a significant part in radicalization of modern terrorist organizations, special

attention is paid to present their argument in an authoritative and verifiable manner in order
to justify it as the true means of the religion.73 Therefore, terrorist organizations may fabricate
Holy Scriptures and other media of religious teachings in order to justify their own goals and

65
Paul Rogers, “The War on Terror and International Security”, Irish Studies in International
Affairs 22(2011): 19.
66
Ibid, 23.
67
Ibid.
68
Philip H. Gordon, “Can the War on Terror Be Won? How to Fight the Right War”, Foreign Affairs 86, no. 6
(November/December 2006): 60.
69
Anne Aly and Jason-Leigh Streigher, "Examining the Role of Religion in Radicalization to Violent Islamist
Extremism," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35, no. 12 (2012): 854.
70
Ibid, 857.
71
Anselm Rink and Kunaal Sharma, "The Determinants of Religious Radicalization," Journal of Conflict
Resolution 62, no. 6 (2016): 1235.
72
Ibid, 1236.
73
Anne Aly and Jason-Leigh Streigher, "Examining the Role of Religion in Radicalization to Violent Islamist
Extremism," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35, no. 12 (2012): 855.
 36

motives.74 This results in a confused and distorted version of the religion but to a neutral
observer it presents itself as a verifiable code of ethic and life. 75 Therefore, the follower is
able to justify their method and action in light of the distorted religious teachings.

Similarly, some terrorist organizations deliberately play on the religious sentiments of the
people to further their cause. As Gambhir (2016) notes that the Islamic State (IS) has utilized
the concept of Jihad to create an appealing cause for the Muslims to join.76 The IS has
utilized the process of radicalization in order to recruit more individuals. Gambhir has argued
that the IS has relied on creating an atmosphere of establishing a new Islamic Caliphate in
order to attract recruits.77 The changed philosophy of the IS has been quite successful where
they were able to either get recruits or even financial sympathizers. Whereas, the previous
terrorist organizations were more focused on driving foreigners out of Muslim territories,78
The IS has sought out to carve a new territory for themselves and term it as an Islamic
Caliphate. Syria has been a major battle ground for this so-called Caliphate resulting into
destruction of entire country and dislocating its population around the world. Similarly, the IS
has also been motivated towards attracting female and child recruits into their organization.
IS has called their child recruits as “Cubs of the Caliphate” and has also encouraged female
recruits to move to Syria and join their male counterparts in order to achieve the status of a
Holy Fighter.79 The utilization of such terms is a deliberate attempt by the IS to radicalize its
followers into believing the authenticity of their cause and establish a direct relationship with
Islam.80 Not only this, but the process of radicalization by the IS also relies on the utilization
of modern technology platforms. IS has maintained an active presence on all social media
platforms and regularly disseminate radical teachings and information to its recruits.81 As a
result of this, individuals are able to be indoctrinated and it removes the geographical and
physical limitation on their indoctrination.82 By utilizing such techniques, the IS has been
able to radicalize not only individuals from Muslim countries but also residents of Western

74
Anselm Rink and Kunaal Sharma, "The Determinants of Religious Radicalization, "Journal of Conflict
Resolution 62, no. 6 (2016): 1239.
75
Anne Aly and Jason-Leigh Streigher, "Examining the Role of Religion in Radicalization to Violent Islamist
Extremism," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 35, no. 12 (2012): 858.
76
Harleen Gambhir, “The Virtual Caliphate: ISIS’s Information Warfare”, Institute for the Study of War,
2016, 12.
77
Ibid, 14.
78
Philip H. Gordon, “Can the War on Terror Be Won? How to Fight the Right War”, Foreign Affairs 86, no. 6
(November/December 2006): 60.
79
Harleen Gambhir, “The Virtual Caliphate: ISIS’s Information Warfare”, Institute for the Study of War,
2016, 15.
80
Ibid, 17.
81
Brendan I. Koerner, “Why ISIS is Winning the Social Media War”, Wired, April 15, 2016.
82
Brendan I. Koerner, “Why ISIS is Winning the Social Media War”, Wired, April 15, 2016.
 37

countries. Shamima Begum, a UK national along with her two friends who travelled from UK
to Syria to join the IS could be one of the latest examples. These girls were also motivated by
Jihadi material placed and circulated through internet. In fact, this fact can also be verified by
looking at the various terrorist incidents in Western countries where the perpetrators had
pledged loyalty to the IS.83

2.1. Radicalization
Due to the rapid advancement of technology, modern media has grown in terms of influence
and its outreach in the society. This aspect helps in the radicalization process to a certain
degree. This has been noted by Liang (2015) in his research as well. She highlights that with
the use of modern media, especially social media and internet, the process of radicalization
has become more pronounced and easily achievable.84 Giving the examples of multiple
terrorist incidents in North America and Western Europe, she notes that the perpetrators were
radicalized using online content available at multiple social media platforms such as Twitter,
Facebook, Tumblr and WhatsApp, etc. In her view, through the usage of such platforms, it
becomes easier to propagate radicalizing content and it also has the ability to reach thousands
of listeners, readers or viewers.85 She has opined that the widespread use of media platforms,
it is now a much easier task to radicalize individuals of various nationalities, ethnicities,
cultures or societies. This concept is quite popular, and number of terrorists’ organizations
have been found using this mode very often for their propaganda purposes. Consequently, it
does help in fresh recruitment as well.

Similarly, Thompson (2011) has also opined that the Internet and the various social media
platforms have now become an ideal tool to disseminate information and promote
radicalization among people. Quoting the example of the radicalization and recruitment of Al
Qaeda in Western countries, he notes that the individuals residing in Western European and
the North American countries are more likely to be radicalized by terrorist organizations.
This is due to the fact that a majority of the population of these countries uses internet and
social media as compare to many other parts of the world. By radicalizing such individuals,
Thompson notes that these people can be involved in the smuggling of material or carrying
out terrorist activities for the organization. Therefore, Thompson is of the view that the

83
Kristina Tonn, "Christina Schori Liang: Cyber Jihad: Understanding and Countering Islamic State
Propaganda. 2015," SIRIUS - Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 1, no. 1 (2017): 93
84
Ibid.
85
Ibid.
 38

terrorist organizations rely on the internet to radicalize those individuals which are at a
geographical distance.86 In terms of the methodology of the terrorist organization, Thompson
states that the propaganda material generated by Al-Qaeda is designed towards the youth
living in the Western countries. To achieve this, they rely on the proliferation of English
based material. This material is intended to radicalize the people in a hope to undertake some
homegrown terrorist attacks within their Western countries.87 Therefore, through the works of
Liang and Thompson, we can argue that due to the constant and widespread application of
internet based platform and social media, it has now become a grave threat when it comes to
the use of radicalization and content dissemination. Due to this reason, in the 21st Century, it
is very important to realize the potential of such platforms in the hands of radical elements
and the threat that it poses when it comes to the proliferation of radical ideas in a society.

Borum (2011) has also advocated the need to better understand the term “radicalization”.
Borum is of the view that due to the widespread usage of the term, it is now associated with
terrorism. He opines that the assumption that radicalization always leads to terrorism is
misplaced. Borum argues that even though there seems to be a relationship between violent
actions and radicalism, it is not definitive certainty that radicalization will always lead to
terrorism. Many people who have been radicalized do not commit terrorism.88 To highlight
this point, Borum argues that through multiple polls, it has been proven that there are a vast
majority of Muslims who sympathize with Jihad based elements; however, it is also true that
most of such individuals never engage in the act of terrorism.89 So it can be assumed that a
radicalized individual despite having sympathetic views for the cause may not actually
participate in violent activities.

It is also significant to note that radicalization does not comprise of a relation, rather it is a
process which involves a multitude of factors. Borum (2011) has opined that, there are
multiple paths and processes that exist for an individual to be radicalized and that each path is
dictated by different factors. Therefore, in the view of Borum, it is not advisable to suggest
that radicalization only occurs due to a fixed set of factors. Rather, there are many different

86
Robin Thompson, "Radicalization and the Use of Social Media," Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 4
(Winter 2011): 172.
87
Ibid.
88
Randy Borum, "Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories," Journal of
Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (Winter 2011): 09.
89
Ibid.
 39

dimensions towards the radicalization of individuals.90 Therefore, through this statement it

can be argued that the process of radicalization is organic and it depends on a different
variety of factors to determine whether or not an individual will pursue a violent action.
Nonetheless, through this discourse, it can be summarized that instead of viewing
radicalization as a binary relation, it should be understood as the culmination of various
factors that promote radicalization among individuals.

The phenomenon of radicalization involves the development of extreme ideas of social,

political, ideological or even religious nature. Through the culmination of radicalization in a
society, it gets prone to taking extreme actions against individuals or groups of individuals of
differing identities. The process of radicalization may also lead to the execution of violent
actions in order to achieve specific agendas. By inculcating radical ideas in individuals and
members of the society, there is the idea of exerting pressure to change the existing social
norms or cultural practices which a radical group may perceive to be wrong religiously,
spiritually or even culturally.

It is of import to highlight that the process of radicalization does not involve a strict path or
defined variables. Rather, it depends on an amalgamation of different factors and variables
which may promote the rise of extreme ideas leading to the existence of radicalization. Due
to the fact that there is the involvement of various factors and ideas in the promotion of
radicalization, it is also not wrong to assume that there are various categories of
radicalization. For instance, the recent issue of the rising Jihadi sentiments is often related to
the spread of radicalization. By inculcating a twisted and contorted form of Islam, radical
elements aim to spread the idea of violence and extremism to individuals. Such elements play
off the idea that Islam promotes violence among groups, and it is an acceptable practice to
use violent means to achieve the aims of their radical agenda. By misusing the idea of
religion, radicals aim to get their followers to achieve certain goals albeit violent. This
phenomenon was also observed in Europe during the Crusades, when the Church and the
Pope issued decrees absolving the sins of the people who participate in the Crusades against
the Muslims. Also, during the Crusades, the Church utilized the extremist ideas of waging
war against another religious community to generate income and taxes. Therefore, by
misusing religion, radical elements can gain financial and physical strength for their cause.

90
Randy Borum, "Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories," Journal of
Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (Winter 2011): 15.
 40

Similarly, religion is not the only tool used to radicalize the masses, issues of ethnicities,
cultural identities and nationalities are also used to create an atmosphere for the promotion of
radical thoughts and ideas. An apt example of this phenomenon is the emergence of right-
wing radical thoughts emergent in the Western countries. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) used this
mindset to accomplish their aims in the United States. The KKK believed that being a white
race, they were superior to the African Americans and therefore had all the right to continue
enslaving them and trading them as commodities. Also, the KKK exerted its influence by
opposing legislation actions for the empowerment of slaves in the United States. To achieve
this, KKK resorted to spreading false biological and neurological information about the
African American community in order to show them as being destined to be slaves to the
superior White community. As a result of this, there was an increase of radical ideas and
actions against the slave community in America.

Such ideas were also used by Adolf Hitler in his rise to power. Hitler and his Nazi party
believed that it was the destiny of the superior Aryan race to enslave and conquer the world.
In his autobiography, Mein Kampf, Hitler called the Aryan race as the “master race” whereas
the rest of the ethnicities and races were “slave races”. In particular, Hitler developed an
extreme hatred for the Jew race and blamed them for all the troubles that Germany faced
during the Great Depression. After his ascension to power, Hitler acted on these ambitions by
first segregating the Jew population to slums and then resorting to extreme measures such as
ethnic cleansings. The examples of the KKK and the Nazi party are appropriate to understand
how not just religion, but other factors can be used by radical elements to create feelings of
resentment, hostility and unjustified anger against a particular ethnic, racial or social
community in a society, which may or may not lead to violent actions.

Even in the modern times, such right-wing radicalization remains a major problem for
Western countries. Due to the aspect of globalization, many different ethnicities and races
have had to resort to living together in a piece of land. This has led to the culmination of
hatred and resent against a particular segment of the community. Modern political leaders
also seem to use this to gain political leverage. The recent rise of Donald Trump has been
associated with his promises of building a wall to separate Mexico and the United States and
to bring jobs back to Americans instead of immigrants. Trump has also gone on to state that
Mexican immigrants are responsible for the increase of crime and drug trafficking in the
 41

United States.91 Through such official statements, there is an overtone of radicalization in the
ideas and thoughts of the people. Similarly, in other countries, there has been an increase of
right-wing political parties advocating a stronger policy for immigration control. The rise of
the United Kingdom Independent Party (UKIP) is one such phenomenon. By blaming the
immigrants for the reduced employment prospects for the British people, the UKIP strongly
advocated the case of Brexit. As the proliferation of radical ideas increase, there has also
been an increase of violent actions. The Christchurch mosque shootings and the synagogue
shootings at Pittsburg are apt examples of the phenomenon. According to statistics, from
2008 to 2016, there have been more far-right influenced violence incidents than Jihadi based
violence incidents in the US.92

As we have discussed earlier, there are multiple factors that promote radicalism. The above
stated discourse is apt to understand that it is not always religion that promotes radicalization
but also cultural, social, racial, ethnic and national based radical ideas that can cause
increased radicalization in a society. As there are multiple factors that contribute to
radicalization, there are also numerous methodologies that can be used by radical
organizations to spread their ideas and influence neutral observers. The main focus of radical
ideas is to create a mentality of “us vs them” or demonize a particular aspect of their current
society. To achieve this, radical organizations may resort to twisting and misrepresenting fact
to present a genuine cause for their thoughts and ideas. Similarly, radical ideas organizations
also play on the sentiments of the neutral people. By calling on the national, religious, ethnic
or social responsibilities of citizen, radical organizations aim to attract individuals towards
their ideas. To achieve this, radical organizations seem to create literature and resource
materials which are designed to justify their rationale. Previously, the dissemination of such
information was through the physical usage of pamphlets and booklets. This was a resource
intensive process and would require financial means besides human resources to ensure the
constant spread of pamphlets and booklets. As a result, only the organizations that were
wealthy or had a large following could achieve this.

However, with the progression of modern technology such as computer, printer and internet,
the process of spreading such material has become an easier prospect. Most of the radical
material is uploaded to websites or social media platforms. Through such online resources,
the radical organizations can spread videos, images and written content. Also, technology has

91
News Desk, "Donald Trump's Mexico wall: Who is going to pay for it?" BBC News, February 6, 2017
92
German Lopez, "The radicalization of white Americans," Vox Media, August 18, 2017,
 42

also removed physical limitations of the spread of material. In previous eras, they physical
medium meant that there was an issue with reaching a bigger audience. Also, it would require
time for a certain radical organization to gain a considerable strength. Due to the usage of
modern technology, modern radical organizations do not have a geographical limitation, nor
do they need time to gain a large following. The establishment and growth of Islamic State is
an opportune example to understand this phenomenon. Smaller radical organizations now
have the ability to wield great influence and target a wider audience. Usage of social media is
an important tool for radical organization. Websites such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and
Twitter are widely utilized by radical organizations to coordinate protests, rallies or to spread
misinformation among their peers. Therefore, modern radical organizations strive to maintain
a significant online presence in order to attract more followers and to culminate into a
pressure group.

It is also worth noticing that through the usage of internet, the radical organizations can make
the use of photographs, songs and videos to further their cause. This is an important
development for radical organizations because they now do not have to rely on the audience
of literate individuals in order to radicalize them. By using photographs and videos, they can
convey a graphical message to the viewers without them having to read and understand. This
makes the radicalization of the lesser read demographic an easier proposition. Similarly,
radical organizations rely on the use of pop culture to further exploit their radicalization
process. By producing songs dedicated to the achievement of their cause, they can establish a
subliminal link with their target audience. The Islamic State has utilized the religious songs in
order to establish their dominance as the true fighter for the cause of Islam. Such songs are
designed to galvanize the audience. They lyrics of the songs developed by Islamic State are
focused on the status of a Jihadi and the religious exaltation of a martyr in the eyes of the
Islamic society. Through such songs the Islamic State achieves two objectives; firstly, they
radicalize the audience by establishing a link between themselves and the cause of Jihad in
Islam. Secondly, they use the songs to also present their justifications for resorting to
violence. These songs also become the battle cry for the followers of the Islamic State and
may be used to rally troops and promote a more focused atmosphere.

Due to the varying pressures of living in a society, there are certain individuals that can
become a suitable recruitment candidate for radical organizations. Members of a society
which feel a disconnect from the culture, norms or ethics of a society are prone to becoming a
victim of radicalization. The reason for this is that such individuals develop resentment
 43

towards the existing system of society and strive to make themselves more constructive
members of the society. However, due to their inability to socialize, they develop feelings of
resent and anger at the other functioning members of the society. Radical organizations rely
on the use of exploiting such feelings for their gains. Radical organizations aim to disrupt the
existing status quo and instill a revisionist version of the social setup. The distant individuals
seem to develop a connection with this revised form of social setup and hence develop a
positive attitude towards the agenda of the radical organization. Once a follower shows
interest in the motives of such radical organizations, the aim is to develop a more entrenched
connection with the individual in order to make them more conducive towards their cause.
This phase has also been termed as brainwashing, where the aim is to make the follower
develop habitual obedience towards the cause of the organization. This can be done in a
subtle manner such as subliminal signaling or by having interpersonal sessions with the
recruit in order to make him more submissive towards the goals of the organizations. After
such intensive doctrinal development of the recruit, the individual then identifies themselves
with the organization in terms of the goals, motives, actions and ideologies of the group. This
individual then becomes an active member of the organization and maybe utilized for
financial purposes, recruitment of other likely candidates or for carrying out violent actions at
the behest of the organization.

As an individual becomes isolated from their social surroundings, such as weak interpersonal
relationships or non-existent social interactions, they develop a narrow mindset when it
comes to understanding the social structure and the norms related to it. This narrow vision
can result due to the failure of establishing meaningful social relationships which can help
develop a healthy outlook. As an individual becomes narrower in his views, he becomes
active in terms of political, religious or even social beliefs. Due to their renewed interest in
such circles, they look towards more satisfying means of understanding their purpose or
belief. Such characteristics may attract them towards radical organizations which can provide
a sense of having the answer to the queries. Individuals may join such radical organizations
for low intensity activities such as volunteer work and charity activities. Through such
activities, they can be radicalized by other members of the organization through their social
interactions and group activities. Such individuals develop a sense of destiny and belonging
for their joining to the radical organizations. The individual may term their joining as a divine
intervention and that makes them believe that they are on the right path towards self-
fulfillment. The nature of such individuals is aware to the radical organizations and they
 44

design their radicalization in such a manner so as to appeal to the individual. The radical
organization will hint as to the coincidence of the individual joining the organization and link
it to their propaganda material in order to provide substantial evidence to the individual for
his sense of belonging. This also provides the radical organization with a manipulative tool to
make the individual perform tasks for them be it rudimentary or violent in nature. They may
also be tasked with providing logistical support to the organization in terms of trafficking or
smuggling. Even though such tasks may seem criminal or ill intended, to such individuals
there is always a rationale and justifiable excuse.

There are also other factors that can contribute towards their gravitation towards radical
organizations. The failure of interpersonal relationships may also have a significant on the
chances of an individual becoming radicalized. Individuals that are unable to develop social
relationships of romantic or friendly nature become estranged to the phenomenon of
developing lasting social relationships. Therefore, some radical organizations structure their
hierarchies in forms of having large social groups comprising of friends and lovers. Such an
organization attracts estranged members of the society because they believe that they have
found their suitable social group which accepts them. From then on, the individual becomes
increasing radicalized to commit violent actions at the behest of the group. Many cults follow
this type of radicalization practice but one of the most famous was the “Manson Family”
headed by Charles Manson. The Manson Family did not observe a particular hierarchy
instead they viewed as Manson as their leader and the rest to be the followers. Manson also
encouraged his followers by terming them as his family. Members of the cult were
responsible for the “Tate Killings”, which resulted in the murder of five people.93

Similarly, another method of radicalization is though isolation. Individuals that removed from
their social settings and installed in a place of unfamiliarity may also develop the potential to
be radicalized. An example of such individuals is those that are incarcerated. Through the
process of incarceration, individuals are removed from their social settings and placed in an
environment which is unfamiliar due to their social standings and interpersonal relationships.
In such an environment, there is an increased chance that individuals with common ethnic,
racial or nationalistic factors will form groups in order to survive. In such groups, general
feelings of hatred and resentment may develop for rival groups. Through such radicalization,
when an individual is replaced in his social setting, he may still harbor those feelings of

93
George Stimson, Goodbye Helter Skelter: A New Look at the Tate/Labianca Murders (2014), 21.
 45

resentment and may seek to join likeminded individuals. Hence, this creates an atmosphere
for radicalization.

The process of mass radicalization is also existent in societies and it can lead towards
radicalization at a larger public scale. One of the methods for mass radicalization is to
develop general hatred towards the rival group. The process is done in order to desensitize the
general public to the group in question. This can be done by characterizing the rival group as
animals or even vermin. Hitler compared the Jews to vermin in order to desensitize the
general public to the ethnic culling of the Jews. Not only that, he also argued that it was due
to the Jews controlling the modern economic system that Germany had to suffer the Great
Depression. Such extreme was the hatred of Hitler towards Jews that he forbade any member
of the political, bureaucratic or defense setup to even have facial features of Jews. In fact, he
dismissed many of the government servants’ due to the fact that they had Jewish facial
features. disseminated Similarly, Islamic terrorist organizations label Westerners as infidels
and non-spiritual. By comparing individuals to such characteristics, the radical organizations
can then justify their violent actions and simultaneously promote extreme feelings of anger,
hatred and resentment against the general populace.

Another method to achieve mass radicalization by radical organizations is by committing

subversive and covert actions in order to invite violence against a particular segment of the
populace. To illustrate this, we can look at the example of Al-Qaeda and its terrorist
activities. By committing terrorist attacks against the US and Western countries, Al-Qaeda
provoked the US and its allies to invade Muslim countries. In the process, Al-Qaeda avoided
open confrontation with the coalition forces. The result of this was that there was collateral
damage in the process which resulted in the killing of innocent Muslims. This was used by
Al-Qaeda to legitimize its cause and to paint the Coalition forces as the aggressors. As a
result of this, Al-Qaeda was able to mass radicalize the populace on the basis that the US was
committing the atrocities and they were responding to those actions. In such circumstances,
the radical organization is willing to sacrifice a segment of the population in order to gain
legitimacy of its narrative and at the same time paint the opponent as the true enemy.

Radicalisation is a procedure through which a person’s behaviour due to various political and
social issues, become starkly different as compared to most of the members of the society.94

94
Ehud Sprinzak, Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics, (New York: Free Press,
1999), 34-65.
 46

95
It also needs to be highlighted that only a small number of people in a community undergo
the process of radicalisation. Radicalised members can comprise of a different type of
national, political, ethnic, religious, and social groups. Number of variation factors can
become a source of motivation towards Radicalization.

The process of radicalisation is unique, it varies from person to person. Generally, it has been
argued that in most cases, Radicalisation does not lead to major damage. 96 However, in
extreme cases, the decisions and motivations of a radicalised individual may lead to violence.
Individuals who tend to radicalise, resort to a hostile conduct, and provoke hatred or
encourage violence for their basic mission shall need some sort of intervention.97 Such
intervention can originate from law enforcement, family members, community, or religious
leaders. In this regard, communities can have a critical role in helping out such individuals to
move away from violent extremism and violence before they are committed.

2.1.1. Radicalisation Process.

There is no defined or set path towards radicalisation. As discussed earlier, the procedure of
radicalisation varies from one person to another. However, radicalisation impacts and targets
some of the significant aspects of the individual’s life. These areas may include social
interaction, criminal activity, and ideology.98 99 An individual who is undergoing the process
of radicalisation may see an impact on all three of these areas. In simpler terms, an
individual’s behaviour may become extreme or intense when compared to their normal
behaviour. However, the circumstances and environments of the individual should also be
considered. If there happens to be an alternate explanation for their changed behaviour, then
it should not be regarded as radicalisation.100

95
Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2000), 23-34.
96
Ken Ballen, Terrorists in Love: The Real Lives of Islamic Radicals, (New York: Free Press, 2011), 7-19.
97
Ibid.
98
Mitchel, Silber and Arvin, Bhatt, Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat, 2007.
99
White Paper: The Jemaah Islamiyyah Arrests and the Threat of Terrorism, (Singapore: Ministry of Home
Affairs, January 2003), 22-25.
100
I White Paper: The Jemaah Islamiyyah Arrests and the Threat of Terrorism, (Singapore: Ministry of Home
Affairs, January 2003), 22-25.
 47

2.1.2. Radicalization and Ideology

An individual that undergoes radicalisation, witnesses a significant shift in their ideology.101

Ideologies can become threatening if it promotes and advocate option of using violence in
order to promote specific beliefs. Through the progression of radicalisation, the ideology
becomes more literal and followers advocate a strict form of their belief. This teaching then
manifests itself in the shape of vilifying or othering a particular community. It must be noted
however that radicalisation towards violent extremism and increasing religious devoutness to
beliefs are two separate aspects.

The internet has become a major source to radicalise individuals. Through the internet,
people are able to view, download and proliferate violent extremism. Some people may view
this out of curiosity. However, individuals undergoing radicalisation will share and spread
such material in order to proliferate their own ideologies and rationale.

One important aspect to highlight here is that while, anti-social and hateful ideologies may be
offensive, but unless an individual is promoting the use of violence, it should not be viewed
as radicalisation towards violent extremism.102

2.1.3. Social Relations

As people begin to radicalise, move away from the conventional and mainstream groups in
their communities, such as friendships or family members. Due to this, there emerge serious
conflicts with friends and family members regarding various political or social issues. 103 Due
to this, the interactions of such individuals are with a smaller network of people who share
similar beliefs and views. Such changes are some of the most obvious features of radicalised
individuals.

It should also be highlighted that specific extremist groups require individuals to undergo an
oath or initiation process to guarantee their obligations to their beliefs. The process of
radicalisation can be initiated through interpersonal communication however, with the

101
Angel Rabasa, Radical Islam in East Africa (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2009), 22-34.
102
D. J. Pepler and R. G. Slaby, "Theoretical And Developmental Perspectives on Youth And Violence,"
in Reason to Hope: A Psychosocial Perspective on Violence and Youth (Washington: American Psychological
Association, 1994), 22-54.
103
D. J. Pepler and R. G. Slaby, "Theoretical And Developmental Perspectives on Youth And Violence,"
in Reason to Hope: A Psychosocial Perspective on Violence and Youth (Washington: American Psychological
Association, 1994), 22-54.
 48

development of modern technology; Internet can also serve as a viable tool for radicalisation.
Through the Internet, an individual can become a member of an online community sharing
similar views and hence, they can be radicalised towards a particular set of beliefs.104

2.1.4. Criminal Activity

While undergoing the process of radicalisation, a person may exhibit peculiar and strange
actions. Through such actions, the aim of the individual is to send a specific communication
to certain group. Even though such actions may be benign or harmless, but they may still be
unlawful. Such actions can include minor property damage, illegal protesting, vandalism, or
trespassing. As a person becomes more radicalised, they may try to pressurise a particular
segment of community or the government by making threats. Once an individual considers
the use of violence and force, then radicalisation towards violent extremism becomes a real
threat. Once the individual is fully committed to the use of violence, an attack may soon
occur. If a person is contemplating the unlawful use of force and violence, their behaviour
also reflects paranoia and suspicion. These individuals will become increasingly
apprehensive of law enforcement, security, intelligence, and government agencies.105

2.1.5. Identifying Radicalisation

The individuals that undergo the process of radicalisation may see progression in one of the
three key areas. These areas include criminal activity, social relations, or ideology. What this
indicates is that a person’s behaviour in one area may change at first. This means that there
may not be a simultaneous change in all three areas at the same time. However, these areas
can get affected very quickly as well. It is also thought-provoking to notice that not all people
undergo the radicalisation to become violent extremists. Some of the individuals stop their
own radicalisation process due to an intervention from someone or something. This process is
called disengagement. In this regard, friends, family, and community members play a crucial
role.106

104
Anneli Botha and Mahdi Abdile, Radicalization and Al-Shabaab Recruitment in Somalia (2014), 76.
105
Anneli Botha and Mahdi Abdile, Radicalization and Al-Shabaab Recruitment in Somalia (2014), 76.
106
Tore Bjorgo, T. (ed.) (2005) Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Way Forward, (London:
Routledge, 2005), 37-52.
 49

2.1.6. Early Intervention

A particular or traumatic issue may accelerate or trigger a radicalisation process. However, if

such issues are dealt before their manifestation into a major driving cause, the process of
radicalisation can be disengaged. Some of the issues that may push towards radicalisation
include the following:

 Conflicts with family members

 Changes in employment or living conditions

 Experience of detestable attitudes and activities

 Any event abroad that can damage interests and repute of family, friends, or the
community.

 Addiction, Health Problems, Anger

 Any negative changes in personal relationship or friendship.

 Unable to complete school or university level education

 Experiencing social unfairness or discrimination.107

2.1.7. Factors Affecting Radicalization

Initial assumptions of radicalisation being associated to terrorism, dates back to the 1960’s
and 1970’s. Since 1990’s, radicalisation between Muslims from Europe has become a focus
of the study. One of the main reasons why this particular aspect has gained traction is due to
the event of 9/11. The attack of September 11, 2001 on twin towers in United States of
America triggered an interest in the study of radicalization among Muslims in Europe. This
has also led to the study of the phenomenon of commonly known as local or home-grown
terrorism. Such studies were also boosted by the events of Madrid Bombings in 2004 among
other terror related incidents in Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, the UK and
Netherlands.

107
Tore Bjorgo, T. (ed.) (2005) Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Way Forward, (London:
Routledge, 2005), 37-52.
 50

Nevertheless, the need to recognise and appropriately handle the menace of radicalization is
gaining importance and attention at all levels. In academia, aspects or circumstances which
are often cited as major reasons of radicalization, contain relative deprivation108, strong
interference and occupation of lands by western powers, support for oppressive and monarch
regimes109, identity politics110, lack of economic, social and political integration111 and
feelings of betrayal by the rulers. It all can be accumulated towards feelings of hate and
psychological hiccups.112 Although all of these factors are contributing towards radicalization
and forms some of the basic components, there are three vital factors which have an effect on
radicalization and delay in radicalization. These factors are push factors, pull factors and
social deprivation.113

2.1.8. Radicalization in Pakistan

Pakistan has seen an increase of radical Islam during the early years of the Afghan Jihad in
1979. Ever since then, it has been used as an important element to radicalize people for any
volunteer wars and conflicts. This has resulted in number of asymmetric incidents on
Pakistan Army and has also attempted to instigate a separatist movement of Baluchistan.
Even though the high number of terrorist attacks and radical belief of the Pakistani Taliban
are unprecedented, this version of radical approach is accepted and followed only by a small
portion of the society.114 The majority of the Muslim population in Pakistan practices Sunni
Islam with influence of Sufi Culture. Sufiism believes and advocate peace, harmony and
compassion for humanity. Sufis and Wahhabis are two extreme ends who never had pleasant
relations.115

Transformation in a society is a continuous and evolutionary process. As a result of this, it is

not dependent on any single factors, rather it is an amalgamation of various factors both
108
Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), 12-23.
109
Robert A. Pape, "What We’ve Learned About Suicide Terrorism since 9/11,"Chicago Tribune, September 11,
2006.
110
Tufyal Choudhury, "The Role of Muslim Identity Politics in Radicalization (a study in progress)," University
of Durham, April 2007, 16.
111
Tufyal Choudhury, "The Role of Muslim Identity Politics in Radicalization (a study in progress)," University
of Durham, April 2007, 16.
112
Ibid.
113
Louise Richardson, What terrorists want. Understanding the terrorist threat, (London: John Murray,2006),
32-45.
114
Rik Coolsaet, Between Al-Andalus and a Failing Integration: Europe's Pursuit of a Long-term
Counterterrorism Strategy in the Post-Al-Qaeda Era (Brussels: Royal Institute for International Relations,
2005), 66.
115
Roy O., Globalized Islam: The search for a new Ummah, (New York: Columbia University Press,2004),42-
56.
 51

internal and external. A fragile economy, unemployment, and less opportunities for
engagement of youth are few of the internal factors. While, generations of war, anti-West
sentiments, clashes of civilization are external factors that contribute to the adopted policies
and socio-economic conditions.116 Furthermore, the assessment is directly linked to those
factors which added to existing environment and changing perception of a common person
towards radicalization.117

Additionally, there is also needed to review role of Madrassahs and diverse education system
for playing any role in changing perceptions and resultant behaviours. Moreover, Pakistani
government’s decision to join US war against terror which was never taken positively in the
country might have certain linkages with elements of radicalization. It also highlights another
important aspect of context, background and possible environment that could lead to changes
in thought process.

2.2. What is an IDP?

As per guiding principles118 on Internal Displacements, IDPs are: -

“Individual or groups of individuals who have been pushed out or obliged to flee or leave
their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid
the effects of armed conflict, situation of generalized violence, violations of human rights or
natural or manmade disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognised
border”119 To understand the basic difference between the IDPs and refugees, it may be more
appropriate to define them in little more details in succeeding paragraphs.

“A refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is

116
Mario Ferrero, "Radicalization as a reaction to failure: An economic model of Islamic extremism," Public
Choice 122, no. 1-2 (2005): 202.
117
Petter Nesser, "How did Europe's Global Jihadis Obtain Training for their Militant Causes?" Terrorism and
Political Violence 20, no. 2 (2008): 234-256.
118
Guiding Principles on Internal Displaced Persons, UN OCHA, Second Edition, September 2004, available at
http://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/publications/Tools-and-Frameworks/199808-training-OCHA-
guiding-principles-Eng2.pdf, (accessed on August 21, 2016).
119
Ibid.
 52

outside the country of his/her nationality of habitual residence, and is unable, or owing to
such fear, is unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country”120

The IDPs despite being displaced against their will are likely to stay in their own country.
IDPs and refugees have a difference that essentially revolves around certain conditions and
factors. Refugees opt to leave their country of nationality while IDPs intend staying in their
own country. Risks and challenges are almost similar in both categories including grievances
and relative deprivations. Forced displacements could be due to violence, conflict, and
various natural disasters. Involuntary displacement against will due to any above-mentioned
reasons will force a person either to become a refugee or an IDP.

The IDPs definition mentioned above is more of a factual position than having any legal
definition. Since IDPs opt to stay in their country of residence, normal protection obligations
of life and property will remain enforced by the respective government. Factual position
indicates that a person has been pushed out of his native area due to manmade or natural
disaster. However, for IDPs there is no special status that could be in case of refugees where
relevant laws of UNHCR or laws of that particular country where he has migrated are
applicable. However, the IDPs preferring to stay in their own country of origin are likely to
enjoy their basic rights admissible under the relevant law.

2.3. Internal Displacements in Pakistan.

Pakistan is one of such countries that have seen refugees and internal displacements very
often. After independence in 1947, the country had to face a huge influx of refugees121 from
India with figures reaching around 7 million. However, in recent past, it has become one of
leading countries having refugees as well as IDPs. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in
1979 forced over three million Afghani people to take refuge in Pakistan in mid-eighties.122
The events of 9/11 and War on Terrorism affected Pakistan. To control militant activities, it
had to launch military operations. These military operations which initiated from Swat in

120
Andreas, Zimmerman, The 1951 Convention Relating to Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocols, (New
York, Oxford University Press, 2011), 279-547.
121
"Partition – August 1947," GlobalSecurity.org, accessed February 28, 2019,
https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak-partition2.html.
122
Rüdiger Schöch, "Afghan Refugees in Pakistan During the 1980s: Cold War Politics and Registration
Practice," UNHCR, last modified June 2008, https://www.unhcr.org/research/working/4868daad2/afghan-
refugees-pakistan-during-1980s-cold-war-politics-registration-practice.html.
 53

2009 had a huge impact in terms of IDPs whose number swelled to 3.584 million.123 At
present, there are over 1.5 million registered Afghan Refugees 124 in Pakistan with an equal
number of un–registered ones. The KP and its various agencies house almost same numbers
of IDPs.125

It is essentially the local governments’ responsibility126 to take care of the IDPs, as

displacements are within the country’s boundaries and owing to the security situation, it may
be difficult due to security or any other reasons for the local donors or international donors to
have access and provide support. During the military operations in FATA, none other than
the military and limited civil administration had access and authority to handle the IDPs. In
case of an armed conflict and collective violence, the responsibility shifts to both sides.
However, a weak state can always seek international support to bridge the gap. In the context
of IDPs, the affected communities which host the displaced populations are described as the
host communities where the IDPs are residing. There is need to provide enough support and
protection to host communities and it should not become a burden beyond sustainability.127

2.3.1. Reasons of Displacements and Resultant Issues.

Existence of militants in various parts of the area and the resultant army operations are major
reasons of Internal Displacements in North Waziristan. The possibility of large-scale returns
and entire rehabilitation in the area remains questionable due to a fierce fighting between the
Taliban and military forces. The government and relevant ministries are vigorously pursuing
programs to shift the IDPs and relocate them to their place of residence at priority. However,
apparently, the chances of their rehabilitation remain slim. A durable solution to the issue
requires complete policy formulation. The major concentrations of the IDPs are in Bannu and
its surrounding areas. This study is mostly focused on the IDPs of North Waziristan Agency
(NWA) who opted to stay in and around Bannu district. Owing to its proximity to the NWA,

123
IDPs Rights are Human Rights, National IDPs Conference, June 24, 2009, available at
http://www.ihro.org.pk/downloads/reports/NATIONAL_IDPs_Conference_Report_2009.pdf, (accessed on
August 21, 2016).
124
News Desk, "CM Khattak Orders Registration of Un Registered Afghan Refugees,"Dunya News, August 21,
2016, accessed August 21, 2016, http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/325945-CM-Khattak-orders-registration-of-
unregistered-Afg.
125
"Updated TDPs Statistics," Disaster Management Authority, last modified July 22, 2016,
http://www.fdma.gov.pk/tdps-statistics-as-of-22-03-2016.
126
Handbook on Protection of IDPs, Provisional Release (Geneva: Global Protection Cluster Working Group,
2007), 01.
127
Cluster Working Group on Protection Progress Report, (Geneva: Inter-Agency Standing Committee
Principals Meeting, 2005).
 54

Bannu has been an obvious choice for them due to a host of purposes starting from their
relatives, familiarity with the area and culture and the shortest possible approach. Shelter has
been one of the leading challenges for the local and national authorities. The IDPs camping in
government buildings ought to vacate them by mid-August 2014 with the opening of schools.
The impact of this displacement has been huge mostly on the rental market and host
communities. Host communities have been under tremendous pressure due to large size
families of the IDPs.

During distribution of relief goods in Bannu in June 2014, the author came across a medium
size dwelling housing 53 people. This high-density living had exacerbated health and water
and sanitation problems. Unemployment remained a major concern due to the IDPs’ inability
to generate reliable sources of living. The state had restricted its response to distribution of
goods or small capital that could hardly be used as seed money to initiate any commercial
venture.

The IDPs lacked basic amenities like food, shelter, livelihood, water and sanitation and
education. These are basic human needs that are essential for a dignified survival. The agony
compounds if a family member goes missing or gets killed. Lack of protection compounds
these vulnerabilities. Protection issues generally include increased tension between the
displaced and host families, possibility of separation and split within families, especially for
children. However, not many such cases were observed in displacement of IDPs of North
Waziristan. The people of affected areas were given adequate time to pack up, arrange
transport and leave the area before a given date. The principal obligation of IDPs’ protection
remains with the national government or local authorities. Again, safe return remains the
government or local authorities’ responsibility. Similarly, access of humanitarian actors to
affected locations and IDPs camps falls in the same jurisdiction. The International Committee
of Red Cross, commonly known as ICRC, besides advocacy to IHL, also actively supports
the IDPs during displacement, arrival, settling at new locations, relocation and moving them
back to their place of residence or any other ___location.

The IDPs are mostly forced out of their residences and cannot return home due to destruction
of their properties and infrastructure during natural or manmade disasters. Some of the
situations needing the IDPs’ protection is as under: -128

128
Handbook on Protection of IDPs, Provisional Release (Geneva: Global Protection Cluster Working Group,
2007), 22-55.
 55

 Shelter will remain primary requirement of all IDPs. Due to pressing requirement, they
may be forced to either go for a rented accommodation, government established camps,
host communities or government buildings that can possibly be converted into temporary
camps. Major issues in camps and with host families will remain overcrowding
 Livelihood is another major area of concern. After leaving their hometowns, their
businesses, properties, and other sources of income are seriously compromised. Loss of
livelihood is likely to lead to marginalization, poverty, and exploitation to a certain
degree.
 Access to required food, clean drinking water, health and education are seriously
hampered. This will result into malnutrition, hunger, and disease.
 Vulnerable population like elderly people, women, children, and persons with disabilities
suffer the most from such displacements. Family and even community support structure is
often missing in such situations.
 Identity documents are often misplaced due to sudden displacements. In the absence of
required documents, access to various government initiatives for support becomes quite
challenging. This issue cropped up during registration of IDPs in June/July 2014, as many
women and elderly people were without identity cards.
 The NADRA (National Database and Registration Authority) mobile vans were pressed
into service to issue CNICs (Computerized National Identity Cards) to such families,
enabling their registration that was required for entitlement to government support.
 Non-Food Items kits (including essential items like tents, blankets, tarpaulin, Jerry can,
kitchen set, hygiene set, stove and mosquito nets) is an essential emergency kit that can
enable a family to adjust temporarily anywhere during such situations. Most of the
INGOs and Red Cross Red Crescent Societies are maintaining such kits for immediate
relief.
 Food items include wheat flour, rice, tea, salt, pulses, and cooking oil etc.
 Temporary shelters consist of CGI sheets, tarpaulins, and shelter tool kits.
 Mobile health units, hygiene awareness campaigns, water and sanitation facilities in
shape of drinking water, establishment of emergency latrines etc.
 Microeconomic initiatives.
 Restoring family link program for reuniting missing people.
 Awareness about mine risk and related issues
 56

2.4. Protection of IDPs.

“Protection is defined as all activities aimed at obtaining full respect for the rights of
individuals in accordance with the letter and spirit of the relevant bodies of law, namely
human rights laws, international humanitarian law and refugee law”.129 This way protection
is not only an activity, but also a legal responsibility where rights of each individual are
required to be protected without discrimination. This protection is not only for physical
security, but also for security of their fundamental rights. Here a responsible government is
not only to ensure protection but should also take appropriate remedial measures to address
issues.

2.4.1. Responsibility of Provision of Protection

The government of a respective country is responsible for the well-being and settlement of
IDPs, as they are within the boundaries of the country. The situation becomes quite
challenging once if the government lacks capacity or will to settle the issue. In few
conditions, the government could also be part of issue leading to displacements. There is an
established framework of government’s responsibility that shall lead to effective handling of
the IDPs.

2.4.2. Protection of IDPs under law

The IDPs are exposed to s extreme deprivation, uncertainty, and higher degree of danger.
This negativity stays on during move back to their areas of residence or hometown and
rehabilitation. In most cases, internal displacements are due to violation of International
Humanitarian law (IHL) during an armed conflict. Violation of IHL indicates that the warring
parties are either not concerned about safety and security of non-combatants or they are
deliberately targeting them as part of their policy. The ICRC plays a major role in advocating
warring factions to abide by this rule and the civilians caught in a conflict must be protected.
The IDPs are not protected under a precise international convention130like refugees by
different able bodies of law, like national law, human rights law or IHL in case their state is
affected by the armed conflict. Some relevance of IHL to the IDPs: -

129
Handbook on Protection of IDPs, Provisional Release (Geneva: Global Protection Cluster Working Group,
2007), 05.
130
"ICRC Position on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) (May 2006)," International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC), last modified July 3, 2006, https://www.refworld.org/docid/46e943710.html.
 57

 Prohibition of attacks on civilians and their property

 Prohibition on use of starvation as a method of warfare and on destruction of objects
considered indispensable for survival of civilians
 No reprisal against civilians and their properties
 No collective punishment such as destruction of houses that could lead to displacement
 Unhindered passage of relief supplies remains an obligation for all warring parties

2.4.3. National Responsibility of Government for IDPs

Respective governments are responsible for protection of displaced population. The

following are the government’s responsibilities.131
 Preventing displacement and minimising its effects.
 Raising national awareness of the problem
 Collecting data on the numbers and conditions of IDPs
 Supporting training on the rights of IDPs
 Creating a legal framework upholding the rights of IDPs
 Developing a national policy on internal displacement
 Designing an institutional focal point on IDPs
 Inspiring nationwide social privileges institution to discourse internal displacement
 Safeguarding IDPs participation in policymaking
 Backup durable resolutions
 Allotting sufficient means for settlement of IDPs
 Cooperating with the international community in case of a lack of capacity

A critical evaluation reveals that the Government of Pakistan has not been in a position to
either implement or legislate on these basic responsibility issues. A good government should
address the basic causes of displacement and minimise its effects. The NWA (North
Waziristan Agency) had become a safe haven for terrorists for years and all terrorist activities
inside and outside Pakistan have mostly originated from this area. A military operation was
planned as early as 2009 but it was never launched. The unfortunate massacre at the Army
Public School, Peshawar has been one of the trigger points for continuation of this anti-

131
Handbook on Protection of IDPs, Provisional Release (Geneva: Global Protection Cluster Working Group,
2007), 08.
 58

terrorist campaign. However, most of the issues are of socio-political nature requiring
different solutions than the use of force.

Use of force could bring temporary solutions to the issue but civil institutions should be
strong enough to take over the gains made through use of kinetic force. Military operations
as the one possible solution are likely to continue creating IDPs situations in future as well.
National awareness of the problem is important to get popular support for the IDPs. However,
no major effort seems to have been made for raising this awareness. Such massive
displacement was taken like many other issues facing the country.

Collection of data on the IDPs has been another weak area due to number of reasons. It could
be due to a lack of clear policy on the subject. Expected figures and actual figures and quoted
figures keep changing at various stages affecting response. No training for the rights of IDPs
has ever been organized by the government. However, some psycho-social awareness
sessions were organized by the Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS) to get these displaced
people out of initial trauma and stress of leaving their homes.

Designing of a legal framework, a policy for appropriate handling the IDPs and designing an
institutional focal point may take time. Although the FATA Disaster Management Authority
is in place, it still requires capacity-building to handle such large-scale crisis. Preparation of a
legal framework is highly essential where manmade disasters have become common. These
disasters are likely to continue in foreseeable future due to climate changes and its effects on
Pakistan.

The Government of Pakistan should pay more attention and focus towards its institutions,
legal formalities, and capacity building of these setups for a better response in any future
disaster. Involvement of IDPs in decision-making will be a great step if the government ever
decides to do that, as in the local context it is hardly considered important. However, these
IDPs are the most important stakeholder in this disaster and their involvement in decision-
making could yield better results and less grievances.

Long-term durable solutions may be beyond control of the Pakistani government at the
moment. However, some long-term planning, building, and strengthening of institutions
could possibly change the situation. The threat has been brought to a manageable level from
strategic to tactical due to long term commitment and sacrifices rendered by Pakistan
military. However, Intelligence Based Operations (IBOs) are likely to continue in near future
 59

to eliminate the threat completely. Possibility of any large-scale military operations seems
rare. Terrorists had been behaving like a bubble in erstwhile FATA and settled areas of KP
against military operations. Once this bubble was pricked in one agency, they had been
fighting through unconventional means, inflict some casualties and shift to other areas where
they would wait for military operations. Meanwhile, they continued to engage opportunity
targets inside Pakistan and Afghanistan while staying well gelled with the local population.
The major reason or motivation for these terrorists remained fighting an invader in
Afghanistan. For most of these people if fighting the Soviet Union was a Jihad, fighting
against the US and NATO forces are an equal Jihad if not greater.

The Pakistan army and federal government have been making continuous efforts to engage
these elements to control their activities under local or international pressure on both sides of
the border. Terrorism can better be addressed once society as a whole will be willing to
denounce and get out of this Jihadi mind-set. To counter this narrative, the government needs
to come up with a better counter narrative to neutralize it.

Allocation of adequate resources will be another uphill task for any Pakistani government due
to its meagre resources, weak economy, mismanagement, and weak capacity of its
institutions, especially the civil administration working in erstwhile FATA. The government
had been found reluctant to give free access to foreign humanitarian actors due to security
and other multiple reasons. The IDPs support through foreign donors is likely to remain
controlled and regulated in near future. However, the government can use its institutions like
the Pakistan Red Crescent Society that not only has the necessary capacity, but also has an
alliance with the Red Cross Red Crescent community spread over 192 countries around the
world.

2.4.4. Responsibility of Individuals and Community

Coping mechanism are always developed by individuals and communities exposed to threats
and difficult situations. These mechanisms are mostly based on available resources, capacity,
and knowledge to generate best practices. This is known as the community-based approach
where vulnerable segments of society are involved to increase their resilience and capacities
to cope with such disasters. Their active involvement and inclusion in deliberations and
making well considered opinion is likely to enhance their dignity and reinforce self-respect
besides empowering them to take their own decisions.
 60

2.4.5. Effects on Host Communities

The IDPs would always need state-sponsored support for survival. However, the state-
sponsored benefits are always limited as compare to needs. In Pakistan, military operations
have brought long-term protracted displacements in many parts of erstwhile FATA.
However, the government’s focus had been on short or medium-term arrangements. Mostly
the national level government had been in the lead supporting the IDPs due to two factors. 1.
Erstwhile FATA was controlled by the federal government through a governor; 2, all military
operations were controlled and regulated by the central government.

One of the major issues facing the IDPs had been a lack of regular source of income in settled
districts of KP due to absence of industry or other means of livelihood. Similarly, the labour
market in the area are also limited, forcing people to migrate to major cities of the province
and other provinces. Unemployment in Pakistan is otherwise quite higher adding burden to
the already overstretched support systems.

Due to cultural limitations, many people desired to reside with the host communities rather
than settling at the Baka Khel camp set up by the military on the outskirts of Bannu. Cashing
in on this situation, people with little economic affordability rented out their houses, causing
an uptick in rentals. Relations between the host community and IDPs got strained and
complex at times due to limited resources and extra demands. Initial goodwill and solidarity
are often seen as short-lived due to meagre resources of host communities and support
mechanism. The government should have worked in the following areas for a better response
to the IDPs’ situation,
 Before launching any such operation, arrangements of alternative accommodations closer
to affected areas with health, water, and sanitation (WASH) and educational setups.
These measures can help regulate the flow of IDPs and reduce burden on the
overstretched resources of settled districts. The field camps can be well managed through
supply of all essential commodities and unity of efforts of all stakeholders at a single
point. The Pakistan Red Crescent could be assigned the responsibility to manage such
shelter camps.
 Preparation of legal and constitutional framework to ensure streamlining of procedures
for assistance of IDPs.
 Based on this legal framework, earmarking a budget that could be utilized to support
these services in a much organized and coordinated manner.
 61

 Since the IDPs phenomenon is likely to prevail for another 8-10 years due to the presence
of Taliban, militancy factors and military operations, the government should develop a
long-term policy to handle protracted cases of the IDPs. Some of IDPs of earlier
operations of Swat and South Waziristan are still waiting for rehabilitation in their
hometowns. Although number of these IDPs is negligible but indicates a trend that many
IDPs may never go back to their native villages due to change in priorities.
 Involvement of INGOs and NGOs to support the host families in taking care of the IDPs
to reduce its burden
 Creation of livelihood resources for IDPs in formal and informal work sector132 of
Pakistan
 Support of host communities in shape of rental payments and other food items to reduce
the burden
 Construction of WASH facilities at community level to reduce pressure in this field.
 Initiation of technical and professional training programs for IDPs through TVETA that
could enable IDPs to work in informal work sector. The government should also plan a
small business loan facility at much lower rates that could bring some relief
 Creation of short-term employment opportunities in areas of displacements

To get a real insight into the background of displacement and the impact of its socio-political
and economic implications on the lives of IDPs, a study was conducted in the worst affected
areas of Miran Shah and Mir Ali. A questionnaire was prepared attached at Annex B. The
FATA research centre’s Mansur Mehsud, a research coordinator, has been extremely helpful
and supportive in the development of this questionnaire. This study presents the results of
Needs and Vulnerability Analysis Exercise conducted in June and July 2016 by a team of
volunteers headed by me. It provides field-based evidence of issues that negatively impact the
lives of manmade disaster-induced IDPs in Pakistan. The focus of this report is on the North
Waziristan Agency of FATA, pre-selected by researchers ranked highest on vulnerability
indicators according to UNOCHA.133

One of the major problems encountered during this research was that no major research had
been conducted on the IDPs of Pakistan. A couple of studies had been conducted by students
with entirely different focus and area of emphasis. An effort had been made to refer to some

132
“The effects of Internal Displacements on host communities. A case study of Suba and Ciudad Bolivar
localities in Bogota, Columbia”, International committee of Red Cross in Columbia, Bogota, October 2011.
133
ibid.
 62

published articles dealing with various angles of the IDPs. Due to restricted nature of these
areas and security concerns, free access for research could possibly lead to some undesired
situation.

According to Najam Ud Din, Pakistan has witnessed forced displacements due to manmade
and natural disasters. The magnitude of these displacements crossed the figures of registered
Afghan refugees in 2009 and 2010. The main factors contributing towards these crises had
been military operations in certain areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and agencies of FATA.
However, other than military operations, the super floods of 2010 became a leading source of
displacements forcing around 7 million people out of their homes.

Forced displacements are likely to continue and affect Pakistan in short to medium term. An
enduring resolution to this problem lies in focussing the major causes and related
factors.134Guiding philosophies on internal displacement are prepared by the United Nations
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). These are 30 principles
dealing with various aspects of the IDPs, their hardships, issues, requirements, expectations,
protection, rights of education, health, shelter, livelihood and above all maintaining human
dignity and grace under all conditions.

The IDPs are considered most vulnerable people who have been driven out of their homes
against their will with uncertainty all around. These rules have been developed by the United
Nations as per their mandate. However, its implementation by the responsible governments
and warring factions remains highly questionable.135 The International Committee of Red
Cross, commonly known as the ICRC, had also been working on the IDPs and there are few
important hand-outs and guidelines on the basic rights and handling of people moved out of
their houses against their will.

Francoise Krill in his article “The ICRC’s policy on refugees and internally displaced
civilians” highlights that the ICRC has been involved to reduce the miseries of forced
displacements since its inception in 1863 in Switzerland. The Red Cross has been involved
by advocating the warring factions as well as various governments to play their active role in
mitigating the sufferings through proper relief camps and supply of essential commodities.

134
Najam U Din, Internal Displacement in Pakistan: Contemporary Challenges, Human Rights Commission of
Pakistan, (Lahore, Qasim Press Railway Road, Lahore, October 2010), 55-78.
135
OCHA, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacements, (2004), 66.
 63

It had been actively working initially with the League of Nations and thereafter with the
United Nations while taking responsibilities of major displacements in the World War-II and
various wars and internal conflicts thereafter. The role of the ICRC with the IDPs mainly
revolves around protection and assistance. Protection and assistance cover almost all angles
from life and property to a dignified way of living, education, health, shelter and voluntarily
move back to the actual areas of residence. The ICRC has been working in Pakistan as well to
assist the IDPs through various assistance programs.136

The International Crisis Group in its update “Briefing of Pakistan: The Worsening IDP
Crisis” highlights that displacements due to natural and manmade disasters have been one of
the main problems of Pakistan in recent past. A weak political government, handling various
militant activities with fragile institutions, cannot handle these crises effectively. It lacks
sufficient resources, ability to handle and reach out well to these displaced persons.
International assistance had been inadequate due to a number of factors like restricted access
to areas, security situations and weak projection of the plight to the international world. The
government’s response had been in most cases inadequate, delayed and slow resulting into
common frustration and anguish.137

The International Crisis Group in its policy briefing on “Pakistan’s IDPs crises: challenges
and Opportunities” indicates that due to military action in larger parts of Malakand Division,
people had been pushed due to prevailing environment to leave their homes and take refuge
in make-shift camps, government buildings, rented accommodation and with host families of
relations. The influx of IDPs had been much beyond the capacity and resources of the
government. Immediate requirement of response through relief items and organization of
regular camps with essential elements remained a bigger challenge. The government had
been suggested a number of priority actions to do ranging from devising some policy of
reconstruction effort, distribution of assistance, control and regulation of IDPs, segregation of
criminal elements fleeing in the garb of IDPs as well as making certain policy decision at
political level to harness support. One of the major grey areas remained the civil-military
coordination of events during such large-scale displacements.138

136
Françoise Krill, “The ICRC policy on refugees and internally displaced civilians”, RICR, September 2001,
Vol.83 No 843: 332.
137
Update Briefing, Pakistan: The Worsening IDP Crisis, International Crisis Group, Asia Briefing No 111,
Islamabad/ Brussels, 16 September 2010.
138
Policy Briefing, Pakistan’s IDPs Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities, International Crisis Group, Asia
Briefing No 93, Islamabad/ Brussels, 3 June 2009.
 64

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre in its article “Still at risk: internally displaced
children’s right in North West Pakistan” focuses on children’s rights due to forced
displacements mainly resulting from clashes between militants and military forces as well as
large scale military operations. Displacement of Pakistan at such a high magnitude and
recurrence are a rare phenomenon. Major issues faced by the children are access to normal
assistance, mental trauma, occasional separation from families and their education. The risk
of exploitation of these children will always be there due to insecurity in a changed
environment. Due to cultural sensitiveness, many people were found reluctant to stay in
government established camps and selected to stay with relatives and other known families.
Insufficient resources, access to affected communities and a lack of institutional capacity are
visible grey areas.139

Seung-Whan Choi and James A. Piazza, in their article “Internally Displaced Populations and
Suicide Terrorism” highlights that all those countries with more number of displaced
populations are liable to face more possibility of suicide terrorism. It is hypothesised that the
IDPs could be a source of increasing suicide bombers, increased local ethnic conflicts, and
deteriorating human rights conditions that could lead to suicide terrorism. This could also
raise management cost of the relevant states. The article indicates that most of suicide
terrorist activities had linkages with conflict induced IDPs. Moreover, almost all of these
researches were undertaken in the context of Afghanistan, Nepal, Palestinian territories, Iraq,
Somalia, Sri Lanka, and Eastern Turkey. In the Pakistani perspective, the Afghan refugee
camps have been a source of breeding militants and suicide terrorists.140

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has released a provisional
handbook on protection of IDPs. It is a comprehensive book providing guidelines on handling
the IDPs. Major areas of focus of all humanitarian organizations remain provision of
assistance and protection in a most efficient and transparent manner. The book mainly covers
areas of protection like foundation of protection, strategic protection response, activities,
tools, and related risk. This handbook of checklists could be a good guide for places and

139
“Still at risk Internally displaced children’s rights in North West Pakistan”, Internal Displacement Monitoring
Centre, accessed March 20,2016, www.internal-displacement.org.
140
Seung W. Choi and James A. Piazza, “Internally Displaced Populations and Suicide Terrorism”, SAGE
Publication, accessed August 13, 2016,
http://whanchoi.people.uic.edu/InternallyDisplacedPopulationsAndSuicideTerrorism.pdf.
 65

organizations where rules of engagements and related standard operating procedures are well-
defined. 141

Huma Haider, in her research report on Refugee, IDP and host community radicalization,
highlights that inadequate socio-economic conditions could be one possible reason for
radicalization. Socio-economic conditions may range from poor living conditions, uncertain
health, education, water and sanitation, livelihood, and psycho-social requirements. These
conditions will have greater impact towards radicalization if not addressed timely.

There could be another reason of unheard political voices that could breed grievances leading
to radicalization. Another important factor of IDPs is effect on the host communities in shape
of overburdening existing living conditions, support structure, health, and education facilities
of the community, stretching out existing economic resources, livelihood opportunities etc. In
most cases since the return of IDPs is uncertain, this pressure on host communities could lead
to negative perceptions and a reason of building a clash. In protracted situation of IDPs the
possibility of involvement in militant activities could be more due to increased insecurity and
desperation.142

In “Responding to the Internally Displaced Persons crisis in Pakistan”, Imtiaz Ali mentions
some of the issues being faced due to the ever-increasing displacements. Major displacements
caused by military operations have tested the government’s capacity and resolve to respond
through its fragile institutions and limited resources. As has happened in most of the IDPs
crisis, people tend to stay away from government established camps due to a number of
apprehensions, uncertainty, living conditions and culture.

The problems facing the IDPs could be split into two groups: Immediate or short-term and
long-term. In the short-term problem, the IDPs need immediate access to food and non-food
items, water & sanitation, and health & hygiene. The long-term problem is more challenging
where the IDPs need rehabilitation and assistance in the repair and maintenance of damaged
infrastructure, educational institutions, health centres and property of common people. This
requires long-term commitment, institutional capacity, and resources. Long-term challenges

141
“Handbook for the protection of Internally Displaced Persons”, Global Protection Cluster Working Group,
Geneva, December 2007, accessed August 13, 2016, http://www.unhcr.org/4c2355229.pdf.
142
Huma, Haider, “Refugee, IDP and host community radicalization”, GSDRC Helpdesk research report,
accessed August 13, 2016, http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/hdq1162.pdf.
 66

also included upholding of law and order to frustrate the return of militants and creation of
livelihood opportunities.143

The FATA Research Centre in its research project “Crisis of IDPs in FATA, Issues,
Challenges and Way Forward” highlights the background and reasons behind this entire
phenomenon. The US-led war on terror dislodged the Taliban government with minimal
effort in 2001. However, its fallout and implications have been long-term both for
Afghanistan and Pakistan. With the rise of activities against the NATO forces and US in
Afghanistan, Pakistan came under pressure to take action against groups using its soil.
Pakistan was equally affected due to rising militancy and terrorism in its major cities.
Military actions by the Pakistani forces in various agencies of erstwhile FATA forced scores
of people to flee their hometowns for safer areas. The issues and challenges of the IDPs
remained loss of life and property, education, shelter, health and above all livelihood. The
paper has also highlighted the government’s response capacity that remains below
expectations in many cases. Return and rehabilitation is one of the biggest challenges facing
the government due to shortage of enough resources and capacity of its various institutions.144

Khalid Aziz in his country paper on “Drivers of Radicalism and Extremism in Pakistan”
writes that the drivers of extremism and radicalism have changed in Pakistan after 9/11 from
religion to criminality and Mafias that are working to challenge the state writ. By weakening
the institutions and law enforcement mechanism, they are making large financial benefits by
smuggling of weapons and narcotics and other forms of illegal activities. He also believes
that radicalism is in built in society as foundation of Pakistan was laid on religious identity
that gave ground to the clergy to maintain a strong hold on its policy matters and public
opinion. Its background is also linked to the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two different
nations and it will be extremely difficult to stay together. Accordingly, separate identities
were created based on religion.145

In her article “Radicalization of State and Society in Pakistan”, Rubina Saigol writes on
radicalization and Talibanization. It is the use of religion to control resources and influence

143
Imtiaz Ali, "Responding to the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Crisis in Pakistan, Testimony before the
Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs," Institute on
Social Policy and Understanding, last modified July 29, 2009, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-
111shrg53273/pdf/CHRG-111shrg53273.pdf.
144
"Crisis of IDPs in FATA: Issues, Challenges and Way Forward," FATA Research Centre, accessed
August 14, 2016, https://frc.org.pk/.
145
Khalid Aziz, Drivers of Radicalism and Extremism in Pakistan (2015), 66
 67

on the population. It is a sort of imposition of own will through the use of force for certain
gains. Saigol has tried to trace religious linkages in creation of Pakistan and the basis of Two
Nation theory due to clear distinctive difference in approach and way of life of both
communities. She has also tried to establish linkages between religious based creations of the
country and thereafter struggle to trace its standing between the religious ideology and
citizenship equality. Religion in Pakistan has unfortunately been used as an instrument of
power by the civil and military bureaucracies and even the religious parties. This, over the
years, formed the basis of use of religion in power politics.146

Selina Adam Khan in her article “De radicalization Programming in Pakistan” writes that the
country has become an epicentre for all radical Islamist militant groups. Despite facing such
grave threats, it is still struggling for a counter narrative that could comprehensively beat the
motives of these radicals. Weak judicial system, political polarization, and fewer
opportunities for young population in education and livelihood are some of the factors that
are pushing young people towards joining negative elements in the society. There is just one
organized de radicalization program being run by the military in Swat having no linkages
with the rest of piecemeal effort in the country. Most of the de radicalization narratives
revolve round creation of alternative means of livelihood to take young population away from
radicalization and subsequent terrorism. However, a major effort is required at the
government level for expansion of programs as well as funding for sustainability of these
initiatives.147

Moeed Yusuf in his article “Radicalism among the Youth in Pakistan: Human Development
Gone Wrong?” writes that radicalism in the Pakistani youth has been a widely discussed and
concerned subject after 9/11. Radicalization is such a subject where it becomes quite
complicated to check the effects through various drivers and variables. Understanding of
radicalization with different people could be different and hence it becomes quite challenging
for cross study reference and comparison. However, one tangible aspect and manifestation is
violence. With violence only being a tangible manifestation, it becomes quite difficult to
monitor the process of various stages. The common drivers or enablers in the Pakistani

146
Rubina Saigol, Radicalization of State and Society in Pakistan, Heinrich Boll Stiftung Pakistan, October 27,
2015.
147
Selina Adam Khan, “De radicalization programming in Pakistan”, United State Institute of Peace, brief 193,
September 2015.
 68

context range from education, corruption, poor governance, and relative deprivation in socio-
economic field.148

Professor Dr Rashid Khan et al. writes in “Causes and Impact of Radicalization on Young
People Inside and Outside Pakistan” that radicalization is when someone is looking for abrupt
and revolutionary changes in social, ideological, and economic fields. However, in the
Pakistani context it is more related to religious driven leading to extremism, militancy, and
terrorism. This perception and context had been more relevant in Pakistan since many years.

Pakistan and Afghanistan have been suffering this phenomenon since 1979 when Russia
invaded Afghanistan and the jihad concept was used to fight an invasion force. Radicalization
in this region can be attributed to certain complex factors like poor governance, corruption,
weak institutions, and poor education besides political reasons. The list of these factors could
be sufficiently long, but these are considered major drivers that could lead towards creation
of an environment of radicalization of individuals and groups. Once accumulated, these
drivers could form relative deprivation where legitimate desires are not fulfilled, and equal
opportunities are not provided.149

2.4.6. Problems of IDPs

Due to the mass relocation and shift of persons from their homes, the problems of basic
amenities become a serious issue to deal with. Owoaje et.al (2016) have noted that due to the
huge number of internally displaced persons in Africa, the living standards and health of the
subjects deteriorated due to the lack of facilities.150 The authors have noted that major
physical health problems were found among the individuals.151 According to the surveys
conducted in the research, it was found that diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, respiratory
diseases, cholera, post-traumatic stress disorder and fever were identified among the majority
of the displaced persons.152 Similarly, cases of malnutrition were also noted by the authors in

148
Moeed Yusuf and Arsla Jawaid, “Radicalism Among Youth in Pakistan: Human Development Gone Wrong”,
United Nations Human Development Program, accessed August 14, 2016, http://nhdr.undp.org.pk/wp-
content/uploads/2015/02/Moeed-Yusuf-Youth-Radicalisation.pdf.
149
Rashid Khan et al., "Causes and Impacts of Radicalization on Young People Inside and Outside
Pakistan," European Journal of Business and Social Sciences 1, no. 3 (June 2012): 11, accessed
August 14, 2016, http://www.ejbss.com/recent/aspx.
150
Eme,T. Owoaje et al., "A review of the health problems of the internally displaced persons in
Africa," Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal 23, no. 4 (2016): 163
151
Ibid.
152
Ibid, 164
 69

the majority of the children.153 The research has asserted that due to the prolonged conditions
of poor hygiene and conditioning, the internally displaced individuals were subjected to
diseases. Therefore, the individuals residing in such conditions are made to suffer both
mentally and physically.154

The findings of Owoaje et.al are also consistent with the plight of the IDPs in Pakistan.
Mohsin (2013) has noted that the hygienic and medical problems are a serious concern in the
IDP camps.155 She has argued that there is not enough medical attention provided to the IDPs
which results in the culmination of various diseases which can prove to be fatal.156 According
to Mohsin, there is a lack of basic facilities such as blankets, tents or sheets to protect the
people from the extremities of weather.157 Similarly, Mohsin is of the view that there is a lack
of sexual health awareness among the IDPs as it is being considered as a social taboo. As a
result of this, the author has argued that this has led to the spread of various dangerous
diseases that could spread in entire camps and surrounding areas due to the low immunity of
the IDPs; it is at the risk of transmission to other people.158 The shortage of elementary
medical facilities such as X-Rays, Ultrasounds, and operation theaters leave the IDPs at
greater risk of contracting dangerous diseases and leaves very little room in terms of
treatment.159 Similarly, there is a lack of hygienic conditions such as lack of proper toilets
and bathing areas. This leads to the culmination of transmittable diseases. The author notes
that among the IDP population, 59.6 percent of the females and 40.4 percent of males
suffered from diseases such as diarrhea, scabies and pneumonia.160 In terms of psychological
impacts, the author has noted that due to the negative impact of the shifting, women and
children’s mental health also suffered. Many mental disorders such as nausea, phobia, day-
dreaming and insomnia have become a regular occurrence among the IDP population,
especially when it came to the women and children.161 Mohsin has also noted that most of the
IDPs have developed an irrational fear of firecrackers because of their resemblance to a

153
Ibid
154
Ibid, 165
155
Zakia R. Mohsin, "The Crisis of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas of Pakistan and their Impact on Pashtun Women," TIGAH: A Journal of Peace and Development 3 (July
2013): 101
156
Ibid.
157
Zakia R. Mohsin, "The Crisis of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas of Pakistan and their Impact on Pashtun Women," TIGAH: A Journal of Peace and Development 3 (July
2013): 102
158
Ibid
159
Ibid
160
Ibid, 103
161
Ibid
 70

roadside bomb or gunfire. This results in severe heart palpitations, sweating and
breathlessness.162 There are similarities in the findings of Mohsin and Owoaje et.al which
indicate towards not only physical problems for IDPs, but also the mental debilitation and
trauma. Through such research it can be asserted that the living conditions and the trauma of
conflict can lead to a deterioration of not only the mental health but the physical health of the
IDPs as well.

An important factor to consider is that as IDPs are vulnerable due to the fact that they have to
relocate from their habitual place of residence and seek shelter in other parts of a country.
The relocation to other parts of the country usually emanates due to an ongoing armed
conflict which forces individuals to relocate for their own physical safety. As a result of this,
Mooney (2005) has argued that the resolution of the armed conflict is a prime concern for the
IDPs.163 The author has further elaborated that due to this, the IDPs view a durable solution to
the conflict as one of the key solutions and demand for their return to home. Mooney has
further argued that even though refugees and IDPs are having similar problems, the
resettlement packages for IDPs are significantly less when compared to refugees.164
Similarly, the author has further elaborated the challenges that returning IDPs have to face in
terms of the conflict. To illustrate this, Mooney has given the example of landmines; she has
argued that IDPs face a significant physical threat to the placement of landmines which can
cause serious harm to the returning IDPs.165 Therefore, through the works of Mooney and
Owoaje et.al, we can argue that the difficulties for the IDPs are significant and can cause
grave physical harm. It is also worth noticing that IDPs face problems during their migration
and even after their resettlement. Therefore, a case can be made for the difficulty faced by
IDPs in their resettlement and migration.

The forced migration of individuals from their habitual place of residence creates hurdles for
them in terms of their social standing and status. Also, it is interesting to note that such forced
migrations are not always caused by armed conflicts. Rather, these forced migrations can also
stem from natural causes such as flooding, earthquakes or other natural disasters. Such a case
has also been reported by Das et.al (2016), in which they observed various case studies from

162
Ibid
163
Erin Mooney, "The Concept of Internal Displacement and the Case for Internally Displaced Persons as a
Category of Concern," Refugee Survey Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2005): 17
164
Ibid.
165
Ibid, 19
 71

India where internal displacement of individuals took place due to natural causes. 166 Through
their research, the authors have observed IDPs and their social standing relative to other
natives of the country. Their research concluded that the IDPs faced deprivation in terms of
their social standing due to a lack of equal employment opportunities and unfamiliarity with
their new social conditions.167 As a result of this, the depravity manifested itself in the form
of unemployment and multidimensional poverty.168 The authors were also of the view that an
increase in the time for their resettlement resulted in a further deterioration of the IDPs.
Hence, the authors concluded that in order to ensure a positive contribution from the IDPs, it
is essential to ensure their quick rehabilitation.

Considering the case of the IDPs of Pakistan, it is important to understand that the task for
rehabilitating the IDPs is an enormous ask and requires dedicated efforts and financial influx
in order to ensure their successful rehabilitation. Hameed (2015) has noted that the problems
of the IDPs are twofold. Firstly, there are the short-term problem, these are those problems
which the IDPs immediately face. These problems are related to the provision of sanitation,
health, shelter, food, medicine, clean drinking water etc. The long-term problem poses a more
serious and dire issue for the IDPs. Due to the armed conflicts, the homes, businesses,
schools and health-based infrastructures are most likely damaged or destroyed. Therefore,
they do not have appropriate infrastructure to survive and flourish when they return to their
homes. As a result of this, it is important to ensure the rehabilitation of infrastructure and
houses is done well in time to reduce the stress and support a motivated return. To achieve
this, there is a need to turn to international donors who could possibly provide some funds to
help the local government.169 Continuing with the debate, the author has argued that not only
have the houses of IDPs been destroyed in the conflict, but there is also the destruction of
avenues of income such as shops, businesses and infrastructure.170 Therefore, even if the
IDPs are able to go back home, they will have a difficult time to find suitable opportunities of
employment. In case of North Waziristan, major source of livelihood has been their shops in
various markets, small scale agriculture, fruit gardens, livestock and smuggled goods from
Afghanistan. Most of these livelihood measures were seriously disrupted during their forced
displacements. It is also interesting to highlight that there is the lack of provision of education
166
Tuhin K. Das et al., Deprivation of Internally Displaced Persons: Case Studies in India (New Delhi: Power
Publisher, 2016), 56.
167
Ibid, 131.
168
Ibid, 132.
169
Nida Hameed, "Struggling IDPs Of North Waziristan In The Wake Of Operation Zarb-E-Azb," NDU
Journal, 2015, 99.
170
Ibid, 100.
 72

in the IDP camps. Moshin (2013) noted that the IDP camps provided a basic education
system to the children.171 The author has claimed that the method of education in the IDP
camps is similar to the Madrassah system.172 As a result of this, the adolescent and teenagers
in the IDP camps are made to go on with a lack of knowledge that would be comparable to
the education that their peers receive in other parts of the country. 173 Due to this, the chances
of such individuals finding avenues of employment after their rehabilitation is further
reduced.

Also, it has to be illustrated that most of the IDPs have been unable to acquire modern
education. Mussarat and Khan (2014) have noted that there has been an emphasis on
obtaining Madrassah based knowledge in the tribal areas of Pakistan.174 Madrassah based
education, according to the authors, focuses more towards obtaining spiritual and religious
knowledge while ignoring the acumen of natural and social sciences.175 According to the
authors, this results in the children not being at par in terms of knowledge as compared to the
children who emerge from the conventional modes of education.176 In the view of the authors,
this contributes towards the lack of educational development of such individuals and it
reduces their chances of getting any decent employment anywhere in the country. The main
reason remains their qualifications, its utility and no appropriate exposure to the related
job.177 However, the reason for Madrassah based education being the favorable option by the
IDPs may also stem from the lack of modern education infrastructure in the tribal regions. In
the view of Mohsin, one of the reasons for this is the fact that extremist and radical elements
in the tribal regions actively detest Western based education system. 178 As a result of this,
there have been active attempts by such elements to stop the introduction of such education
system. To achieve this, they destroy the schools, colleges and threaten the educational staff
from performing their duties.179 As a result, women education is very low in this area and not

171
Zakia R. Mohsin, "The Crisis of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas of Pakistan and their Impact on Pashtun Women," TIGAH: A Journal of Peace and Development 3 (July
2013): 107.
172
Ibid, 108.
173
Ibid.
174
Razia Mussarat and Sumaira Khan, "Terrorism and Politico-Religious Extremism in Pakistan Post
9/11," Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, no. 1 (2014): 172.
175
Razia Mussarat and Sumaira Khan, "Terrorism and Politico-Religious Extremism in Pakistan Post
9/11," Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, no. 1 (2014): 172.
176
Ibid, 173.
177
Ibid.
178
Zakia R. Mohsin, "The Crisis of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas of Pakistan and their Impact on Pashtun Women," TIGAH: A Journal of Peace and Development 3 (July
2013): 108.
179
Ibid, 109.
 73

many individuals are aware of the subjects of natural or social sciences.180 In order to address
this issue, Ghumro et.al (2017) have supported for the use of a proactive approach to counter
the religious extremism and irrational hatred towards modern education. The authors are of
the view that by incorporating sociological studies in the theory of planned behavior and
theory of reasoned action, the effects of such radical elements can be negated.181 The authors
propose that in order to promote education and reduce radicalization, there has to be focus on
making the people realize the consequences of their actions in a systematic manner.182 By
employing such an approach, there can be a rational analysis and hence promote a system of
education which benefits the individuals. Similarly, Mohsin (2013) is also of the view that
unless there are steps taken to address the issue of illiteracy in the tribal areas, there cannot be
a successful rehabilitation of the IDPs.183 Therefore, if the government focuses on the specific
task of investing in educational infrastructure of the tribal areas along with the combination
of a proactive approach as highlighted by Ghumro et.al. there can be an increase of education
in these areas while at the same time reducing the radical sentiments. This can help to stop
the militancy of the region and also improve the living standards of the people by giving them
better opportunities of employment.

2.6. Application of Relevant Theories

Three theories are considered most relevant to the IDPs situation. These theories essentially
explain the phenomenon where individuals’ due to feelings of deprivation opt for choices to
use other means to achieve their considered legitimate requirements. Feelings of being left
out and added issues after displacement from education to livelihood etc. in new ___location are
some of those key factors to nurture relative deprivation.

2.6.1. Relative Deprivation Theory

Relative deprivation is the lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and
amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or

180
Ibid.
181
Ali K. Ghumro, Fiza Qureshi, and Pervaiz A. Mahesar, "Religious Extremism in Pakistan: A New
perspective based on TPB and TRA Model," International Journal of African and Asian Studies 33 (2017): 42.
182
Ali K. Ghumro, Fiza Qureshi, and Pervaiz A. Mahesar, "Religious Extremism in Pakistan: A New
perspective based on TPB and TRA Model," International Journal of African and Asian Studies 33 (2017): 46.
183
Zakia R. Mohsin, "The Crisis of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the Federally Administered Tribal
Areas of Pakistan and their Impact on Pashtun Women," TIGAH: A Journal of Peace and Development 3 (July
2013): 111.
 74

approved in the society to which they belong.184 Measuring relative deprivation allows an
objective comparison between the situation of the individual or group compared to the rest of
society.185 It could be emphasized at the individual level as well where one feels that he is not
being given what he possibly deserve either as per his potential, capabilities or in comparison
to either a particular class or group. However, objective measurements at individual level
may be difficult and problematic.186

Deprivation Theory considers that people who have not been given what they feel deserve or
have been deprived remains valuable to the society, that could be money, justice, local status
or any possible benefit that can either give them dominance and visible outlook in their circle
of influence, join social movements with the hope of redressing their grievances. Joining such
movements is clearly aimed to seek their deprivations addressed or appropriately cajoled. It
may be taken as a start point to consider as why people are looking for such social
movements that are looking for change and bringing in sort of equality and better distribution
of resources; however, it may be more important to evaluate the theory itself that is providing
a confidence and belief to join social movement based on their evaluations of what they could
not be given or achieved and someone has possibly taken away or denied that opportunity.
However, on the other side is absolute deprivation that is actually a negative outlook and
condition. Deprivation in relative term is what people consider they should have in
comparison to other, or even it could be in comparison to their past and likely future. Overall
better conditions could push human aspirations for even better environments, and thus can
easily lead to look for changes and revolutions. To get the maximum possible privileges,
importance and social status remains the basic motivation factors.

Relative Deprivation Theory was developed by Sociologist Samuel A. Stouffer (1900 -

1960).187 Stouffer’s theory of relative deprivation first appeared in his study “The American
Soldier”. It was based on data collected after World War II to understand social psychology
of the soldiers. Stouffer is credited to be the pioneer for combining theory with empirical
research. This theory is built on the principle that discontentment and feelings of deprivation
are related to legitimate expectations. A justifiable need once turned into an expectation and

184
. Peter Townsend, Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of household resources and standards of living,
(London, Penguin Books, 1979), 36-91.
185
Dragos Simandan, "Rethinking the health consequences of social class and social mobility," Social Science
& Medicine 200 (2018): 259.
186
Iain Walker, Heather J. Smith, Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration,
(Cambridge University Press, 2001),33-57.
187
Ibid.
 75

not fulfilled either by the society or the government can turn into relative deprivation. Most
of the social movements came from the communal thoughts of deprivation.188

Relative Deprivation Theory has also been referred to in the origin of Labour and Civil
Rights Movements in America in 1950 and 1960s. Most common feelings were of inequality
and access to resources. Relative deprivation is the difference between peoples considered
legitimate desire and what they get in return. Unfulfilled expectation could possibly lead to
frustration, anger and ultimately radicalization/violence.

The relative deprivation theory had mostly been associated with oppressed communities
which were finding it difficult to get their due rights and appropriate place in the society in
1960s and early 1970s. Social rights movement were mainly focused on resisting elite class
and those who were considered influential with an aim to change the world with more
equality and fairness. Relative deprivation theory probably could not find its right place for
evaluation and analysis due to number of new emerging approaches criticizing Social
Movement Approaches.189

Thoughts of relative deprivation appears when desires turn into genuine expectations and
those feelings are not appropriately addressed by the society. Social fulfilment is the contrary
to relative deprivation. Relative deprivation is usually measured to be the dominant variable
in the clarification of social movements and is used to clarify the desire for social change that
motivates social movements; social movements arise from shared positions of relative
deprivation.190 Relative deprivation theory is applied to economic, sociopolitical, and even
organizational problems. Elative deprivation theory distinguishes between egoistic
deprivation and fraternal deprivation. Egoistic deprivation denotes to a lone person's feeling
of relative deprivation. Communal deprivation, also called group deprivation, denotes to the
dissatisfaction result from the position of the complete group as related to a referent unit.

The literature review exercise investigated certain standard relative deprivation literature in
order to analytically review the viewpoint on the basis of its theoretical unity and lucidity and
its empirical validity. The overall outcome is that while the relative deprivation standpoint
was an advance over former methods which viewed social movements as consequential from

188
Denton E. Morrison, "Some Notes Toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social
Change," American Behavioral Scientist 14, no. 5 (May 1971): 675.
189
Robert K. Merton, "Social Structure and Anomie". American Sociological Review 3: 672-682, 1938.
190
Denton E. Morrison, Some Notes Toward Theory on Relative Deprivation, Social Movements, and Social
Change. SAGE Journal, Volume 14, Issue 5: 443, 1971.
 76

the expression of illogical desires, the relative deprivation viewpoint is itself affected by too
many grave conceptual, theoretical, and empirical flaws to be beneficial in accounting for the
rise and expansion of social movements. Critique of this theory has highlighted that this
theory could not prove to explain that why some persons who feel dissatisfaction fail to take
action and become part of social movements. Counterarguments indicates that some people
are likely to go for avoiding the conflict and are short-term-oriented. It is also likely that
upcoming life problems may happen since there is no assurance that life-improvement will be
the outcome of social action. 191

Relative deprivation theory is part of the big body of interdisciplinary, however, the literature
suggests, Relative deprivation theory has impacted the growth of many fields in the social
sciences including psychology, economics, and sociology. For example, the theory of relative
deprivation has influenced psychological theory. In precise, relative deprivation theory is the
basis of multiple theories of social psychology including frustration-aggression theory, equity
theory, social comparison theory, and reference group theory. The analyses of the literature
reviewed finds that the Relative deprivation theory rather searching for reasons or
endeavoring to regulate the origin of the problem in either persons or social structures,
relative deprivation can explain us the procedure and feeling of crime, the fluidity of different
activity and, as such, links to the current apprehensions of social and psychosocial
criminology. The intensity of this reaction would also be dependent on culture, society, and
surrounding environment.

2.6.2. Frustration Aggression Theory.

Frustration–aggression hypothesis, otherwise identified as the frustration–aggression–

displacement theory, is a theory of aggression proposed by John Dollard, Neal E. Miller et al.
in 1939,192 and additionally developed by Miller et al. in 1941193 and Leonard Berkowitz in
1969.194 The theory states that aggression is the outcome of obstructing, or frustrating, a
individual's struggles to achieve a goal. The frustration–aggression hypothesis tries to
elucidate why persons tries to be scapegoat. It endeavors to give a clarification as what could

191
Diana Kendall, Sociology In Our Times, (Belmont, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005),530.
192
John Dollard and Leonard W. Doob and Neal E Miller, Frustration and Aggression. (New Haven, CT, US:
Yale University Press. 1939), 23-33.
193
Ibid.
194
Leonard Berkowitz, "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation," Psychological
Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 62.
 77

possibly cause of violence. The theory, developed by John Dollard and colleagues, argues
that frustration can lead to aggression, but in certain conditions where basic reason of the
frustration cannot be confronted, the aggression gets relocated onto an innocent target. When
individuals notice that they are being disallowed from attaining a goal, their frustration is
possibly turn in to aggression.

The vital supposition of Frustration and Aggression theory was specified categorically by
Dollard et al. (1939): "Aggression is always a consequence of frustration".195 From this
declaration it is not clearly evident that whether frustration is professed to be an essential, or
an adequate, or both an essential and an adequate state of aggression. The nearer you get to
an objective, the larger the excitement and anticipation of the pleasure. Thus, the nearer you
are, the further frustrated you get if you are being held back. Unexpected occurrence of the
frustration also increases the probability of aggression. Frustration may not continuously lead
to aggression, mainly when we intentionally overwhelm it in a situation where we are aware
that either it is wrong or we have apprehensions the social fallout or impact of being
aggressive (e.g. likely of losing relationship or having criticism from family, friends or even
society). As a result, we often move our aggression into some other activity, such as sports,
driving fast and so on. On the other hand, if you fail to suppress it due to your inability to
manage it well, it will definitely lead to aggression that could be reflected through body
language, attitude and some sort of response depending upon the opportunity and
consequences.

Frustration generally leads to an instigation. However, it may not be the only type of
instigation that is produced by the frustration. In any such situation, response has to be
compatible for any instigation to lead to aggression. Response should be matching to that of
instigation. In our society punishment of acts of aggression is a frequent source of instigation
to acts incompatible with aggression. This instigation could always lead to aggression in
attitude, behavior or physical actions.

Frustration can be once a person fails to get the results as per the expectation or desires. It
could lead to annoyance, dissatisfaction and finding new ways to get the conflict settled. In
most of the cases, having failed to achieve a desired aim, frustration takes a shape of
aggression. Aggression could find its various form of expression varying from individual’s

195
John Dollard and Leonard W. Doob and Neal E Miller, Frustration and Aggression. (New Haven, CT, US:
Yale University Press. 1939), 23-33.
 78

grooming, temperament, environment and likely fallouts. Aggressions’ outburst may also
vary from individual’s immediate aim and various risks attached with the outcome.

This theory has played a major role for years in study of human behaviour under certain
environment. The theory has been considered as elaborate, comprehensive and easy-to-
understand related to human behaviour. As per Dollard et al, “The occurrence of aggressive
behaviour always presupposes the existence of frustration and the existence of frustration
always leads to some form of aggression”196. Frustration becomes evident and visible once
someone has been either blocked by the individual, group, or environment in achievement of
his desire. It is considered that frustration is a necessary condition that leads to aggression. In
a revised theory by Miller in 1941, frustration can lead to a behaviour that may or may not be
aggressive and that any aggression will always have frustration behind.

As per Dolf Zillmann, frustration is not a sufficient but essential element of aggression and
hostility197. As Dollard et al. suggested that a certain frustration encourages aggression
basically in contradiction of the source as well as against the target that is related to the
source. In this way, aggression will essentially be aimed against the source and its related
target that are causing frustration.198 To conclude aggression is an outcome of frustration.
Frustration is any incident or inducement that averts a person from achieving an objective and
its associated reinforcement quality.

2.6.3. Social Conflict Theory.

Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory that maintains that individuals and
groups of individual (social classes) inside a society interrelate on the base of conflict rather
than an agreement. More influential groups will be inclined to use their authority and
influence in order to hold power and manipulate groups with fewer influence and power. So
actually, it is the conflict that becomes the basis of societal interaction than common interests
and certain developed an agreement. Through many shapes and outlook of conflict, groups
will be inclined to achieve different amounts of material and non-material resources (e.g. the
rich vs. the poor). More influential groups will be inclined to practice their power in order to

196
John Dollard and Leonard W. Doob and Neal E Miller, Frustration and Aggression. (New Haven, CT, US:
Yale University Press. 1939), 23-33.
197
Dolf Zilmann, “Hostility and Aggression” Candidate for Social Philosophy Series, L. Erlbaum Associates,
(1979): 23-65.
198
Leonard Berkowitz, "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation," Psychological
Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 62.
 79

hold power and abuse groups with less power. Powerful group in most of the situation shall
enjoy yielding influence due to availability of resources, social status and even linkages with
upper decision-making class. Groups with influence shall be able to get the policies of their
favor and make laws that in general will be more inclined to benefit them.

Conflict theorists view conflict as an instrument of transformation and change, since conflict
creates contradictions that are sometimes resolved, creating new conflicts and contradictions
in a continuous dialectic. In the classic example of historical materialism, Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels reasoned that conflict has always been there in human history
between various shades and classes of the society. This conflict situation had been evolving
based on changes in the society and its need towards mode of creation and production.

Conflict resolution based on certain rational can possibly bring some stability and address
uncertainties. However, resolutions which are based on compromises may not last long and
shall lead to another conflict (s). Struggle of dominance and gaining maximum advantages if
decided in larger interests of the society and state, can possibly form the basis of harmony
and material development as well. However, situation in the society is difficult to balance it
and conflict is likely to emerge, settle and reemerge somewhere. Desire to have maximum
resources will always be at the cost of deprivation to another individual or group.

From a social conflict theorist/Marxism point of view social class and disparity emerge as the
social structure is founded on clash and inconsistencies. Flaws in interests and conflict over
inadequate resources between groups are the basis of a social society, according to the social
conflict theory.199 The upper class will try to uphold their advantages, power, standing and
social position and therefore try to impact politics, education, and various other associations
to guard and reduce the accessibility to their arrangements of capital and possessions.
Whereas the lesser class in contradiction to the upper class has entirely diverse interests.
They do not have precise forms of capital which they should be looking forward to protect.
What essentially, they are concerned is to gain an access to resources and capital of the upper
class. For example, education: it will be an utmost effort of the lower class to gain an access
to upper class resources and education as both these components could be highly useful in
expansion of their sphere of influence. It can lead to their future success. Several institutions
such as the legal and political system of the society considered as an instruments of ruling
class domination and serve to expand its interests. Marx believed that western society
199
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (The Floating Press, 2009), 5-17.
 80

developed through four main eras: primitive communism, ancient society, feudal
society and capitalist society. Primitive communism is represented by the societies of pre-
history and provides the only example of the classless society. Overall, their financial
position will straightforwardly affect their probabilities of gaining the things expressed as
necessary in their society.200

2.7. Causal Factors of Radicalization.

Research studies identify the conditions or factors that are often mentioned as the sources of
radicalization (in general) including relative deprivation201, oppressive regimes202, identity
politics203, poor political and socio-economic integration204, feelings of humiliation, and other
psychological mechanisms.205 In Pakistan, there are four vital factors which considerably
effect radicalization and have been found as the significant predictors of the process. These
factors are push factors (the negative aspect that motivates one to leave one's country, region,
organization, religion), pull factors (attract people to a region, religion, country, and
organization etc.) It is the opposed to a push factor, which contains conditions that inspire
one to leave), social deprivation (lessening or avoidance of culturally usual communication
between a person and the remaining society) and delay in repatriation (delay in return of
someone to their own country). The following are the details of predictor factors of
radicalization.

PUSH FACTORS

1. Terrorism and civil unrest condition

2. No job or poorly paid jobs

2. War and conflict

3. Political persecution

200
Michael, Haralambos and Martin, Holborn, Sociology Themes and Perspectives. (Hammersmith:
HarperCollins, 1995), 37.
201
Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970),12-23.
202
Robert A. Pape, "What We’ve Learned About Suicide Terrorism since 9/11,"Chicago Tribune, September 11,
2006
203
Tufyal Choudhury, "The Role of Muslim Identity Politics in Radicalization (a study in progress)," University
of Durham, April 2007, 16.
204
Ibid
205
Ibid
 81

4. Food and water shortages

5. Poor education and medical care

6. Crime, unstable law and order situation and hazards

7. Lack of safety

8. Lack of services

9. Poverty and isolation

10. Lack of humanitarian aid

11. Congestion

12. Pollution (air noise and visual)

13. Lack of livelihood

14. Lack of green spaces

PULL FACTORS

1. Peace and harmony

2. Better healthcare and availability of services

3. Varied employment opportunities

4. Better future prospects

5. No social compulsion

6. Better standard of living

7. Safer atmosphere

8. Less risk of natural hazards

 82

9. Better service provision

10. Better education services

11. Fear of being victim of terrorism

12. Better humanitarian aid

13. Green house and better recreational facilities

14. Less pollution and cleaner air

DEPRIVATION

1. Homeless people

2. Vandalism and deliberate damage to property

3. Poor socio-economic conditions

4. Racism and religious comfort ability

5. Poor street lighting

6. Street noise

7. Pollution, grime or other environmental problems

8. Lack of open public space

9. Terrorism and risk

10. Racially harassment

11. Poor terrorism risk mitigation facilities

REPATRIATION

1. Home Lifestyle

2. Home Culture
 83

3. Training programme

4. Support

2.8. Conceptual Framework

H1
Social Deprivation Radicalization

H3

H7
Pull Factors

H2

H4 H5

Push Factors H6 Delay in Repatriation

2.9. Development of Hypotheses:

H1: Social deprivation has a significant effect on radicalization

H2: Push factors have a significant effect on radicalization

H3: Pull factors have a significant effect on radicalization

H4: Social deprivation has a significant effect on delay in repatriation

H5: Push factors have a significant effect on delay in repatriation

H6: Pull factors have a significant effect on delay in repatriation

H7: Delay in repatriation has a significant effect on radicalization.

 84

CHAPTER 3

PREVAILING ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH

AREA

North Waziristan Agency (NWA) is the second largest agency in FATA. It was set up in
1895; however, the British took its control in 1892. The NWA stood established by way of a
complete intervention in 1910 with its headquarters in Miran Shah. It is bounded in the north
by Kurram Agency and Kohat, in the east by Kohat and Bannu, in the south by South
Waziristan Agency and in the west by Afghanistan. The total area of the agency is 4,707
square kilometers. It is about 230 kilometers from Peshawar and about 310 kilometers from
Islamabad. South and North Waziristan Agencies border Afghanistan’s Paktia and Khost
provinces.

The major towns of North Waziristan are Miran Shah, Mir Ali, Datta Khel, and Razmak. The
vast majority of North Waziristan residents are Pashtun, and the bulk of them hail from the
Wazir and Daurs tribes. Utmanzai Wazirs dominate Datta Khel and Razmak along with most
of the hilly regions, the Khaisora and Sheathable plains, the Kaitu valley, and lower stretches
of the Kurram River valley. Daurs dominate Mir Ali, where they are known as Lower Daurs
as opposed to Upper Daurs, who live near Miranshah.

North Waziristan consists of three subdivisions and nine tehsils. The Miranshah subdivision
comprises Miranshah, Ghulam Khan, and Datta Khel tehsils. The Mir Ali Subdivision entails
of Mir Ali, Spinwam and Shaw tehsils. The Razmak subdivision consists of Razmak, Dosali,
and Garyum tehsils.
 85

Figure 1 Map of North Waziristan

4.1. Political Hierarchy

North Waziristan Agency is headed by a radical mediator whose workplace is in Miran Shah.
The political agent is supported via three assistant political agents in each of the sub-
divisions. The Miranshah Portion contains of Miranshah, Ghulam Khan, and Datta Khel
tehsils.

The assistant political agents are assisted by Tehsildars in 9 tehsils of North Waziristan.
Miran Shah, Mir Ali, Datta Khel, and Razmak are major towns of the agency.

4.2. Topography

There are three major rivers in North Waziristan – Tochi, Ketu and Kurram. Tochi River is
the longest that runs through Tochi Valley and is a major source of its fertile land. Ketu and
Kurram rivers are much smaller in size but are a good source of water for the locals. e. The
major valleys of North Waziristan include Tochi, Kurram, Kaitu and Khaisora. Most of the
population traditionally lives closer to water sources for irrigation and livestock purposes.
 86

4.3. Major Tribes

Major population of NWA consists of Pashtuns. Major tribes include Wazir and Dawars.
Utmanzai Wazirs are the dominating tribe in the area followed by Dawars. Some of the
details are given below: -

 Utmanzai Wazirs. Mostly live in Datta Khel and Razmak areas, plains of Khaisora
and Sherathala, the Kaitu valley, and lower stretches of the Kurram River valley and
higher portions of Tochi valley outside Kharakamar.
 Daurs. Mostly live in Mir Ali, where they are called Lower Daurs. Upper Dawars live
closer and around Miranshah. Besides, near are minor communities similar the Gurbaz,
Kharsins, Saidgis and Malakshi Mehsuds. These tribes, except Saidgis, are Pashtuns.

4.4. Background and current situation of IDPs

Waziristan, a rough rugged region in north-west of Pakistan, has long been troublesome area
since the British Raj before independence. In the post 9/11 Pakistan, the old resisting
Waziristan emerged again in to a deadly new twist because of its turning in to a safe haven
for al-Qaida remnants driven out of Afghanistan. These remnants were counting on the
support of local tribesmen. With infestation of Al Qaida remnants, the area also turned in to a
base for Taliban guerrillas fighting NATO in Afghanistan as a safe heaven.206

Owing to Pakistan’s dissipation of combatting resources all along the Eastern and Western
borders, including deployments in hinterland of Pakistan plus length and breadth of erstwhile
FATA, Pakistan was not able to pay immediate attention on Waziristan. In an effort to
contain the conflict in Waziristan and deliver combat potentials to other places of own
choosing, Pakistan resorted to sought a ceasefire with the militants in Waziristan for a time
being, gain time for regrouping of its resources for to suitable time to strike.207 This strategy
of Pakistan helped militants to have respite to consolidate their positions, regroup, re-align
and reorganize their resources to steer their clandestine terrorists activities in length and

206
Matthew W. Williams, “The British colonial experience in Waziristan and its applicability to current
operations.”, Army Command and General Staff College, 2005, 13.
207
Jan Cartwright, “Musharraf's Waziristan deal: shrewd strategy or tacit surrender?” Afghan Digital Libraries,
2006, 33.
 87

breadth Pakistan and Afghanistan simultaneously.208 The resultant delay in “cleansing out of
al-Qaida and the Taliban was projected as Pakistan’s support for terrorists and planned
strategy for nurturing certain groups of likeminded Taliban. The resultantly a propaganda
campaign was unleashed by Indo -US- Afghan nexus maligning Pakistan supporting covertly
Afghan Taliban and undermining Pakistan’s sacrifices in men and material while fighting
War against terror.209 Western and Indian Media started defining Waziristan as a safe heaven
and training camp for the would-be terrorists across the erstwhile FATA. On the other hand,
Osama Bin Laden called Pakistanis to stand up against their "infidel leadership”, branded
Pakistani soldiers as defectors and all accomplices in the spilling of blood.210

Pakistan’s clean out operations from SWAT to Bajaur, Mohmand, South Waziristan, Khyber
and Kurram Agencies resulted in to militant’s remnants fleeing towards North Waziristan and
regroup and reorganize with re-alignments of various militants’ outfits. Pakistan was slowly
but gradually pushing them to the Pak-Afghan border with the aim of creating an anvil by
striking NATO from the West and Pakistani forces from the East and South. Owing to the
halfhearted response from Allied and Afghan forces, Pakistan had no option but to handle the
issue all alone. Army Public School Peshawar massacre of 16 December 2014 created public
and moral pressure on the Pakistani forces to quicken up the operation against perpetuators of
Army Public School attack which were presumed to be from North Waziristan Agency.
Therefore, Pakistan geared up its resources to punish the defaulters and flush out the militants
and revitalize the peace in the area with following objectives:

 Purging of foreign terrorists and their helpers.

 Reinforcement of the political and administrative bodies in the Federally Administered

Tribal Areas (FATA);

 Creating a safe and protected environment favorable for continuous development and the
recognition of real socio-economic development and:

 Incorporating the FATA into the national mainstreaming.

208
Qandeel, Siddique, “Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan: An attempt to deconstruct the umbrella organization and the
reasons for its growth in Pakistan's north-west”, DIIS Reports/Danish Institute for International Studies. No.
2010: 12, 14-23.
209
Shaukat Qadir, “Pakistan's Waziristan Problem”, The RUSI Journal 153, no. 2 (2008): 42-45.
210
Thomas Johnson, and Chris Mason, “Understanding the Taliban and insurgency in
Afghanistan.”, Orbis, 51(1), (2007), 71-89.
 88

There were numbers of militant groups effective in this area before initiation of the military
operations. The prominent ones included Al-Qaeda, Gul Bahadur Group, Tehrik-i-Taliban
Pakistan (TTP), Haqqani Network, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), Islamic Jihad
Group (IJG) and Punjabi Taliban. Mullah Nazir was a partner of Gul Bahadur Group and
TTP while operating in South Waziristan. North Waziristan Agency hosted some of the
identified and confirmed militants by the national and international agencies mainly from
Haqqani network. It had increased security problems in the entire country which was already
going through number of pressures ranging from uncertain economic conditions and political
fragile situation.

Bilateral dialogue between the Taliban and the Government could not produce desired
results. Resultantly, various attacks on strategic resources by the Taliban aggravated the state
further forcing the government to initiate “Operation Zarb-e-Azb” on Sunday, June 15, 2014.
A large number of soldiers with mixture of supporting elements were part of the operation. It
had been designated as an "all-inclusive operation" that aimed to push out foreign and local
terrorists operating in North Waziristan. A decision that was long awaited and should have
been taken much earlier to reduce the loss of lives and properties.

The launching of army operation Zarb-e-Azb did uproot the terrorists but also adversely
affected the life of people. Airstrikes continued with exchange of bombings and intense
firing. As per available details from PDMA and FDMA, total families registered at famous
Said-Gaye check post on the border of Bannu and North Waziristan Agency were 35,381 till
23-06-2015. The total distribution was as under:211

 Male 114596
 Female 137301
 Children 183532
 Total individuals 457048

211
Shoaib, Rehman, “Total Number of Registered IDPs Reached 4,57,048 Individuals”, Business Recorder,
June 27, 2014, https://www.brecorder.com/2014/06/27/181436/total-number-of-registered-idps-reached-
457048-individuals/
 89

4.5. Displacements

Since initiation of the military operation on 15 June 2014 in North Waziristan, number of
airstrikes had been launched, resulting into large displacement. Before launching of the
operations, local residents were informed to leave those areas that were considered
concentration points of the terrorists. A continuous state of uncertainty, violence and military
operations, erstwhile FATA has been through a continuous state of displacements since 2009.
“The contemporary displacement took the total figures of internally displaced people from
the tribal areas to nearly 1.4 million (containing 930,000 displaced in several waves of
displacements since 2009.)212

4.5.1. New Displacements

As per the official figures, “456,548 people (36,831 families) that moved from NWA had
been accounted for at registration check points, including 143,996 females (31.5%) and
192,442 children (42.2%)”. However, actual figures were expected to be much higher as
some of the families had crossed over to Afghanistan as well living very close to the
border.213The registered displaced were made entitled to distributions. Newly displaced were
registered at Saidgai Check post and Alizai in Kurram Agency NE of NWA

Adjacent settled districts of NWA were considered easier and quick to access choice for these
displacing families. Bannu became one of the favorite areas having direct links and more
options in terms of livelihood. Some of the IDPs families opted to leave for far flung areas in
Punjab and Baluchistan provinces as well as in the Afghan adjacent areas of Khost and
Paktika.214 People left the area immediately and went to many far-flung areas as indicated
above. Some of the updates related to first few weeks are listed here to shape up a picture
immediately after the crisis started.

 Government established its one of major relief camp for IDPs near Baka Khel, an area of
erstwhile Frontier Region near Bannu district. The IDPs in Bannu were facing hardships
due to shortage basic civic amenities. A medium size district was exposed to much higher
level of influx of the population beyond its planned capacities. After about a week of

212
Pakistan North Waziristan Displacement Situation Report 1 (As of June 24, 2014), Humanitarian Response
213
Displaced Persons(DPs) Crisis –Post Operation Zarb e Azb Situation Report (#2) 24 June 2014, Government
of Pakistan Climate Change Division.
214
Ibid.
 90

displacement, government established camp on outskirts of Bannu had received about two
dozen families. Most of the remaining families, either decided to stay in rented houses,
family friends or public buildings like school and colleges.215
 The IDPs have not been found keen in staying government’s established camps. It could
be due to cultural practices, less privacy and provision of available facilities in the camps.
Furthermore, the camp seemed to be managed by FATA Disaster Management Authority
(FDMA) and the Army, exposing the IDPs to the Tehrik Taliban Pakistan’s (TTP)
threats.216
 IDPs from Kurram and Orkazai housed in a camp near Hangu had to leave due to threats
from militants. A firing incident from the militants resulted into injuries to four
individuals. Provincial government of KP addressed the issue at once thus restoring
confidence of IDPs.
 The government had augmented security around the camps, motivating some 3,077-
people returning to the camps. The other remaining 3,923 people were spread in the
neighboring areas.217

4.5.2. Refugees in Afghanistan (Khost and Paktika provinces).

Reports indicated that around 14,000 households moved across the border in neighboring
Afghanistan Khost and Paktika provinces.218 Despite being close to their areas of residence, it
created new issues for provision of assistance in shapes of food packages and livelihood
support. Since bulk of the IDPs remained within their own country, government of Pakistan
were under pressure to take immediate steps for their initial support followed by creation of
environment for their move back. Some of the humanitarian actors did reach out the IDPs
who crossed over to neighboring Afghan provinces with assistance.219

4.5.3. Past displacements

North Waziristan Agency had mostly been in the eye of the storm. Number of displacements
had already taken place due to uncertainty in the area, challenging livelihood environment,

215
Displaced Persons (DPs) Crisis –Post Operation Zarb e Azb Situation Report (#2) 24 June 2014, Government
of Pakistan Climate Change Division, (accessed on October 21, 2018).
216
Pakistan: North Waziristan Displacements Report 3 (as of 27 June 2014), UN OCHA,
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Pakistan_NWA%20Displacements_Situation
%20Report%20No.%203_ah.pdf, (accessed on October 21, 2018).
217
Ibid.
218
Ibid.
219
Ibid.
 91

Law and order as well as number of various intelligent based operations against militants.220
Military launched number of operations in first quarter of 2009 leading to large scale
displacement. However, no official figures were available as no organized camps were
established and registration was done for any formal support from the government.

Before of initiation of Zarb e Azb military operation, it has been highlighted that around a
million were already displaced from their homes. These all IDPs residing in various parts of
KP and FATA were in need of basic amenities and livelihood. The majority (96%) resided
outside camps in Peshawar, Dera Ismail Khan and Kohat, while around 4% of IDPs opted to
stay in camps like Jalozai, Tough Sorai and new Durrani.221 Over 20000 people left their
areas of residence in February. Approximately ¼ of these IDPs returned back home. Similar
pattern of displacements was also noticed in the month of January as well.222

4.6. Background to the Conflict

Since 2004, a situation of armed conflict was going on between various factions of Taliban
and military forces. The situation of violence had some operational pauses as well in an effort
to strike some peace deal and avoid collateral damages. Most of these armed conflicts had
been in part of erstwhile FATA, Malakand Region and certain parts of Baloch belt in
Baluchistan. It remained a continuous engagement for Pakistan military forces to keep the
militants at the bay. Situation in Afghanistan had some direct and indirect effects on overall
security environment of Pakistan. A fragile security situation in Afghanistan would always
have its fallout and repercussion in part of Pakistan. Long term peace and stability in both
countries is interlinked and should be seen from that prism.

After US military operations against various Taliban forces in Afghanistan, in April 2009,
various factions of Pakistani Taliban and their affiliates melted down in various parts of KP.
It provided much needed protection to these groups after getting mixed up with civilian
population thus making task of Law Enforcement Agencies further complicated in hunting
them down. Due to their operations in various settled areas, a peace deal was prepared by the

220
Pakistan: North Waziristan Displacements Report 3 (as of 27 June 2014), UN OCHA,
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Pakistan_NWA%20Displacements_Situation
%20Report%20No.%203_ah.pdf, (accessed on October 21, 2018).
221
"UNHCR Displacement Report on Pakistan for 2014," accessed October 21, 2018,
http://www.unhcr.org/528a0a300.pdf.
222
Ibid.
 92

provincial government of KP in February 2009 which was later endorsed by the President of
Pakistan as well same year.223

4.6.1. Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)

 This organization was formed in December 2007 through amalgamation of over a dozen
terrorist outfits working mostly in FATA and certain parts of KP. These terrorist groups
operating in same geographic area with almost common goals became a well-functioning
organization. Its goals included fighting against the Pakistani state, implementation of
their understanding of Sharia and a design to join together against NATO-led forces in
Afghanistan. This organization remained quite effective from December 2007 to August
2009 till death of its first leader Baitullah Mehsud. Thereafter, due to various internal
leadership issues, its organizational coherence faded away by creation of splinter groups.
Strength of TTP has also been greatly dissipated in military operation Zarb e Azb.
Number of military operations limited to small scale areas (mostly intelligence
information based) were conducted even before this major operation. Military was able to
reach out various hideouts of Taliban in Waziristan and other agencies. Intelligence based
operations proved quite helpful in elimination of first and second tier leadership of TTP.
Supply chain and support mechanism was also successfully disrupted and dismantled
resulting into major success of military operations. However, like any other military
operations against terrorist organizations, complete elimination of entire hardcore
elements may never be possible. It proved applicable here as well where despite best
efforts by the government functionaries, many terrorists might have been able to sneak
out taking advantage of porous border with Afghanistan. Success is in such operations is
difficult to define tangibly. However, if a major decline in terrorists’ activities is
witnessed, that could be termed as one tangible indicator of success. Operation in North
Waziristan had been able to bring a great change in shape of brining terrorists activities to
the minimum in FATA and rest of the country.

4.6.2. Al Qaeda

 The TTP had intimate working relationship with al Qaeda. This close working
relationship often led to utilization of financial and military resources of either side. It had

Zulfiqar, Ali, “Swat Taliban Renounces Militancy: Peace Pact Signed with Fazal Ullah’s Men”, The Dawn,
223

May 22, 2008.

 93

been drawing ideological direction from al Qaeda, whereas al Qaeda trusted on the TTP
for a protected haven in the Pashtun region along the Afghan-Pakistan border in early
years after 9/11 from 2002 to 2010. Al Qaeda had been quite active in Erstwhile FATA
and adjacent areas with active involvement of TTP. However, its influence gradually
started fading away due to number of military operations, Intelligence based arrests and
elimination of various members, supporters and affiliates.224

4.6.3. Peace Negotiations.

The government of Pakistan considered making an effort for settlement of the issue through
dialogue with the Taliban. However, despite its good intent, there had been no headway in
various peace discussions held amongst the government of Pakistan and Taliban. Since 2014,
through involvement of tribal Jirga, number of peace talk rounds were conducted with no
visible outcome. It was observed that mostly these peace talks were used to reorganize and
regroup the resources by various groups of Taliban. However, loosely knitted TTP with
number of splinter groups could not offer any tangible and solid proposals to the government.
In the month of February, the government made its intentions clear that the Pakistan military
will take swift actions against all terrorists operating in various parts of FATA and along Pak
Afghan border.225

4.6.4. US Drone Strikes and its Impact.

 The United States had been involved in carrying out several drones strikes in erstwhile
FATA. These drone strikes have resulted into killing of Taliban and Al Qaeda leaders and
various operatives. It included some well-known figures of TTP like Bait Ullah Mehsud,
Hakim Ullah Mehsud, Fazal Ullah, Mullah Mansoor and many more second tier leader of
Al Qaeda. Besides being an effective weapon against terrorists, it had been a major source
of collateral damage of many innocent women, children and property. Such collateral
damage had always provided a point scoring opportunity by various political opposition
parties against the government.
 Political governments in Pakistan had been condemning Drone strikes at many forums
demanding an immediate end. However, US government has expressed its intent and will

224
Rohan Gunaratna & Anders Nielsen, Al Qaeda in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan & Beyond, Studies in conflict
& Terrorism, 31: 9,775-807.
225
Shahzeb Jilani, “Pakistan enters in Peace talks with Taliban”, BBC NEWS, February 6, 2014, accessed
October 23, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26065385.
 94

that it will engage all such targets that could become a possible threat to her interests in
the region. Number of drones strikes that have taken place in erstwhile FATA since 2004
are around 340, resulting approximately 2,200 casualties in erstwhile FATA.226

4.7. Significance of North Waziristan Agency

Waziristan had been in spot lights since initiation of War on Terror in 2001. Location of
Waziristan both North and South have a strategic significance due to its ___location and type of
terrain that provides number of options for sub conventional warfare. Anyone operating in the
areas can easily access both settled districts of KP as well as Afghanistan’s provinces of
Khost, Paktia, and Paktika. North Waziristan Agency is bordered by South Waziristan in the
South and Kurram in the North. It is flanked by settled districts of Bannu, Hangu, Karak,
Kohat and within close vicinity are Lakki Marwat, Tank and even Dera Ismail Khan. North
Waziristan, South Waziristan and Orakzai have proved to be most difficult agencies to be
brought under control.

South Waziristan had always been considered as hub of TTP. Pakistan Army’s number of
operations from 2004 to 2009 had been on and off in the area.227 Major operation was
conducted in 2008 that forced many people to leave their areas and move to settled districts
of Tank and DI Khan. During this major offensive of Pakistan Army, most of the terrorists
and its leadership moved to adjacent North Waziristan and continued their activities against
Law Enforcement Agencies. North Waziristan Agency became a new home for local and
foreign terrorists

Difficult terrain and mountainous layout with vegetation provided ideal ground for militants
for exercising hit and run options against military forces. Area also provided ample space for
hideouts and concealed movement from one place to another. Areas of Shawal, Mir Ali and
Razmak provided ideal space for militants to target approaching forces and slowly melt away
before forces could make it to hill tops. North Waziristan had number of ‘unfrequented’
routes that provided covered space for small scale movement of militants inside and outside

226
“Will I be next? Drone Strikes in Pakistan”, Amnesty International, 2016, accessed October 22, 2018,
https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2016/08/will_i_be_next_us_drone_strikes_in_pakistan_091013_final.p
df?x32866.
227
Reza Jan, “The FATA Conflict after South Waziristan: Pakistan’s War against Militants continue in Orakzai,
Bajaur, Kurram and North Waziristan”, Critical Threats, February 22, 2010, accessed October 23, 2018,
https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/the-fata-conflict-after-south-waziristan-pakistans-war-against-militants-
continues-in-orakzai-kurram-bajaur-and-north-waziristan.
 95

of the area. Area provided opportunities for small scale operations like Raid, Ambushes and
planting of Improvised Explosive Devices on routes of forces. Pakistan Military despite
having losses of life in initial penetration showed great leadership, resolve and commitment
for clearing the area.

North Waziristan Agency emerged as one of the bases of terrorists operating against many
soft targets inside Pakistan. As reported in Western media, militant groups like Haqqani and
Gul Bhadar were also operating from this agency against Afghan, US and NATO forces.228
Launching of operation in North Waziristan needed a major political support and a decision
that will have a public backing as well. One of the major reasons of this reluctance could be
possibility of backlash by various splinter groups working in Pakistan. Another reason of
delay in getting a green signal was military’s apprehensions of being overstretched and get
entangled while leaving a diluted presence along eastern borders. Before launching of this
operation, an effort was made to shore up support from neighboring Afghanistan as operation
in North Waziristan could only achieve its intended motives if all possible routes (frequented
and unfrequented) are chocked. This request was made at various tiers of political level from
President of Afghanistan to its Ambassador in Pakistan and through sending a parliamentary
delegation to Kabul.229 However, since this operation was primarily launched against those
militants essentially going after Pakistani targets, response from Kabul was not to the
Pakistani expectations in provision of check posts and covering of bottlenecks. Since
Pakistan Army had been involved in counter militancy operations since October 2001, it
showed enough capacity, professional commitment and resolve to handle it in a well-
articulated manner. After successful military operation Zarb e Azb, many terrorists were
killed, and some slipped away to fight another day into neighboring Afghanistan. Military has
paid a huge price in shape of its Shaheed and injured soldiers for its success in North
Waziristan. However, this price is worth long-term peace for future generations of Pakistan
and its neighbors. Over a million IDPs from various areas of North Waziristan Agency also
paid a price in shape of loss of their livelihood, education, health and dislocation from their
native towns. However, like any other military operations, situation can be stabilized
temporarily for a limited period of time. After use of force, development work, rehabilitation
and improved governance is required to replace the kinetic component. Government and
228
Owen B. Jones, "North Waziristan: What happened after militant lost battle?" BBC News, March 8, 2017,
accessed July 15, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39191868.
229
Usman Hiader. Tariq, “Significance of North Waziristan Operation: The Pakistan Military Offensive Shows
that a turning point has been reached in talking menace of tackling terrorism. Gulf News, Opinion, June 22,
2014.
 96

Pakistan Army had a dominating role in repatriation and rehabilitation of IDPs. Engineers of
Army had been busy in construction of shops, houses, bridges, school, colleges, sports
grounds and facilitated common people to start a new life. It is expected that government and
Law Enforcement Agencies will play a proactive role to maintain peace and harmony in the
area. Enough livelihood opportunities can keep the returning population in their native areas.
Similarly, better education and health facilities are two other factors that shall motivate IDPs
for long term settlement.
 97

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

This part describes the information about the data analysis. Different statistical tools were
taken. However, the data analyses of the exploratory research study on repatriation process,
and its discussion and findings are described in chapter 5. The results are shown in the
following sections:

4.1. Demographic Variables

Table 4. Sampling Details - Gender Wise

Frequency Percentage
Gender

Male 297 79.2

Female 78 20.8

Total 375 100.0

 98

The total respondents in this study were 375. All of the questionnaires were distributed
among the respondents, out of which 297 questionnaires were returned, wherein, 79.2% were
male respondents and 20.8% were female respondents. Details of the respondents are
mentioned above Table 1.

Table 5. Age Wise Detail of Sampling

Frequency Percent
Age

20-35 years 162 43.2

36-50 years 180 48.0

51 and above years 33 8.80

Total 375 100.0

The Table 2 displays the ages of the Individuals respondents. 162 respondents having ages
between 20-35, 180 having ages 36-50 and the rest 33 having the age 51 or above
respectively of the total sample 375.
 99

Table 6 Qualification Wise Details of Sampling

Program Frequency Percent

Under Graduate 235 62.7

Graduate 140 37.3

Total 375 100.0

The above Table 3 denotes the qualification. The IDPs whose qualification was under
graduation and graduation was found 235 and 140 respectively with the percentage of 62.7
and 37.3 respectively.
Table 7 Age * Gender Cross Tabulation

Gender Total

Male Female

20-35 years 116 46 162

Age 36-50 years 152 28 180

51 and above years 29 4 33

Total 297 78 375

 100

The aforementioned table exhibits the cross statistics presentation of age and gender. The
male IDPs having the age of 20-35 years, 36-50 years and 51 and overhead years were found
116, 152 and 29 correspondingly. In comparison, female IDPs through age of 20-35 years,
36-50 years and 51 and overhead years were found 46, 28 and 4 correspondingly.

Table 8 Age * Qualification Cross Tabulation

Qualification Total

Under Grads Graduates

20-35 years 108 54 162

Age 36-50 years 118 62 180

51 and above 9 24 33

Total 235 140 375

 101

The aforementioned table exhibits the cross statistics tabulation of age and qualification of
the respondents with the age of 20-35 years the qualification of undergraduates and graduates
was found 108 and 54 respectively. From the age of 36-50 years the qualification of
undergraduates and graduates was found 118 and 62 respectively. From the age of 51 and
above the qualification of undergraduates and graduates was found 9 and 24 respectively.

Table 9 Gender * Qualification Cross Tabulation

Qualification Total

Under Grad Graduates

Male 190 107 297

Gender
Female 45 33 78

Total 235 140 375

 102

The above-mentioned table exhibits the cross figures presentation of gender and qualification.
The male IDPs with the qualification of undergraduates and graduates were found 190 and
107, respectively. The female IDPs with the qualification of undergraduates and graduates
were found 45 and 33, respectively.

4.2. Validity

Validity of an evaluation is how much it gauges what it should quantify. This isn't equivalent
to dependability, which is the degree to which an estimation gives result that are
exceptionally steady. Inside legitimacy, the estimation does not generally need to be
comparable, as it does in dependability. Be that as it may, on the grounds that a measure is
dependable, it is not really legitimate (and the other way around). Legitimacy is likewise
reliant on the estimation estimating what it was intended to quantify, and not something
different. Legitimacy (like unwavering quality) is a relative idea; legitimacy is not a win or -
bust thought. There are various kinds of legitimacy.

4.2.1. Content Validity

Content Validity is a non-verifiable kind of authenticity that incorporates "the efficient

examination of the test substance to choose in the event that it covers an operator trial of the
direct zone to be evaluated" (Anastasi and Urbina, 1997 p. 114). Content authenticity
 103

confirmation incorporates how much the substance of the test organizes a substance zone
related with the assemble. For example, a preliminary of the ability to incorporate two
numbers should consolidate an extent of mixes of digits. A test with only a solitary digit
numbers, or simply even numbers, would not have incredible consideration of the substance
zone. Content related evidence regularly incorporates point experts (SMEs) evaluating test
things against the test specifics. Before going to positive association of surveys the researcher
should guide the authenticity of things against each form or factors and properly modify
estimation instruments dependent on ace's decision.

4.2.2. Face Validity

Face Validity is a gauge of whether a test seems to quantify a specific model; it does not
ensure that the test really measures marvels in that area. Measures may have high legitimacy,
however when the test does not seem, by all accounts, to be estimating what it will be, it has
low face legitimacy. To be sure, when a test is liable to faking (malingering), low face
legitimacy may make the test progressively legitimate.

Considering one may get more honest answers with lower face validity, it is sometimes
important to make it appear as though there is low face validity whilst administering the
measures. Face validity is very closely related to content validity. While content validity
depends on a theoretical basis for assuming if a test is assessing all domains of a certain
criterion (e.g. does assessing addition skills yield in a good measure for mathematical skills?
To answer this, you have to know, what different kinds of arithmetic skills mathematical
skills include) face validity relates to whether a test appears to be a good measure or not. This
judgment is made on the "face" of the test; thus, it can also be judged by the amateur. Face
validity is a starting point, but should never be assumed to be probably valid for any given
purpose, as the "experts" have been wrong before Malleus Malificarum (Hammer of
Witches) had no support for its conclusions other than the self-imagined competence of two
"experts" in "witchcraft detection," yet it was used as a "test" to condemn and burn at the
stake tens of thousands women as "witches." Face validity was measured by the veteran
research scholars.

4.2.3. Construct validity

Build legitimacy alludes to the degree to which operationalization of a build (e.g., down to
earth tests created from a hypothesis) measure a develop as characterized by a hypothesis. It
 104

subsumes every single other sort of legitimacy. Construct validity evidence involves the
empirical and theoretical support for the interpretation of the construct. Such lines of
evidence include statistical analyses of the internal structure of the test including the
relationships between responses to different test items. They also include relationships
between the test and measures of other constructs. As currently understood, construct validity
is not distinct from the support for the substantive theory of the construct that the test is
designed to measure. As such, experiments designed to reveal aspects of the causal role of the
construct also contribute to construct validity evidence.

4.3. Factor Analysis

This analysis is a measurable technique castoff to describe fluctuation mid watched, matched
aspects to the extent that a credibly lower digit of in secret aspects called factors. These
investigation pursuits to make sure combine changes just exactly to the unseen latent
variables. The practical variables showed just like one club of capable aspects as well as
residuals. Hence, finally the evidence added nearby the interdependencies amongst practical
variables that might be utilized after some time to lessen the club of variables.

4.3.1. Confirmatory Factor analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis

Both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) are
employed to understand shared variance of measured variables that is believed to be
attributable to a factor or latent construct. Despite this similarity, however, EFA and CFA are
conceptually and statistically distinct analyses. Both of these factors are going to be analyzed
in detail.

The goal of EFA is to identify factors based on information and to boost the measure of
fluctuation clarified. The scientist is not required to have an explicit theory about what
number of elements will develop, and what things or factors these elements will contain. On
the off chance that these theories exist, they are not incorporated into and do not affect the
results of the statistical analyses. By contrast, CFA evaluates a priori hypotheses and is
largely driven by theory. CFA analyses require the researcher to hypothesize, in advance, the
number of factors, whether or not these factors are correlated, and which items/measures load
onto and reflect which factors.
 105

As such, in contrast to exploratory factor analysis, where all loadings are free to vary, CFA
allows for the explicit constraint of certain loadings to be zero. EFA is sometimes reported in
research when CFA would be a better statistical approach. It has been argued that CFA can
be restrictive and inappropriate when used in an exploratory fashion. However, the idea that
CFA is solely a “confirmatory” analysis may sometimes be misleading, as modification
indices used in CFA are somewhat exploratory in nature. Modification indices show the
improvement in model fit if a particular coefficient were to become unconstrained. Likewise,
EFA and CFA do not have to be mutually exclusive analyses; EFA has been argued to be a
reasonable follow up to a poor-fitting CFA model.

4.3.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis

Exploratory factor examination (EFA) is the strategy that is utilized to enable specialists to
speak to an expansive number of connections among typically appropriated or scale factors in
a easier (more parsimonious) way. “This method defines which, of a fairly big set of items,
“hang together” as groups or are answered most similarly by the participants. EFA also can
help assess the level of construct (factorial) validity in a dataset regarding a measure
purported to measure certain constructs”.

4.4. KMO and Bartlett’s Test

The test benefits in noticing enough things anticipating aimed at the precise aspect and trials
whether the halfway associations mid adjustable remain slight. This be more noteworthy over
0.50 to each distinct predictor and same as to preparing of these aspects. The this is described
as radiant on the off chance i-e 0.90 or additional noteworthy, typical other way i-e 0.80's,
normal doubt is 0.70's, reasonable where 0.60's, satisfactory if in the 0.50's, and
unsatisfactory if base 0.50. Bartlett's trial is a technique for assessing aspect notch constant
and tells association of predictors that provides idea to aspect scrutiny. Important hub factor
necessitates where the chance allied with Bartlett's Test be huge at p < 0.05, that complete the
aspects are remarkably connected and huge. Bartlett's trial of Sphericity demonstrates
whether relationship grid is a character framework, which would show that the factors are
inconsequential. The criticalness level gives the consequence of the test. The subsequent
stage is to decide the quantity of variables that ought to be incorporated into the factor
arrangement. Besides, to consider a value stacking factor, its esteem ought to be more
 106

prominent than 0.50, which is very alluring. In this manner, the things with stacking esteem
under 0.50 were killed and were not utilized for further measurable investigation. In spite of
the fact that, the choice of deciding the quantity of elements is a very emotional issue,
however eigenvalues are a standout amongst the most widely recognized techniques that are
utilized to choose the quantity of variables. Underneath table demonstrate the consequence of
KMO and Bartlett's trial of sphericity

4.5. Test of Assumptions

Table 10. KMO and Bartlett’s Coefficients

PUSH FACTORS (The reason of my KMO Bartlett’s Test

migration is)

1. Terrorism and civil unrest condition Chi 2 Df Sig.

2. No job or poorly paid jobs

2. War and conflict

3. Political persecution

4. Food and water shortages

5. Poor education and medical care

6. Crime, unstable law and order situation

7. Lack of safety .526 131.67 6 .000

8. Lack of services

9. Poverty and isolation

10. Lack of humanitarian aid

11. Congestion
 107

12. Pollution (air noise and visual)

13. Lack of livelihood

14. Lack of green spaces

PULL FACTORS (The reason of my KMO Bartlett’s Test

migration is)

1. Peace and harmony Chi 2 Df Sig.

2. Better healthcare and availability of

services

3. Varied employment opportunities

4. Better future prospects

5. No social compulsion

6. Better standard of living

7. Safer atmosphere .510 143.23 3 .000

8. Less risk of natural hazards

9. Better service provision

10. Better education services

11. Fear of being victim of terrorism

12. Better humanitarian aid

13. Green house and better recreational

facilities

14. Less pollution and cleaner air

 108

DEPRIVATION (The place from where KMO Bartlett’s Test

I migrated was surrounded with)

1. Homeless people Chi 2 Df Sig.

2. Vandalism and deliberate damage to

property

3. Poor socio-economic condition

4. Racism and religious comfortability

5. Poor street lighting

6. Street noise .514 19.78 3 .000

7. Pollution, grime or other environmental

problems

8. Lack of open public space

9. Terrorism and risk

10. Racially harassment

11. Poor terrorism risk mitigation facilities

RADICALIZATION (is largely KMO Bartlett’s Test

influenced by)

1. Terrorism, Extremism, poverty and Chi 2 Df Sig.

unemployment

2. Economic crises, political instability

3. Social and economic injustice .526 131.67 6 .000

4. Ignorance of people
 109

5. Selfishness of rulers

6. Frustration, tension, foreign invasion,

lawlessness, suppression

REPATRIATION KMO Bartlett’s Test

1. I feel strain from the effort to readapt to Chi 2 Df Sig.

my home

2. I feel strain from the effort to readapt to

my home

3. I feel accepted by the local people in the

.655 303.59 6 .000
culture

4. I wish to escape again from my home

5. I feel confused about my identity when i

returned

6. I have received support from

government agencies

7. I have attended relocation training

program

The results show that the 0.50 ≤ KMO ≥ 0.60 and 0.61 ≤ KMO ≥ 0.72 in 4 and 1 features
see-through sampler capability procedures as mediocre and typical correspondingly. The
previously mentioned table likewise delineates that the likelihood of the Bartlett's
measurement for every one of the variables is p < 0.01 i.e. not exactly or equivalent to the
dimension of essentialness of 0.05. Effects unearth that this test is satisfied and all tools that
were used for data gathering.
 110

4.6. Communalities

Communalities speak to the degree where changes being occurring to the 1st aspect which
showed by the aspect plan. The aspect plan should be clear to half of each predictors changes,
hence, this gathering to each aspect should be 0.50 or greater. The quantity of emphases is
ceaselessly performed to get the collection esteem for the variable equivalent to or more than
0.50. The variable with an esteem under 0.50 is expelled and the essential part investigation is
processed once more. When any factors with communalities under 0.50 have been expelled
from the examination, the example of factor loadings is additionally inspected to distinguish
factors that have complex structure.230
Table 11 Rotated Component Matrix and Communalities

PUSH FACTORS (The reason of my Factor Loading Co Varian

migration is) m ce

1 2 3 4 5

1. Terrorism and civil unrest condition .81 .836 31.48

2. No job or poorly paid jobs .79 .667 89.1

2. War and conflict .91 .879 8.8

3. Political persecution .66 .641 1.9

4. Food and water shortages .87 .825 42.77

5. Poor education and medical care .70 .536 25.95

6. Crime, unstable law and order situation .58 .831 22.24

and hazards

7. Lack of safety .74 .843 9.02

8. Lack of services .62 .622 25.23

230
Leonard Berkowitz, "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation," Psychological
Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 62.
 111

9. Poverty and isolation .65 .659 26.23

10. Lack of humanitarian aid .67 .680 25.25

11. Congestion .61 .652 25.23

12. Pollution (air noise and visual) .76 .681 23.30

13. Lack of livelihood .62 .603 63.92

14. Lack of green spaces .90 .859 22.78

Rotation converged in 5 Iteration

PULL FACTORS (The reason of my Factor Loading Co Varian

migration is) m ce

1 2 3 4 5

1. Peace and harmony .81 .836 31.48

2. Better healthcare and availability of .85 .822 44.17

services

3. Varied employment opportunities .67 .599 32.77

4. Better future prospects .76 .763 23.05

5. No social compulsion .81 .836 31.48

6. Better standard of living .82 .711 48.93

7. Safer atmosphere .83 .673 31.65

8. Less risk of natural hazards .70 .518 19.41

9. Better service provision .70 .705 56.59

10. Better education services .85 .856 32.48

 112

11. Fear of being victim of terrorism .63 .684 10.92

12. Better humanitarian aid .68 .690 39.09

13. Green house and better recreational .88 .882 31.80

facilities

14. Less pollution and cleaner air .68 .596 17.54

Rotation converged in 3 Iteration

DEPRIVATION (from where I migrated) Factor Loading Co Varian

m ce

1 2 3 4 5

1. Homeless people .54 .882 54.63

2. Vandalism and deliberate damage with .63 .660 43.54

property

3. Poor socio-economic condition .54 .882 32.07

4. Racism and religious comfortability .69 .596 24.37

5. Poor street lighting .54 .882 56.63

6. Street noise .69 .596 24.37

7. Pollution, grime or other environmental .72 .841 13.03

problems

8. Lack of open public space .54 .882 5.95

9. Terrorism and risk .64 .696 25.37

10. Racially harassment .52 .747 40.58

11. Poor terrorism risk mitigation facilities .71 .569 33.53

 113

Rotation converged in 3 Iteration

RADICALIZATION (is largely influenced Factor Loading Co Varian

by) m ce

1 2 3 4 5

1. Terrorism, Extremism, poverty and .65 .659 26.23

unemployment

2. Economic crises, political instability .67 .680 25.25

3. Social and economic injustice .61 .652 25.23

4. Ignorance of people .76 .681 23.30

5. Selfishness of rulers .62 .603 63.92

6. Frustration, tension, foreign invasion, .90 .859 22.78

lawlessness

Rotation converged in 4 Iteration

REPATRIATION Factor Loading Co Varian

m ce

1 2 3 4 5

1. I feel anxiety from the struggle to readapt .66 .641 1.9

my home

2. It is quite stressful and tiring effort to .87 .825 42.77

readapt my home

3. Local people has generally accepted me .70 .536 25.95

back

4. I wish to escape again from my home .58 .831 22.24

 114

5. My identity remains uncertain upon return .74 .843 9.02

6. I have received support from government .62 .622 25.23

agencies

7. I have attended relocation training .66 .641 1.90

Programme

Rotation converged in 4 Iteration

Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factor Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser
Normalization

The said tabulated outcomes illustrate an outline of parts to each aspect with various
emphases achieved over societies and turned part lattice. In this way, for 52 things of 5
factors a sum of 19 emphases were achieved for societies and turned segments grid (5, 3, 3, 4
and 4 individually). Thus, none of the thing is dispensed with in light of the fact that all the
processed estimation of communalities is more noteworthy than .50 and measurable
aftereffect of pivoted segment lattice likewise uncovers that a large portion of things had
solid stacking from the second and third factor. In this manner, further factual examination
uncovers that every one of the things with higher factor loadings. Eigenvalue is a proportion
of clarified change, which is utilized as a typical standard for determination of a factor. In the
event that an eigenvalue is under 1.0, it implies the factor depicts less data than a solitary
thing would have clarified; consequently, factors with eigenvalues (or inert roots) more
prominent than 1.0 were held for further measurable investigation. Utilizing the yield from
emphasis, eigenvalues more noteworthy than 1.0 are found. The previously mentioned table
demonstrates the aggregate change clarified which indicates how the fluctuation is partitioned
among the conceivable elements of factors. Note that all the 5 factors with assorted
components have eigenvalues (a proportion of clarified difference) more prominent than 1.0,
which is a typical foundation for a factor to be helpful.231

231
Leonard Berkowitz, "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation," Psychological
Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 62.
 115

4.7. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structure Equation Modeling

The substance and this type of approximation tool i.e. (survey) was squared through expert
exploration scholars. In this way, the scholars permitted the poll and offered the authorization
for evidence addition. For united/figure rightfulness the explicit typical of the checkup think
about was show via SEM and CFA. The CFA is made over the figures from the part of the
poll things were developed. For built appraisals stuffs the CFA is performed (Uslueletal.,
2008). For looking at model wellness contemplate utilized seven fit lists to be specific.

4.8. Structural Analysis of Deprivation, Push/Pull Factors and

Radicalization

CFA of Model 1
Outcome of 2 factor model deprivation and radicalization

.19
Deprivation .51 Radicalization .22

.31 .23

CFA of Model 2
Outcomes of 2 factor model i.e. push factor and radicalization

.32 Push Factor .42 Radicalization .31

.58 .26

CFA of Model 3
Results of 2 factor model i.e. pull factor and radicalization.

.34 Pull Factor .39

Radicalization .29

.21 .19
 116

CFA for Model 4

Result of 4 factor model

.31 Deprivation
.32

.36 Push Factor .48 Radicalization .42

.57
.28 Pull Factor

Structural Analysis for Deprivation, Push/Pull Factors and Repatriation

CFA of Model 5
Outcome of 2 factor model deprivation and delay in repatriation

.42
Deprivation .31 Repatriation .21
7

.34 .12

CFA of Model 6
Outcome of 2 factor model push factor and repatriation

.21 Push Factor .24 Repatriation .19

.38 .26

CFA of Model 7
Results of 2 factor model i.e. pull factor and repatriation

.34 Pull Factor .61

Repatriation .66
9

.14 .29
 117

CFA for Model 8

Result of 4 factor model

.51 Deprivation

.43

.41 Push Factor Repatriation

.39 .55

.12
.42 Pull Factor

CFA for Model 9

Result of 5 factor model

Deprivation .13
Radicalization

.18

.30
.43
Push Factors .83

.23
.43

.34

Pull Factors Repatriation

.31
 118

Table 12. Goodness of fit for overall Models

NF AGF RMSE GFI RM CFI X2/df

Models
I I A R
Standard Value (Uslueletal., >.9 >.8 <.08 >.9 <.1 >.9 <.3
2008)
Model 1
.98 .96 .07 1.0 .04 .99 2.4
Model 2 1.0 1.0 .06 1.0 .01 1.0 2.1
Model 3 1.0 1.0 .07 1.0 .01 .99 2.8
Model 4 .91 .97 .07 .91 .03 .93 2.9
Model 5
.93 .87 .06 1.0 .03 .96 2.3
Model 6 .97 .92 .07 .99 .01 .99 2.2
Model 7 .95 .90 .06 .93 .03 .94 2.8
Model 8 .93 .88 .06 .96 .01 .93 2.3
Model 9 .92 .84 .07 .98 .02 .95 2.8

Seven fit stated earlier were utilized for checking the decency of fit for every single elective
model. The consequence of CFA's investigates the uniqueness of factors. The importance of
all the elective models delineated that all qualities have their very own huge loadings and
every single elective model are solid match.
 119

Validity for Two Factor Model

Following are the result of convergent and discriminant validity of two factor model i.e. push
and pull factor.
 120

Model Validity Measures

The below tabulated outcomes illustrate validity analysis i.e. (convergent and divergent) of
two aspect models i.e. (push factor) and (pull factor).

Variables CR AVE MaxR(H) 1 2

1. Push Factor 0.941 0.844 1.002 0.989

2. Pull Factor 0.993 0.978 0.993 0.139

Validity for Three Factor Model

The below outcomes of convergent and discriminant validity of three aspect models i.e. push
and pull factor and social deprivation factor.
 121

Model Validity Measures

The subsequent tabulated outcomes clarify validity analysis i.e. (convergent and divergent) of
three aspect models i.e. (recruitment and selection), (role of technological advancement) and
(talent demand and supply).

Table Validity

Variables CR AVE MSV MaxR(H) 1 2 3

1. Push Factor 0.941 0.844 0.019 1.002 0.919

2. Pull Factor 0.993 0.978 0.019 0.993 0.139 0.989

3. Social Deprivation 0.993 0.978 0.002 1.000 0.041 0.041 0.989

The previously mentioned table shows the focalized and dissimilar investigation of the three
variables display i.e. (push factor), (pull factor) and (social hardship). As indicated by Hair J.
Dark the CR (composite dependability) esteem must be more noteworthy than 0.70, Average
Variance Extracted (AVE) esteem must be more prominent than 0.50 and Maximum Shared
 122

Variance (MSV) must be not exactly AVE for no legitimacy concern. The measurable
estimation of the investigation uncovers that (CR=0.941, AVE = 0.844, MSV=0.019) for the
main factor i.e. push factor, (CR=0.993, AVE = 0.978, MSV=0.019) for the second factor i.e.
(pull factor) and (CR=0.993, AVE = 0.978, MSV=0.002) for the third factor i.e. (social
hardship). The outcome further uncovers that there exists no issue of legitimacy concern. All
the three variables with their survey things are discovered substantial and fit according to the
measurable qualities proposed by Hair J. Dark.

Validity for Four Factor Model

 123

The following are the result of convergent and discriminant validity of four factor models i.e.
push, pull, social deprivation and radicalization factor.
 124

Model Validity Measures

The following table shows the validity analysis i.e. (convergent and divergent) of four factor
model i.e. (pull factor), (push factor), (social deprivation) and (radicalization).

Variables CR AVE MSV MaxR(H) 1 2 3 4

1. Push Factor 0.941 0.844 0.019 1.002 0.919

2. Pull Factor 0.993 0.978 0.019 0.993 0.139 0.989

3. Social Deprivation 0.992 0.978 0.007 1.000 0.041 0.041 0.989

4. Radicalization 0.963 0.897 0.007 1.005 0.009 0.070 0.085 0.947

CR = Composite Reliability, AVE = Average Variance Extracted, MSV =

Maximum Shared Variance

Validity of Five Factor Model

Following are the result of convergent and discriminant validity of five factor model i.e.
push, pull, social deprivation, radicalization and repatriation factor.
 125

Table 13. Goodness of fit Statistics

NFI AGFI RMSEA GFI RMR CFI X2/df

Models
 126

Normal Value (Uslueletal., 2008) >.9 >.8 <.08 >.9 <.1 >.9 <.3
Model 4 .94 .91 .06 .92 .01 .92 2.7
The said directories hired to investigate fitness of the model. The outcome of 5 aspect models
i.e. (push factor), (pull factor), (social deprivation), (radicalization) and (repatriation)
described that 5 aspects obligate here personal imported aspects and model is good fit.

Model Validity Measures

The below outcomes illustrate the validity analysis i.e. (convergent and divergent) of five
factor models i.e. (push factor), (pull factor), (social deprivation), (radicalization) and
(repatriation).

Variables CR AVE MSV MaxR(H) 1 2 3 4 5

1. Push Factor 0.941 0.844 0.019 1.002 0.919

2. Pull Factor 0.993 0.978 0.019 0.993 0.139 0.989

3. Deprivation 0.992 0.978 0.007 1.000 0.041 0.041 0.989

4. Radicalization 0.963 0.897 0.008 1.005 0.009 0.070 0.085 0.947

5. Repatriation 0.991 0.974 0.008 1.000 0.015 0.062 0.003 0.090 0.987

CR = Composite Reliability, AVE = Average Variance Extracted, MSV =

Maximum Shared Variance

The said tabulated outcomes illustrate the convergent and divergent analysis of the five
factors model i.e. (push factor), (pull factor), (social deprivation), (radicalization) and
(repatriation). According to Black232the CR (composite reliability) value must be greater than
0.70, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value must be greater than 0.50 and Maximum
Shared Variance (MSV) must be less than AVE for no validity concern/issue. “The statistical

232
Black, Hair, W. C, B.J. Babin,, & R.E. Anderson, Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.), (Upper saddle River,
New Jersey: Pearson Education International, 2010),34-170.
 127

value of the analysis reveals that (CR=0.941, AVE = 0.844, MSV=0.019) for the first factor
i.e. recruitment and selection, (CR=0.993, AVE = 0.978, MSV=0.019) for the second factor
i.e. (role of technological advancement), (CR=0.992, AVE = 0.978, MSV=0.007) for the third
factor i.e. (talent demand and supply), (CR=0.963, AVE = 0.897, MSV=0.008) for the fourth
factor i.e. (work environment) and (CR=0.991, AVE = 0.974, MSV=0.008) for the fifth factor
i.e. (security and social issue)”.

The result further reveals no problem of validity concern in aforementioned five factor
models. “These 5 factors i.e. recruitment and selection, role of technological advancement,
talent demand and supply, work environment and security and social issue related to the
instrument that dig out valid and fit accordingly arithmetical figures proposed by Black”.233

233
Black, Hair, W. C, B.J. Babin,, & R.E. Anderson, Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.), (Upper saddle River,
New Jersey: Pearson Education International, 2010),34-170.
 128

4.9. Correlation

Matrix Correlation
 129

The following are the results of Pearson’s r correlation.

Table 14. Matrix Correlation

Variables 1 2 3 4 5

1. Social Deprivation 1

2. Push Factor .758** 1

3. Pull Factor .345** .302** 1

4. Delay in Repatriation .848** .674** .405** 1

5. Radicalization .802** .751** .397** .764** 1

**p<.01, *p<.05

The Pearson Correlation was performed to check out the relationship amid predictors and
response variables. The result of correlation amid social deprivation, push, pull factors, delay
in repatriation and radicalization depicts (r = .802, p<.01), (r = .751, p<.01), (r = .397, p<.01)
and (r = .764, p<.01) show a significant positive relationship with each other.
 130

4.10. Regression Analysis

The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for a given cumulative distribution function F(x) is

Where sup x is the supremum (the smallest quantity that is greater than or equal to each of a
given set or subset of quantities) of the set of distances.

Shapiro-Wilk Test Statistics

The Shapiro–Wilk test utilizes the null hypothesis principle to check whether a sample x1,
..., xn came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is:
 131

Where

 (with parentheses enclosing the subscript index i) is the ith order statistic, i.e.,
the ith-smallest number in the sample;

 is the sample mean.

 the constants are given by234

Where

and
Table 15. Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk

Sig. Sig.

Radicalization .274 .267

a. Lilliefors Significance

For the normal information, the importance esteem must be above P>.05 (Fasano, 1987). In
the above subtitled table, the registered estimation of factors is over .05 that further exhibits
that the data is regularly dispersed. Through this way, invalid theory should be accepted that
the data is ordinarily dispersed

234
Leonard Berkowitz, "Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation," Psychological
Bulletin 106, no. 1 (1989): 62.
 132

Levene Test Statistics

The test statistic, W, is defined as follows:

 133

Table 16. Leven Statistics

Variables F Sig

Social Deprivation .853 .360

Push Factor .339 .563

Pull Factor 2.56 .115

Delay in Repatriation 1.94 .169

In the above captioned table, the values of all the variables are insignificant which further
demonstrates that there exists homoscedasticity in data.

Durbin Watson test

Durbin-Watson test Statistics

 134

Table 17. Durbin-Watson Statistics

Models Durbin-Watson

IV’s—DV 1.95

The tabulated data above indicates the Durbin-Watson statistics of multiple regression model.
The computed value is 2. According to Durbin-Watson235 value 2 or less than two shows no
auto correlation. So, alternate hypothesis may be accepted as there exists no autocorrelation
in the data.

4.11. Multicollinearity

Multi-collinearity states the independent variables are uncorrelated (Darlington, 1968; Keith,
2006).The multi-collinearity is checked by doing the test of tolerance and VIF. Tolerance is
used to measure the effect of an independent variable on remaining independent variables.
The value of tolerance for correlations always lies between 0-1 (Keith, 2006). VIF is an index
amount that the variance of each regression coefficient is enlarged over that with independent
variables are uncorrelated. The value of Tolerance is 0.1 and the value of VIF is 10. (Keith,
2006). Table 4.6.2 shows that tolerance is greater than 0.1 and the value of VIF are smaller
than 10. It shows no multi-collinearity in the data.

Holding for all observations i,

where are constants and is the ith observation the jth explanatory variable.

235
Joseph F. Hair et al., Multivariate Data Analysis (NY: Pearson Education International, 2010), 34-170.
 135

Table 18. Collinearity Statistics

Model Collinearity Statistics

Tolerance VIF

(Constant)

Social Deprivation .217 4.60

Push Factor .421 2.37

Pull Factor .834 1.19

Delay in Repatriation .265 3.77

DV: Radicalization

The above table include on multicollinearity figures. As indicated by Robert and O'Brien
resilience under 0.20 shows multicollinearity issue. In the above table, the estimation of
resistance of all the free factors esteems is above.10 proving that level of tolerance is entirely
rational and suitable.

4.12. Multiple Linear Regression

This study used multiple regression enquiry to examine the effect of predictors’ variables i.e.
(social deprivation, push and pull factors and delay in repatriation) on radicalization. The
regression model is as follows:

R = α + β 1 SD + β 2 Push + β 3 Pull + β 4 DR + ε ………………… (1)

Where
R = Radicalization
SD = Social Deprivation
Push = Push Factors
Pull = Pull Factors
 136

DR = Delay in Repatriation
ε = Error term

Table 19. Effect of IV’s on DV

Unstand Coefficient Std T Sig.

Coefficient

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) .129 .116 1.108 .269

Social Deprivation .347 .060 .341 5.758 .000

Push Factor .320 .044 .312 7.337 .000

Pull Factor .094 .031 .093 3.077 .002

Delay in Repatriation .228 .054 .226 4.216 .000

DV: Radicalization R = .847, R2 = .718, F = 235.18, Sig = .000

 137

4.13. Multiple Regression

The effect of social deprivation, push and pull factor upon delay in repatriation was
measured. The following is the regression model.

DR= α + β 1 SD + β 2 Push + β 3 Pull + ε ………………… (1)

Where
SD = Social Deprivation
Push = Push Factors
Pull = Pull Factors
DR = Delay in Repatriation
ε = Error term
 138

Table 20. Effect of IV’s on DV

Unstand Coefficient Std T Sig.

Coefficient

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) -.093 .112 -.831 .407

Social Deprivation .766 .042 .758 18.176 .000

Push Factor .064 .042 .062 1.520 .129

Pull Factor .125 .029 .125 4.366 .000

DV: Repatriation R = .857, R2 = .735, F = 343.16, Sig = .000

Regression coefficient “R” = .857 or 85.7% relationship exist between (I.V’s) and (D.V). The
coefficient of determination “R2” = .735 that shows that 73.5% of variation in delay in
repatriation is caused due to social deprivation, push and pull factor. The F value is found
343 and the significance value is less than P ≤ .000 it indicates that over all regression model
is statistically meaningful, valid and fit. Regression coefficient (β 1) = .758 suggests that 1%
addition in social deprivation will increases 75.8% in radicalization if other variables
remained controlled.

The T value is 18.17 and is significant at .000. It implies that the alternative hypothesis may
be agreed that is -- social deprivation has meaningful positive effects on delay in
radicalization. Regression coefficient (β 2) = .062 suggests that 1% addition in push factor
would increase 6.2% in delay in repatriation if remaining variables remained controlled. The
T value is 1.52 and is significant at .129. It implies that the substitute hypothesis may be
agreed that is: push factor has insignificant positive effect on delay in repatriation.

Regression coefficient (β 3) = .125 that implies that in case even one percent increase in pull
factor will increase 12.5% in delay in repatriation if other variables are controlled. The T
value is 4.3 and is meaningful at 000. It indicates that the alternative hypothesis should be
accepted that is: pull factor has meaningful positive outcome on delay in repatriation.
 139

4.14. Paired Sample T-test

Table 21. Paired Samples - Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation T Sig

Bannu 1.3093 375 .79456 16.22 .000

Pair 1
Bazen Khel 1.9227 375 .69904

Bannu 1.3093 375 .79456 53.93 .000

Pair 2
Karak 3.2827 375 .89866

Bannu 1.3093 375 .79456 56.98 .000

Pair 3
Lucky Marwat 3.8960 375 .63107

Pair 4 Bannu 1.3093 375 .79456 42.58 .000

 140

Sperka
4.5093 375 1.03122
Waziran

Bazen Khel 1.9227 375 .69904 23.04 .000

Pair 5
Karak 3.2827 375 .89866

Bazen Khel 1.9227 375 .69904 53.93 .000

Pair 6
Lucky Marwat 3.8960 375 .63107

Bazen Khel 1.9227 375 .69904 56.98 .000

Pair 7
Sperka
4.5093 375 1.03122
Waziran

Karak 3.2827 375 .89866 16.21 .000

Pair 8
Lucky Marwat 3.8960 375 .63107

Karak 3.2827 375 .89866 15.89 .000

Pair 9
Sperka
4.5093 375 1.03122
Waziran

Lucky Marwat 3.8960 375 .63107 16.65 .000

Pair 10
Sperka
4.5093 375 1.03122
Waziran

The results of matched examples t-test utilized for relatively measures the mean distinction of
Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lucky Marwat and Sperka Waziran urban communities of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The mean score of Bannu city was discovered 1.309 and
Bazen Khel was discovered 1.92. It shows that Bazen Khel has more prominent mean score
when contrasted with Bannu urban communities of KPK, Pakistan. The SD (Standard
deviation) was discovered more noteworthy in the Bannu city when contrasted with Bazen
Khel city. The t reverence stood exposed 16.22 and striking reverence was exposed .000
 141

which exhibits that extraordinary multiplicity has been set up in the midst of the Bannu and
Bazen Khel city of KPK, Pakistan. It portrayed that there was a noteworthy distinction
between the mean score of Bannu and Bazen Khel urban areas of KPK, Pakistan.

The mean score of Bannu city was discovered 1.309 and Karak was discovered 3.28. It shows
that Karak has more prominent mean score contrasted with Bannu city of KP. The SD
(Standard Deviation) was discovered lower in the Bannu city contrasted with Karak city. The
t reverence was exposed 53.93 and striking reverence was exposed .000 which exhibits that
extensive diversity has been establish in the midst of the Bannu and Karak urban
communities of KP. It delineated that there was a critical contrast between the mean score of
Bannu and Karak urban areas.

The mean score of Bannu city was discovered 1.309 and Lakki Marwat was discovered 3.89.
It exhibits that Lakki Marwat has more noteworthy mean score contrasted with Bannu city.

The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered more noteworthy in the Bannu city contrasted
with Lakki Marwat city. The t reverence was exposed 56.98 and striking reverence was
exposed .000 which exhibits that extensive diversity has been originate in the midst of the
Bannu and Lucky Marwat urban communities. It portrayed that there was a noteworthy
distinction between the mean score of Bannu and Lakki Marwat urban communities.

The mean score of Bannu city was discovered 1.309 and Sperka Waziran was discovered
4.50. It shows that Sperka Waziran has more prominent mean score contrasted with Bannu
city. The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered lower in the Bannu city contrasted with
Sperka Waziran city. The t reverence was exposed 42.58 and striking reverence was exposed
.000 which validates that extensive diversity has been originate in the midst of the Bannu and
Sperka Waziran urban areas of KP. It portrayed that there was a huge distinction between the
mean score of Bannu and Sperka Waziran urban areas.

The mean score of Bazen Khel city was discovered 1.9227 and Karak city was discovered
3.28. It shows that Bazen Khel has more prominent mean score when contrasted with Karak
city. The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered more prominent in Karak city contrasted
with Bazen Khel city. The t reverence was exposed 23.04 and huge reverence was exposed
.000 which validates that extensive diversity has been originate in the midst of the Karak and
Bazen Khel urban communities. It portrayed that there was a huge distinction between the
mean score of Bazen Khel and Karak urban communities.
 142

The mean score of Bazen Khel city was discovered 1.9 and Lakki Marwat city was
discovered 3.8. It exhibits that Bazen Khel has more prominent mean score contrasted with
Lakki Marwat city. The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered lower in Lakki Marwat city
contrasted with Bazen Khel city. The t reverence was exposed 53.93 and striking reverence
was exposed .000 which validates that significant variety has been originate in the midst of
the Lucky Marwat and Bazen Khel urban communities. It delineated that there was a critical
distinction between the mean score of Bazen Khel and Lucky Marwat urban areas.

The mean score of Bazen Khel city was discovered 1.9 and Sperka Waziran city was
discovered 4.5. It shows that Bazen Khel has more noteworthy mean score when contrasted
with Sperka Waziran city. The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered more prominent in
Sperka Waziran city contrasted with Bazen Khel city. The t reverence was exposed 56.98 and
critical reverence was exposed .000 which validates that impressive diversity has been
originate in the midst of the Sperka Waziran and Bazen Khel urban communities. It portrayed
that there was a huge distinction between the mean score of Bazen Khel and Sperka Waziran
urban communities.

The mean score of Karak city was discovered 3.2 and of Lakki Marwat city 3.8. It exhibits
that Karak has bring down mean score contrasted with Lakki Marwat city. The SD (Standard
Deviation) was discovered lower in Lakki Marwat city contrasted with Karak city. The t
esteem was discovered 16.21 and noteworthy reverence was exposed .000 which validates
that significant diversity has been originate in the midst of the Lakki Marwat and Karak
urban communities. It delineated that there was a noteworthy distinction between the mean
score of Karak and Lakki Marwat urban communities.

The mean score of Karak city was discovered 3.2 and of Sperka Waziran city 4.5. It shows
that Karak has bring down mean score contrasted with Sperka Waziran city. The SD
(Standard Deviation) was discovered more prominent in SperkaWaziran city contrasted with
Karak city. The t reverence was exposed 15.89 and striking reverence was exposed .000
which validates that significant diversity has been originate in the midst of the
SperkaWaziran and Karak urban areas. It portrayed that there was a huge contrast between
the mean score of Karak and SperkaWaziran urban areas.

The mean score of Lakki Marwat city was discovered 3.2 and of SperkaWaziran city 4.5. It
exhibits that Lakki Marwat has bring down mean score contrasted with SperkaWaziran city.
 143

The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered more prominent in SperkaWaziran city

contrasted with Lakki Marwat city. The t reverence was exposed 16.65 and striking reverence
was exposed .000 which validates that extensive diversity has been originate in the midst of
the SperkaWaziran and Lakki Marwat urban communities. It portrayed that there was a huge
distinction between the mean score of Lakki Marwat and SperkaWaziran urban areas.

The mean score of Bazen Khel city was discovered 1.9 and of SperkaWaziran city 4.5. It
shows that Bazen Khel has more prominent mean score contrasted with SperkaWaziran city.
The SD (Standard Deviation) was discovered more prominent in SperkaWaziran city
contrasted with Bazen Khel city. The t reverence was exposed 56.98 and huge reverence was
exposed .000 which validates that significant diversity has been originate in the midst of the
SperkaWaziran and Bazen Khel urban communities. It delineated that there was a noteworthy
contrast between the mean score of Bazen Khel and SperkaWaziran urban areas.
 144

CHAPTER 5

IDPS REPATRIATION PROCESS: CHALLENGES & RESPONSE

5.1. Introduction

The most vital and the most critical activity of the post War against terror consolidation phase
in North Waziristan is to successfully repatriate Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) back to
place of their residence. For any political government, logical end of any military operation
lies in securing peace, regaining of political space and a well-organized move back of
displaced people of that area. IDPs may be defined as under:

“Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their
homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid
the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human
rights or natural or human made disasters, and who have not crossed an
internationally recognized state border.” 236

According to the research of Ferries Elizabeth; neither national government and nor the
international community had been successful in protecting the rights of IDPs in conflict areas
though international community response has been comparatively more effective.237 Some of
the possible reasons could be magnitude and scale of displaced people, destruction of
communication infrastructure, loss of livelihood, health, education and mental trauma etc. It
would mostly take years to bring normalcy through long term planning, dedicated funding
and political will.

The unrelenting phase of prolonged militancy and violence in North Waziristan marked with
dozens of safe havens of various terrorist groups which were operating in various areas. It
headed to the spiraling of operation ‘Zarb-e-Azb’ by the army. The remnants of terrorists and
their outfits escaped from Swat, Khyber Agency, Bajaur, Mohmand, South Waziristan and
elsewhere destined to North Waziristan. Influx of these terrorists intensified their terrorist
activities throughout the country and ‘Zarb-e-Azb’ was designed to eliminate these terrorists’

236
“Ten Years of the Guiding Principles on Internal displacement,” Forced Migration Review, December 2008,
accessed December 20, 2017, http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c6cf2372.pdf.
237
Elizabeth Ferris, "Ten Years after Humanitarian Reform: How have IDPs Fared?" Brookings (2014).
 145

from the North Waziristan and adjoining areas. The military operation was planned and
executed to strangulate, clear it from terrorists, rebuild it in its original shape and hand it back
to civil administration.238

Pakistan Army launched its cleanup operation on June 15, 2014, against different factions of
Taliban having refuge in Waziristan and involved in various acts of terrorism with in and
across the border without any selectivity or discrimination across the board. After sealing the
three sides and requesting Afghanistan for sealing of their side, the military air raided
terrorists’ camps, intercepted and severed supply routes and thereafter moved in the areas for
its physical clearance and occupation. Minimizing the civil population casualties and
avoidance of collateral damage remained priority areas for the operational forces. After a year
of fierce fighting, the operation was culminated with the clearance of militants from North
Waziristan including Shawal Valley, and Khyber Agency, including Tirah Valley.

The operation resulted in to a large scale forced displacements from the area to the adjoining
districts. The total displacements of IDPS in the area, as recorded in camps reached to camps
was estimated by UN up to 5th September 2014 as, 961,000 in numbers.239 The most of the
compelled displacements while fleeing from their homes left behind their hard earned
valuable belongings including livestock and standing crops without any safety. 240 Owing to
horde of problems in registration, ration and water provisions, inadequate health, education
provisions, non-availability of electricity and trilling rather scorching weather IDPs favored
not to stay in the camps demarcated for them. There is no denying the fact, the evacuation or
displacement phase of the IDPs was badly handled and poorly governed by the Federal and
Provincial governments thereby leaving behind dissatisfactions at large thereby turning in to
a nearly humanitarian crisis.

IDPs of Waziristan suffered inexplicably from multitude of problems during their stay at
camps that include but not limited to, undernourishment, infectious diseases, illness,
insecurity and uncertainty in the camps, limited opportunities to education and fresh drinking
water, among others. The vulnerability of displaced persons has always been a major reason

238
Aymen Ijaz, “Post-Operation Zarb-e-Azb: Security and rehabilitation challenges.” IPRI Building Consensus,
December 8, 2015.
239
Pakistan humanitarian Dashboard: NWA displacement,” Relief Web, November 10, 2017.
http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/pakistanhumanitarian-dashboard-nwa-displacement-10-sep-2014.
240
Nida, Hameed, “Struggling IDPS of North Waziristan in the Wake of Operation Zarb-e-Azb." NDU Journal,
2017, accessed 14th April 2018, http://www. ndu. edu. pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/ndujournal/NDU-Journal-
2015/05-Struggling-IDPs. pdf.
 146

for initiation of sustainable strategies for rehabilitation and quick implementation world
over.241 Sustainable rehabilitation “provide techniques to integrate IDPs into the society,
empower them economically, enrol their children in schools and expose them to proper
healthcare facilities.” Therefore, nations across the globe, African Union, UNO, and
researchers / academia on refugees and IDPs are stressing on sustainable rehabilitation
through indiscriminate provisions of basic necessities, livelihood, health, and education etc.

With the Pakistan army’s effective clearance of the operational area from militants, the
repatriation of IDPs to their homes became most important phase of the operation so as to
ensure desired consolidation of the operation. The importance of this phase was linked with
the rehabilitation of the returnees in such a way that they are naturally socialized and
integrated in the social environment. Any discrepancy or mishandling in the process of
repatriation and rehabilitation had chances of fueling in to their resentment, dis-satisfaction
and contributing to their re-radicalization. Therefore, it was expected that the Governments at
all levels, Political administration, and the law forcing agencies reinforced with Frontier
Corps and the Army would craft such a system with enabling conditions capable of sustaining
voluntarily and durable repatriations. Such a well-integrated system was required to signal
IDPs all over to gear up their returns without waste of time and doubts.242

After clearing the area and flushing out the militants from their inaccessible sanctuaries with
stunning speed, Pakistan Army, on December 8th, 2014, gave a green signal to civil
Administration (Political Administration responsible for the area) towards their preparations
for bringing back about one million IDPs to NWA.243 The repatriation and rehabilitation
phase was sequenced in distinct phases. The operation was initiated with the government and
army support by dividing it into four clear phases starting from March 2015 to November
2016 for completion of the operation. It was a major challenge for the political administration
as number of displacements in other parts of the province had not been managed well earlier.
Population displacement in case of NWA had been quite large as compare to earlier
displacements.

241
Oluwole, Israel Oluwasanmi, and Okechukwu Innocent Eme. "Rehabilitation of IDPs in North East Nigeria:
Challenges and Prospects."
242
Ibid.
243
Yusuf, Kamran, “Winding up the offensive: Army gives nod for the return of the IDPs to N Waziristan,” The
Express Tribune, December 8, 2014. accessed December 30, 2017, http://tribune.com.pk/story/803426/winding-
up-the-offensivearmy-gives-nod-for-return-of-idps-to-n-waziristan/.
 147

The administration planning and controlling the repatriation of IDPs in Waziristan was quite
aware of the problems faced by the returning IDPs of Swat. Swat IDPs on their return to Swat
in 2009, “discovered demolished schools, clinics and hospitals; houses, spoiled fields and
orchards; markets crippled by food deficiencies; and the military’s continuous curfews.”244
The IDPs of Waziristan, after months of their displacement, expected the similar situation
they are likely to face was experienced in Swat. Hence, they were muddle whether the
government will fulfill its pledges of making compensation package for their losses and
rebuild their partial or fully destroyed home, business centers and property etc. Therefore, the
IDPs from North Waziristan claimed payment of their compensation and reconstruction
packages, and compensation for basic necessities before they repatriate or leave their IDP
camps.245 Tribal elders of North Waziristan in during talk with TNN NEWS voiced that,
“their homes, shops and other support structure has been destroyed in military operations
against the militants. Before any move back, government should give them enough money to
reconstruct their houses. The compensation amount should be Pakistan Rupees 300,000 for
urgent needs of rehabilitation.”246 The IDPs were given Pakistan Rupees. 25,000 as initial
cash support and Pakistan Rupees. 10,000 for moving back home besides food packs for first
6 months. IDPs were also provided essential utilization items for every household.247

5.2. Rehabilitation Process; Salient from Review of Literature

Rehabilitation of displaced people is by integrating them in the society in order to fulfil their
social and economic needs. Rehabilitation is imagined as a course that would reverse the
risks of radicalization and resentments. Cornea suggests model of rehabilitation that
encompasses a progression of changes:

 Landlessness to arrive based resettlement

 Joblessness to re-business
 Food frailty to safe nourishment
 Homelessness to house remaking

244
“Pakistan: The Worsening IDP Crisis,” International Crises Group, September 16, 2010.
245
“NW IDPs demand compensation before repatriation,” Press TV, November 5, 2014, accessed October 20,
2016, http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/11/05/384908/nwidps-demand-compensation-before-
repatriation/default.html.
246
“North Waziristan families demand compensation, basic facilities before repatriation,” Tribal News
Network, January 15, 2015, accessed January 20, 2015, http://radiotnn.com/?p=10554.
247
Umbreen, Javaid, "Evaluating Rehabilitation Process in FATA: Challenges and Prospects." Journal of
Political Studies, Vol. 23, Issue - 1, 2016, pp. 323:339.
 148

 Increased dismalness and mortality to enhanced wellbeing and prosperity

 Social disarticulation and hardship of regular property assets to network recreation and
social incorporation.

To manage such a large-scale repatriation in a short time and rehabilitate them in their homes
in a befitting manner, matching infrastructure, well trained manpower and huge amount was
required by the Government. Hence the repatriation phase is encompassing multi-
dimensional challenges for the returning IDPs not to become prey of radicalization again.
Towards a successful repatriation, the Political administration supported by other
departments and agencies was to carve out Repatriation and Rehabilitation that is not only
well thought out and well-integrated rather is capable of dealing it within one phase.
Following are some of the essential factors to be taken in consideration.

 Voluntary returns with full facilitation through provision of transport, and repatriation /
rehabilitation package. Government support and add in a systematized and deliberate
homecoming the immigrated individuals just like charitable homecoming as of factual of
the IDPs.
 Psychological therapy that repatriates may require on their return because they on
reaching their hometowns may witness devastation or even obliteration of their towns and
resulting in to psychological problems.
 Smooth Rehabilitation process, better than displacement/ camping process they
experience at the of displacement.
 It is obligatory upon the Government and the local administration to ensure
reconstruction of homes, road networks, shops, markets, mosques, playgrounds, schools,
health and other civic facilities.
 Owing to the reported destruction of villages and houses, the administration must arrange
to run elementary amenities i.e. lodging, hygiene, harmless eating aquatic, baked nutrition
etc. to the IDPs upon their arrival in their villages.
 Ensure secure and full access to their own live stocks, crops, and other means of
livelihood. It is commitment as per administration to recompense inhabitants whose
harvests have been destroyed or seriously damaged in their land, where cattle have
expired or away misplaced, by whom garages have mugged and damaged etc.
 Compensating to cope up the economic losses of the valuable belongings, standing crops
and live stocks left behind by the IDPs. The reimbursement must encompass adequate
 149

amount to rebuild impaired houses and begin their maintenances through several
commerce or some further adding with work that the same practicing earlier. Hence it is
responsibility of the Administration to ensure repair of maintenances and admission to
rudimentary provisions.
 According to small period degree management through the assistance of charitable
administrations necessity start arena infirmaries and deliver allowed medicine.
 Ensuring enabling Security from the remnants of militants and sleeper cells of the
terrorists, if any. Successful repatriation culminating at sustained rehabilitation of the
IDPs to their homes and workplaces is fundamentally contingent upon the law and order
situation and creation of secure environment. Though Army claims routing of the
militants, media confirmed killing and arrest of many of Taliban commanders, but still
there are reports of existing of some pockets of militants that could be source of concern
for returning IDPs.
 Restoring confidence of parents for sending their daughters back to school, through
creations of suitable security environment and reconstruction of education facilities has
been one of the major priority areas for political administration and military.
 The Administration should promptly reestablish energy and wire scheme, marine source,
irrigation canals as well as wells infrastructure that shall entails overhaul to rehabilitate it.
 Providing financial compensations to the shops/ business owners, landlords and private
property owners, who lost their business and infrastructure due to war against terrorists or
due to their prolonged displacement from their ownerships.
 Clearing of the areas from the unexploded mines or munitions left buried in the areas,
alongside roads/ tracks, in the public buildings and the fields. This could be one of the
dangerous threats that would need urgent attention of the administration as well as
military authorities.
 150

5.3. Theoretical Framework

Independent Variables

Security

Livelihoods

Education

Health Successful
Rehabilitation

Creation of
safe Business
Environment

Social Infra
Structure
 151

5.4. Hypotheses Development

Constructed on theoretical and conceptual framework of this research derived from the
appraisal of the prose on the subject, subsequent theories are developed to verify the
probability of the rehabilitation’s success of the North Waziristan’s IDPs repatriating to their
homes after the conclusion of the operation:

H-1. Improvement in the security environment has significant relationship with the
success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

H-2. Improvement in the Livelihood environment has significant relationship with

the success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

H-3. Improvement in the education environment has significant relationship with

the success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs

H-4. Improvement in the Health environment has significant relationship with the
success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

H-5. Improvement in the creation of Business environment has significant

relationship with the success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

H-6. Improvement in the social infra-structure environment has significant

relationship with the success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs

5.5. Research Methodology

The research is exploratory and descriptive in nature aiming to determine that whether the
North Waziristan environment are rehabilitation friendly for the returning IDPs or otherwise.
The assessment of the prevailing environment is done by collecting data from two different
sources as follow:

 Secondary Data was about the post operation development work in the area through
Government and Civil Administration’s reports
 The primary data is based on the perception of the returning IDPs after the operation is
over. These perceptions are collected from two different groups of IDPs as they perceive
the prevailing living environment in their homes town and the pace of development which
 152

is underlying factor in successful rehabilitation of the repatriating families. These

perceptions were collected through survey method administering 100 questionnaires each
of the following:
 Returning IDPs of the various areas of North Waziristan as they perceived about the
various aspects of the living/ rehabilitating environment in their home towns.
 Perceptions of the people of South Waziristan to ascertain the degree of their satisfaction
level on their sustainable rehabilitation and the speed / success of improvement of
development as promised to them by the administration at the time of their repatriation.
The perceptions about the degree of fulfillment of promises of administration would
reinforce the confidence of the returning IDPs of the North Waziristan about the success of
their smooth and sustainable rehabilitation and resettlement.

The questionnaire was adapted from Cornea Model248 aimed at measuring the predictors of
sustained rehabilitation process of repatriating IDPs such as; Physical and psychological
security of the returnees living environment, economic or financial environment to sustain
the lively hood of the returnees, provision of adequate and quality health and education
facilities; peaceful business operations and openness and safe access to the business markets,
and development of the socio-cultural infra-structure to the extent that the repatriates are at
their will to celebrate their ceremonies and social function without any fear of persecution on
the bases of their ideology, religion, belief, gender, socio-cultural values or affiliation with
any social or political group. The questionnaire (attached as “Annexure-B”) was put through
the statistical test Cron-batch Alpha249 to establish the inner consistency of the instrument.
The resultant coefficient revealed that each predictor through its integral items is reliable.

The data analyses of primary and secondary data conducted through analysis and descriptive
statistics and presented in the sequence as follow:

 Secondary Data
 Primary data obtained through the survey method from 200 returning IDPs to their home
towns in North & South Waziristan

248
I Deborah Lupton, Digital Sociology (London, England: Routledge, 2014), 125.
249
Joseph A. Gliem, and Rosemary R. Gliem. "Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha
reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales." Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing,
and Community Education, 2003.
 153

5.6. Analyses of the Sustained Rehabilitation Environment

Secondary Data Analyses: Inter services Public Relation (ISPR) directorate,

FDMA and the Civil Administration of the North Waziristan agency have been sharing
number of updates in their regular briefings, presentations and various handouts for visitors.
According to these sources, due to dedicated and untiring efforts of Pakistan military,
majority of the Internally Displaced Persons have gone back and resettled in their left out
houses in their native villages. Many of these Internally Displaced Persons left their homes to
avoid getting caught in cross fire between military forces and militants. One of the reasons
was to avoid collateral damage that could possibly be caused due to military operations. The
sources retreated that the provision of basic facilities of life and return of socio-culture
environment in a peaceful color, in the once-turbulent tribal agency, is a high priority both
for political administration as well as military.

According to claims of the Fata Disaster Management Authority (FDMA), around 96 % of

IDPs have been successfully repatriated back to their homes.250 The repatriation of
remaining left over 4% is in process and likely to be completed soon. Various
development projects were initiated by the Pakistan Army to restore basic facilities in North
Waziristan Agency after launching of military operation with code name of Zarb e Azb.
These projects include roads, hospitals, schools and other schemes. Details are given as
under:

5.6.1. Health Sector

Hospitals

 Hospitals have been made functional at Agency Headquarters and Tehsil Headquarters of
Razmak and Mir Ali.
 Entire work of construction on Mir Ali Tehsil Headquarters Hospital has been finished
and is now functional. The facility of 64-bed hospital has been well taken care of as far as
equipment is concerned. A provision has been kept where the facility can be upgraded to
110 Beds hospital. Hospital has been made fully operational after its rehabilitation and
installation of required equipment. General public is now benefiting from this new setup.

250
“FDMA Claims 96% IDPs have returned” Dawn, October 4, 2017, accessed June 6, 2018,
https://www.dawn.com/news/1361644.
 154

 Efforts to upgrade hospitals down to Tehsil Headquarters level have been part of the plan.
Razmak and Datta Khel Tehsil Headquarters Hospitals have been upgraded from their
existing capacity to Grade D. Population of these areas have grown in substantial number
raising the need of expansion of facilities to meet the health needs. Up gradation of the
facilities is likely to meet the need and expectations of the population.251
 Polio Campaign: North Waziristan Agency has been one of those areas where Polio
has not been completely eradicated. Polio teams have always been facing challenges in
reaching out far flung areas with old mindset. Perception of people about Polio in these
areas have been very negative. To make area free of Polio virus, a campaign has been
launched door to door to reach out maximum population of the area. With involvement of
all stake holders, campaign has been quite encouraging.

5.6.2. Roads Infrastructure and Intra Agency Connectivity

 Road Bannu-Miran Shah-Ghulam Khan (BMG) 82 kilometers: The subject road was
constructed with active support of US Agency for International Aid at the cost of PKR
8.7 billion. This is one of the major roads linking Miran Shah with rest of the country
through Bannu. This link through Ghulam Khan shall also serve as a good trade link
between Pakistan and Afghanistan.252
 The 82-kilometre road is one of the important roads connecting across the border with
Afghanistan. This is going to serve as one of the major cross border routes connecting
FATA, KP and rest of the country with Afghanistan. It is expected that development of
infrastructure will bring major economic change in the area that shall also help in control
of illegal and undesirable activities in the area. The details are given in succeeding table
as well.253

251
“FATA: Construction work on Mir Ali Hospital completed”, Radio TNN, August 18,2015, accessed June
6,2018, https://www.radiotnn.com/construction-work-on-mir-ali-hospital-completed/.
252
“Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Third phase of IDPs’ return to Upper Orakzai Agency starts”, Daily Times,
November 16, 2018, accessed June 06, 2018, ,https://dailytimes.com.pk/45670/third-phase-of-idps-return-to-
upper-orakzai-agency-starts/ .
253
Official FWO Website, accessed June 6,2018, https://www.fwo.com.pk/new/index.php/projects/ongoing-
projects/highways/266-bannu-miranshah-ghulam-khan-road.
 155

Project Name: Bannu - Miran Shah - Ghulam Khan Road

Project Location FATA (KPK)

Date of initiation: September 2011

Details of Work: Length - 82.5 Km Construction of Road

Total Project Cost: PKR 7201.45 Million

Completion Date September 2016

 Pakistan Emirates Friendship Road (Miranshah-Razmak-Makeen) 72 Kilometers.

Project Name: Makeen - Razmak - Miran shah Rd

Project Location within Country: FATA (KPK)

Date of initiation June 2012

Details of Work: Length - 72 Km Construction of Road

Total Project Cost: PKR 5433 Million

Completion Date August 2016

 Internal City Roads of Mir Ali. This small internal road infrastructure will improve
within the city boost economic activity as well as confidence of returnees to their areas.
Number of such improvements of internal infrastructure is planned to be undertaken in
coming years.254

254
Official FWO Website, accessed June 6,2018, https://www.fwo.com.pk/new/index.php/projects/ongoing-
projects/highways/266-bannu-miranshah-ghulam-khan-road.
 156

Name of the Project Internal Roads of Mir Ali

Location of the Project NWA (FATA)

Date of Initiation: July 2016

Country: Pakistan

Details of Work: 4.7-Kilometre-long road

Total Project Cost: PKR 401 Million

Completion Date September 2017

 Internal City Roads of Miran Shah 17.4 kilometers. It is a project of various roads,
internal city roads and certain bypasses skirting major population center around Miran
Shah. This road infrastructure is likely to boost economic activities in the area for
returnees’ local traders.255

Project Name: Miran Shah City Road projects

Project Location NWA (FATA)

Date of Initiation: July 2016

Details of Work: 17.4 Kilometres Road

Total Project Cost: PKR 714 Million

Completion Date March 2018

255
Official FWO Website, accessed June 6,2018, https://www.fwo.com.pk/new/index.php/projects/ongoing-
projects/highways/266-bannu-miranshah-ghulam-khan-road.
 157

 Internal City Roads of Makeen 2.76 kilometers. This project aims at

development of the Makeen City by constructing internal infrastructure and road
network.256

Project Name: Makeen City Roads

Date of initiation: August 2016

Country: Pakistan

Details of Work: 2.7 Kilometres Road

Total Project Cost: PKR 186 Million

Completion Date September 2017

 Road Mir Ali-Ghariom-Dosali 57 kilometers

Project Name: Mir Ali - Ghariom - Dossali Road

Project Location within Country: NWA (FATA)

Project initiation Jul 2016

Details of Work: Road, culverts and support structure

Total Project Cost: PKR 2043 Million

Completion Date May 2018

 Road Miran Shah-Datta Khel 41.2 kilometers. A small town of Datta Khel
will be connected through this road to Miran Shah. Datta Khel is a beautiful screen town
situated 41 kilometers from Miran Shah at Pak Afghan border. Road will have its
supporting structure against natural hazards, and it is likely to be an all-weather road for

256
Official FWO Website, accessed June 6,2018, https://www.fwo.com.pk/new/index.php/projects/ongoing-
projects/highways/266-bannu-miranshah-ghulam-khan-road.
 158

trade and movement. This pioneer project is likely to form basis for further development
of facilities in the area including education.257

Project Name: Road Miran Shah to Datta Khel

Project Location within Country: NWA (FATA)

Date of Commencement: Jul 2016

Roads, culverts and retaining walls

Work Details:
infrastructure

Total Project Cost: PKR 1563 Million

Completion Date March 2018

 Projects in Planning Phases North Waziristan Agency258

 Road Dre Nishtar-Pash Ziarat-Razmak 71 kilometers
 Road Mana-Datta Khel 50 kilometers
 Road Ghariom-Razmak 22km

5.6.3. Markets and Trade Terminals.

Market complex to connect North Waziristan Agency to CPEC259

 The construction of market complex has restored confidence of those people who had lost
their major source of livelihood during military operation in the area. Number of such
markets and economic hubs are coming up in the area that will connect these areas to
mainland. On operationalization of middle corridor of CPEC, these areas will have larger
connectivity to rest of the country.

 A new market complex constructed by the military was also inaugurated by the Prime
Minister. This complex housed 1344 shops, water supply system, electricity, Mosques
and other necessary facilities. Such positive steps have added confidence in IDPs moving
back to own areas.

257
Official FWO Website, accessed June 6,2018, https://www.fwo.com.pk/new/index.php/projects/ongoing-
projects/highways/266-bannu-miranshah-ghulam-khan-road.
258
Ibid.
259
Official CPEC Website, accessed June 06, 2018, http://cpecinfo.com/cpec-news-detail.php?id=NTIxNw==
 159

 Ghulam Khan Trade Terminal

 The prime minister also inaugurated Trade Terminal at Ghulam Khan has also been
inaugurated by Prime Minister. This terminal is likely to become part of one of the
corridors of CPEC. "These newly-constructed trade terminal and communication
infrastructure in tribal areas will connect this market complex with CPEC at Dera Ismail
Khan and will have its share in national and regional trade routes," the ISPR stated.
"Commercial dividends are awaiting a new chapter of prosperity and economical uplift of
the area".

 A model town is also in final stages in main Miran Shah City.260

 Army constructed a latest style market in North Waziristan during March 2018. A
modern market having number of new shops have been constructed in the area. This
market has also been provided other essential components like space for parking,
Mosque, and playground in it.261
 Younas Khan Stadium (20,000 Capacity) - Miran Shah: Chief of Army Staff, General
Mohammad Raheel Sharif in March 2016 inaugurated Younas Khan stadium in Miran
Shah, the administrative headquarter of the North Waziristan Agency. The Army Chief
also laid foundation stone of state of the art Younas Khan sports Complex in Miran Shah
for the youth, to be constructed by Army engineers. Renowned cricketer Younas Khan
was also present on the occasion, as the Complex has been named after him.262

5.6.4. Education

 North Waziristan Agency is one of those agencies that remained in headlines as its
territory was reportedly under use of local and international terrorists. Military operation
resulted into displacement of large number of families that were forced to leave their
home towns for safety and security of their lives and property. Like any such
displacements, children were one of those categories worst affected. Education of these
children were seriously affected due to closure of schools and colleges in the area. Many

260
Sirajuddin, “After Army's clean-up of North Waziristan, locals want civilian government to get in action”,
Dawn News, May 18,2018, accessed June 6, 2018, https://www.dawn.com/news/1333941.
261
“FATA: Pak Army inaugurates market in NWA”, Radio TNN, March 19, 2018, accessed June 6, 2018,
https://www.radiotnn.com/pak-army-inaugurates-market-in-nwa/.
262
“COAS lays foundation stone of Younas Khan Sports Complex in Miranshah”, ARY News, March 22,2018,
accessed June 06,2018, https://arynews.tv/en/coas-lays-founx-in-miranshah/ .
 160

educational institutions were also severely damaged due to operation and militants’
activities.
 Habib Ullah, the education officer of North Waziristan believes that education system is
still operational and meeting its basic expectation. The perception about total collapse of
the education system may not be true. He believes that most of the education institutions
of the area are well equipped and completely functional. An educationist should be
optimistic, but Habib Ullah seems highly optimist.263 However, like many other places of
Pakistan, North Waziristan Agency is no exception to some ghost schools as well. At the
same time, another individual from the area Mr. Syed Muhammad believes the picture is
entirely different and out of 971 Schools, about 50 high and primary schools have been
completely destroyed and would need its complete reconstruction. There are around 65
schools that have been partially damaged and shall need its rehabilitation.

5.7. Analyses of Primary Data: North Waziristan Repatriates

The Survey research method, through enumerators, administered 100 set of questionnaires to
the repatriate IDPs of North Waziristan. The respondents were accessed through convenient
sampling techniques to measure their perceptions with regards to prevalence of various
factors necessary for the sustained rehabilitation process in the area in post operation
environment. Efforts were made to get the 100 questionnaires filled despite the refusal of
many, on different pretext, to fill the questionnaire. The duly filled questionnaires were
subjected to the field as well as central editing to ensure their completeness and legibility in
all respects. The data retrieved from the questionnaires was subjected to the descriptive
statistics analyses and following tables are frequency distribution table that exhibits the
frequencies of the respondents.

263
Dawar Rasool, “Going back to school in North Waziristan”, Geo News, accessed June 06, 2018,
https://www.geo.tv/latest/184085-going-to-school-in-north-waziristan.
 161

Table 22. Respondents Ages (North Waziristan)

Ages Frequency Percentage

20-35 years 34 34.0

36-50 years 27 27.0

51 and above years 39 39.0

Total 100 100.0

The aforementioned respondents ages are exhibits that there exists (34) members among 20-
35 years of ages, (27) members among 36-50 years of ages and (39) members among 51 and
above years of ages, respectively. However, it shall be noted that these male members are
either head of family or being male member keep their decisive position with in the family.
 162

Table 23. Gender of Respondents (North Waziristan)

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 74 74.0

Female 26 26.0

Total 100 100.0

Aforementioned tabulated data that amongst the respondent’s gender diversity there and the
degree of variations exhibits that there exists seventy-four (74) members in male category
and twenty-six (26) participants were female who took part in the survey. However most the
females were unable to read and write the questionnaire therefore the enumerator being the
courier of the questionnaire helped these females in understanding the questions and filling
the instruments
 163

Table 24. Respondent –Repatriated From

Village/City Frequency Percent

Bannu 31 31.0

Bazen Khel 32 32.0

Karak 19 19.0

Lucky Marwat 14 14.0

Sperka Waziran 4 4.0

Total 100 100.00

Respondents residence village/city are aforementioned that exhibits that there exists (31)
members were from Bannu city, (32) members were from Bazen Khel village, (19) members
 164

were from Karak city, (14) members from Lucky Marwat city and (4) members were from
Sperka Waziran village respectively.

Table 25. Adequate Security is Available in Your Place

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 21 21.0

Agreed 75 75.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answered the question i.e. “Adequate security is

available in your returning place”. Total Twenty-one (21) respondents disagreed, seventy-
five (75) respondents were agreed that security of the area is adequate up to their satisfaction
level, however, four (4) respondents did not give any response to the question. The results
show that the repatriating IDPs have confidence on security and the factor of physical and
psychological is the most critical factor considered around which the sustainability of
 165

rehabilitation process hinges upon. Once a majority of returnees indicate their confidence in
security of the area, it could set a stage for other allied requirements to follow. A repatriation
will truly be successful if it has been matched up with required safety and security.

Table 26. Frontier Constabulary/ Khasadars1 Force is Accessible for

Assistance when needed

Response Frequency Percent

Disagree 24 24.0

Agree 72 72.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

The general perceptions of the returnees in table 4 above is reinforced by their response
reflected in this question as tabulated in table 5 above. The aforementioned table’s
respondents answer the question i.e. “Frontier Constabulary/Khasadars Force is accessible
 166

for assistance when needed”. Total (24) respondents were disagree, (72) respondents were
agreed and (4) respondents were given no response to the question. This perception of
availability and assess ability of law enforcing agencies, especially Frontier
Constabulary/Khasadars, at the time of need, builds upon the confidence of respondents on
the security infrastructure of the area.

Frontier Constabulary and or Khasadars are normally recruited locally from various tribes.
Being from the same area, a level of local confidence is established with in the community.
Language understanding and cultural awareness have given enough leverage to this category
of Law Enforcement Agency (LEA) to exercise its authority and responsibility in maintaining
essential decorum of law enforcement. This category of LEAs is less trained, less paid and
are not exposed to high level of stress where it has to display its professional competencies. It
remains effective in doing basic maintenance of civic order against law respecting locals.
However, in case of any confrontation with high level of militants, this force may not be able
to withstand pressures and is likely to succumb. In any such situation, this force would be
required to be beefed up through frontier corps or regular military force to fight against such
militants. Frontier Constabulary and or Khasadars remains useful for routine monitoring of
various check posts and to ensure a regulated flow of traffic in the area. Any expectation
beyond this routine tasking may jeopardize the overall security expectations.

Table 27. Remnants of Militants are timely identified and arrested by

security forces

Response Frequency Percent

Disagreed 26 26.0

Agreed 68 68.0

Preferred Not to Response 6 6.0

Total 100 100.0

 167

The most critical determinant of security perception is the fear of existing sleeper cells or
remnants of the terrorists even after the clearance of the area. These remnants might have
been left back/ survived under the guise of local populace or they might have reentered the
area under the cover of repatriating IDPs. The persistence of such fear does not let the
returnee feel secured in their home thereby affecting sustainability of their rehabilitation and
resettlement. Therefore, the question was asked to determine returned degree of confidence in
this regard. In aforementioned table respondents answered the question i.e. “Ruminants of
Militants are timely identified and arrested by security forces”. Total Twenty-six (26)
respondents were disagreed, whereas, sixty-eight (68) respondents were agreed with the
statement. And six (6) respondents were given no response to the question.

An immediate fear of returnees remains activation of dormant militants or slipped away

persons who are likely to resurface once areas have been handed over back to civil
authorities. During all such military operations, many terrorists tries to slip away to avoid
being killed or arrested. Being in close proximity of Afghanistan and other agencies, it was
feared that some terrorists might have been slipped and diluted to surrounding areas.
However, majority of respondents showed their satisfaction and confidence on response and
abilities of Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs). Ability of LEAs to address any such issue is
a major positive factor for motivation of returnees to their homes.
 168

Table 28. Sufficient Security is provided to Schooling

Frequency Percentage

Response

Disagreed 27 27.0

Agreed 68 68.0

Preferred Not to Response 5 5.0

Total 100 100.0

The militants over the year of their dominance in the area had targeted the schools and
education institutions to the large extents. Hundreds of schools were destroyed, teachers and
students were not allowed to attend these schools and education was seriously disrupted. The
one of the indicator of returning peace and normalization was taken by this research as
“security of schools and schooling process” It has been encouraging response that the people
of the area after feeling confidence of their security and security infrastructure have reposed
 169

their confidence on the security of schooling as well. The aforementioned table respondents
answered the question i.e. “Sufficient security is provided to schooling”. Total twenty-seven
(27) respondents disagreed with the statement showing their doubts still existing; whereas,
sixty-eight (68) respondents posed their confidence on the security of schooling by ticking
the agree response and five (5) respondents have given no response to the question.

In any forced migrations, education is one of those factors that will have long term
implications on next generation of affected population. Education gets seriously affected due
to move from areas of residence to new locations. Capacity of local schools in host
communities were over stretched beyond its capacity to handle the influx of new students.
Otherwise also, during initial temporary settlement of IDPs, many families who had no
capacity to hire any accommodation or even stay with host families, had no options less to
stay in these educational institutions. Upon return to their areas of inhabitance, a confidence
in school security indicate that normalcy has started in the area. Restoration of educational
activities is fundamental need of displaced population upon return.

Table 29. Social events like Marriages or Sports are Safe to Attend

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 27 27.0

Agreed 62 62.0

Preferred Not to Response 11 11.0

Total 100 100.0

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In the aforementioned table no.8, most of the respondents answered the question i.e. “Social
events like marriages, or sports are safe to attend”. Twenty-seven (27) respondents were
found on disagree mode, whereas, sixty-two (62) respondents were found agreeing with the
statement and (11) respondents were given no response to the question. During militancy and
terrorism period in the area witnessed no writ of the state and relegation of socio-cultural
norms to their lowest ebb. People were not allowed to celebrate their personal and social
function in their traditional ways, rather such celebrations were dubbed with the anti-Islamic
injections. The return of free life is observed through freedom of socio-cultural values which
have been confirmed amongst most of the returnees. Restoration of social activities can lead
to building up of confidence of returnees. Number of support events were targeted by the
terrorists to instill fear and uncertainty in the population. Similarly, marriages and other
social gatherings were also seriously affected by law and order situation.

Table 30. Check post and security patrolling of the Area is Continued

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 71 71.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 171

The aforementioned table no. 9 revealed that most of the individuals have confirmed that the
“Check post and security patrolling of the area is continued” in the area. Only twenty-five
(25) respondents disagreed with the statement of the question, whereas, seventy-one (71)
respondents agreed thereby showing their confidence on the effectiveness of the security
operates. Only four (4) respondents did not response to the question. The recent reports have
re-confirmed that security check post network is continuously revisited and only necessary
are kept intact and unnecessary are removed to revive confidence among the masses.

Security Check posts in the area can play major role in checking the movement of terrorists.
Strict checking had led to arrest of many wanted criminals and terrorists. Similarly, regular
patrolling in the area could be quite helpful in detecting movement of terrorists as well as
planting of various IEDs at night. Regular patrolling could also be beneficiary to respond to
any unforeseen situation in the area. A concept of dedicated force in shape of Quick Reaction
Force (QRF) was also put in to practice for a quick response. Sensitive areas were identified,
contingency plans prepared, a well composed force was earmarked with weapons and
individuals that could respond in shortest possible time. Such QRF played a key role in
restoring confidence of returnees by responding to situations on information of any terrorists’
movement.
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Table 31. Hidden Minefields are cleared from Routes, Fields etc.

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 23 23.0

Agreed 70 70.0

Preferred Not to Response 7 7.0

Total 100 100.0

The sustainability of rehabilitation process demands that people of the area can go for work
and in the field without any fear of blast, militancy or uncertainty. The frequent reports of
hidden minefields on the routes and in the fields in the abandoned conflict zones, blasting of
munitions and unfused bombs are all manifestations of physical and psychological insecurity.
The aforementioned table no.10 shows that majority of the respondents are satisfied and
previewed that there exists no left-over mines or munitions on the routes and in their field,
 173

thereby they can work for their living without any fear. While answering the question i.e.
“Hidden minefields are cleared from routes, fields etc.”., twenty-three (23) respondents
disagreed, seventy (70) respondents agree with the statement and only seven (7) respondents
have given no response to the question.

Frequent use of IEDs, booby traps and other kinds of minefields were used by the terrorists to
cause casualties of armed forces and delay their follow up. These minefields did serve the
purpose of terrorists but at the same time resulted into civilian persons trapped as well.
Clearance of all such hidden minefield is always a major challenge for any security forces
around the world. This clearance of routes and fields did take a considerable time before it
was considered safe to let the returnees in their areas.

Table 32 Adequate Financial Assistance was rendered at the time of

Repatriation

Response Frequency Percent

Disagreed 36 36.0

Agreed 58 58.0

Preferred Not to Response 6 6.0

Total 100 100.0

 174

The sustainability of rehabilitation is linked with the availability of living means and
livelihood in the area under control. The frequency and magnitude of the economic activity is
determinant of the livelihood. The repatriating families when left their homes, they were
deprived of their livelihoods, their standing crops, live stocks, shops and other businesses. At
the time of repatriation, they were full of fear that how will they restart their routine life?
Therefore, to address their genuine fear they were expecting from the civil administration to
provide them adequate amount at the time of repatriation.

The aforementioned table numbers.32 shows that most of the individuals were satisfied with
the financial help in the form of startup money at the time of leaving their IDPs camps. Such
government’s amounts may never compensate actual damages, but it could be a good instant
relief. Such instant relief is considered good for reinitiating the life by repairing damage
house, putting water and electricity etc. in order. The breakdown of the responses of the
question i.e. “Adequate financial assistance was rendered at the time of repatriation”
reveals that thirty-six (36) respondents disagreed with the statement while fifty-eight 58)
respondents were found agreed and (6) respondents with no response to the question.

Table 33. Loss of Valuable Belonging left behind at the time of sudden
Displacement is compensated

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 36 36.0

Agreed 60 60.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

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In connection with the table 11 above, the respondents were genuinely expecting due
compensation of their financial losses at the time of sudden displacement in the shape of
loss of valuable belonging, standing crops, live stocks or the damaged/ destroyed houses,
shops or businesses. Without due financial compensation, their sustained rehabilitation
seemed a distant reality. With regard to loss of valuable belonging the responses to the
statement while answering the question i.e. “Loss of valuable belonging left behind at the
time of sudden displacement is compensated”, thirty-six (36) respondents disagree, sixty
(60) respondents agreed and four (4) respondents gave no response to the question.

Initiation of military operation in North Waziristan was launched without any major early
warnings. One possible reason could be to keep the element of surprise and not to let the
terrorists to flee the area. Operation that was launched in month of June, in hot summer,
resulted into major displacement without any organized fashion. People tried to collect
whatever possibly they can take along and left their house. People with own transport had an
advantage of flexibility in moving out while many did not have this luxury and had to travel
many miles to get needed transport. Like any other major displacement, many people could
not take all of their valuables and were required to be compensated by the government on
repatriation.
 176

Table 34. Loss of Standing Crops/Live Stocks/ Shop/ Business due to

Displacement is compensated by the Administration

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 22 22.0

Agreed 70 70.0

Preferred Not to Response 8 8.0

Total 100 100.0

The repatriating IDPs were genuinely expecting due compensation of their financial losses at
the time of sudden displacement in the shape of loss of standing crops, live stocks or the
damaged/ destroyed houses, shops or businesses. Without due financial compensation, their
sustained rehabilitation did not seem possible hence government support in this regard was
considered essential. With regard to loss of standing corps, live stocks or destruction,
 177

damage of shops etc. the aforementioned table shows that respondents while answering the
question i.e. “Loss of standing crops/live stocks/ shop/ business due to displacement is
compensated by the administration”:

 Twenty-Two (22) respondents were found disagreed

 Seventy (70) respondents were agreed
 Eight (8) respondents were given no response to the question.

Hence majority of the repatriating IDPS were given financial compensations of their losses
occurred at the time of their sudden displacement. Since operation was launched without any
early warnings (although operation was expected due to various ongoing activities of the
terrorists in the country. Some people considered it was overdue), so standing crops, fruit
orchards and livestock could not be managed well by the locals.

Table 35. Shops destroyed are reconstructed by the administration

support

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 40 40.0

Agreed 56 56.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 178

Similarly, in continuity with the tables no. 13, 14 above, the aforementioned table no. 15 in
response to the question i.e. “Shops destroyed are reconstructed by the administration
support”, forty (40) respondents disagreed with the statements, whereas, fifty-six (56)
respondents agreed and four (4) respondents gave no response to the question.

North Waziristan had many markets which were considered major source of business and
livelihood. Miran Shah and Mir Ali markets were the oldest commercial areas. It was also
considered as some of the hideouts of the terrorists. During operations, many of these markets
were destroyed beyond repair resulting into huge loss to the locals. However, as part of the
rehabilitation program, military authorities constructed these markets, added parking areas,
community halls, Mosques and other public required facilities. These shops were handed over
back to legitimate owners through civil administration. It was considered a good package to
assist returnees in reinitiating their businesses. Majority of the respondents considered
compensation as an appropriate and reasonable.
 179

Table 36. Administration Facilitated Reconstruction of Damaged Houses,

Mosques etc.

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 39 39.0

Agreed 57 57.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Administration facilitated

reconstruction of damaged houses, mosques etc.”. Total (39) respondents were disagree,
(57) respondents were agree and (4) respondents were given no response to the question.
Administration had been quite active in supporting and facilitating the returnees. All sorts of
help had been extended to get the IDPs settled in shortest possible time.
 180

Civil administration was formed in tribal areas had been on legacy of British era and
groomed on similar lines. Till very late, administration had been hub of all powers and a
political agent was considered as a single person running the entire show. Civil
administration still yields tremendous authority and could lead as a major support mechanism
for IDPs in tribal agencies. Adequate facilitation was extended to returning people in
rehabilitation of their areas.

Table 37. Administration facilitated for adequate livelihood provision

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 71 71.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 181

The returning IDPs on reaching to their place of origin immediately need to earn for
livelihood for them and their dependent. People having agricultural land started its
cultivation; while many others started using their various skills ranging from tailoring,
carpentry, driving and metal working etc. These skills were either possessed with them before
leaving their hometowns or they acquired it during their displacement.264 In case of the
albescence of means of livelihood to returnees affect their resettlement process and
rehabilitation ineffective. The resultant underemployment situation forces returnee to move
in search of livelihood and rehabilitation process remains a distant choice. Owing to the
significance of Livelihood means and employment opportunities for the returnee IDPs
sustained rehabilitation the question was asked from the respondents as, “Administration
facilitated for adequate livelihood provision”. The responses as shown in the table no.17
above reveal that twenty-five (25) respondents disagrees with the statement and seventy-one
(71) respondents were found agrees, while four (4) respondents did not response to the
question.

Table 38. Schools Damaged are rebuilt and made functional

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 26 26.0

Agreed 72 72.0

Preferred Not to Response 2 2.0

Total 100 100.0

264
Elizabeth, Ferris, and Rebecca Winthrop. "Education and displacement: Assessing conditions for refugees
and internally displaced persons affected by conflict." Background paper for the EFA Global Monitoring Report
2011. The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education (2010).
 182

The aforementioned table No.38 reflects that most of the individuals answered the question
i.e. “Damage schools have been rebuilt” in positive way. Out of hundred respondents,
twenty-six disagreed, whereas, seventy-two (72) respondents were found agreeing with the
statement; and two (2) respondents gave no response to the question. The rebuilding of
damaged schools in the conflict zone counts a lot towards rehabilitation as it is directly linked
with the provision of quality and affordable education and enhance capacity of earning
livelihood. The security of schooling, access and affordability of education and rebuilding of
damaged school not only provides confidence amongst the returnees rather it enhances the
socio-economic capacity of the area as well. Education facilities had been worst affected even
before the operations as terrorist being against the basic education were destroying most of
these facilities. Girls education centers remained a main target of such destructions.
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Table 39. Adequate teaching staff is available after repatriation

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 36 36.0

Agreed 59 59.0

Preferred Not to Response 5 5.0

Total 100 100.0

The operation ability of school and provision of quality and sustained and relevant education
is directly related with the adequacy of teaching staff and their willingness to teach. Owing to
the threat of the militants not only the schools were clamped down rather the teaching staff
also flew off from the area. The improvement in the security of the area is expected to bring
back the teaching staff on their professional podium. To check this hypothesis, the
aforementioned table reflects the responses of the respondents in positive side while
answering the question i.e. “Adequate teaching staff is available after repatriation”. Thirty-
six respondents (36) respondents were disagreed with the statement and fifty-nine (59)
 184

respondents were found in agreement whereas five (5) respondents gave no response to the
question.

In any such situation of active violence, education is the first casualty. Uncertainty leads to
reluctance by parents to send their children to school. This uncertainty is added when most of
the teachers leaves their place of duty (otherwise also considered a softer component to attack
by the terrorists) due to non-availability of any dedicated security apparatus. In North
Waziristan, due to constant targeting of educational institutions, civil administration could
not provide enough security to teachers resulting into leaving their institutions.

Table 40. Girls schooling is operative”

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagree 25 25.0

Agree 72 72.0

Preferred Not to Response 3 3.0

Total 100 100.0

 185

The Government of Pakistan is duty bound to provide free and compulsory education to
every citizen of Pakistan including FATA vide Article 37 of Constitution of 1973. Whereas,
the literacy level of FATA is much lower than KP and rest of the country. Out of the 33.3
total literacy rate of FATA265, the proportion rate of male and female it is 30 and 3
respectively. The girls schooling is the recognized indicator for the civilization and
development world over. Therefore, the return of peace and normalcy in FATA in general
and North Waziristan in particular shall specifically promote female schooling and literacy.
The aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Girls schooling is
operative”. Total twenty (25) respondents were found disagree, seventy-two (72) respondents
were found agreeing and three (3) respondents gave no response to the question. Hence the
majority of the respondents perceive that the female schooling is being promoted in the area
which is the sign of a path towards the sustained rehabilitation of the people of the agency.

Taliban have been against the girls’ education and thus had been focused on intimidating
parents either through threats or destruction of schools. Normalization of situation should
lead to functioning of girls’ schools. Rehabilitation of these facilities had been a priority task
with the civil administration.
Table 41. Movement of Teachers and Students to and from the Schools is
Safe

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 63 63.0

Preferred Not to Response 12 12.0

Total 100 100.0

265
“FATA sees modest increase in literacy” Dawn News, April 1, 2017, accessed June 06, 2018,
https://www.dawn.com/news/1097035.
 186

The aforementioned table shows that the respondents perceive positively about the
“Movement of teachers and students to and from the schools is safe”. The twenty-five
respondents are found not satisfied with the security and safety of the teachers and students
during their movement from school to home and vice versa. Whereas, sixty-three respondents
(63) were in agreement to the statement of the question, and twelve (12) respondents gave no
response to the question. Hence majority of the teachers and students have resumed their
function of teaching and learning without fear of any persecution due to the improved
security environment.

Movement of teachers and students to education facilities have been a major source of
concern for the community. Improvement of safety and security has added to the confidence
of all stake holders which should be big sign of normalcy in the area.
Table 42. Computer and Internet Facilities are Available

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 71 71.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 187

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Computer and internet
facilities are available”. Total (25) respondents were disagree, (71) respondents were agree
and (4) respondents were given no response to the question. However, revisiting of filled
questionnaire finds that most of the town schools from the respondents’ area having computer
labs though very limited internet facility.

During the rehabilitation of School and Colleges, efforts have been made to properly equip
and upgrade science and computer labs. Availability of computers along with internet facility
is considered a highly essential component of modern days learning. Internet connectivity is
also essential to remain abreast of latest situation inside and outside the country. One of the
related handicaps which may surface later could be non- availability of qualified teachers.
Internet connectivity and its speed in these far-flung areas could be another handicap.
 188

Table 43. Adequate Medical Facilities are Available

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 41 41.0

Agreed 55 55.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

The Waziristan Agency which was mostly deprived of any worthwhile medical facility before
start of the operation, and that was also destroyed during the operation. During the post
operation development, the health sector was given high preference of development.
Aforementioned table respondent’s answer confirmed the qualitative and quantitative
improvement of the health-related facilities. In response to the question “Adequate medical
facilities are available”, forty-one (41) respondents disagreed with the claim, whereas, fifty-
five (55) respondents agreed with the improvement and four (4) respondents gave no
response to the question.

Basic health facilities may be considered enough for time being in these areas. Availability of
qualified doctors and specialists of various medical fields apparently seems an uphill task.
Many highly qualified doctors intend practicing in major cities to earn more money. During
discussions with health authorities, it was indicated that efforts are being made to motivate
these qualified doctors on much higher salaries and allied privileges to work in these areas.
 189

Table 44. Hospitals damaged are reconstructed

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 71 71.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

The aforementioned table reflect the responses of the respondents approached to answer the
question i.e. “Hospitals damaged are reconstructed”. Twenty-Five Total (25) respondents in
their response disagreed with the statement whereas, seventy-one respondents were of the
view that damaged hospitals are repaired, reconstructed and reequipped. Four (4)
respondents gave no response to the question. The response pattern confirms the findings
reached through secondary data that claimed reconstruction and up gradation of various
agencies and tehsil level medical facilities have been made operational. Construction work on
Tehsil Headquarters Hospital Mir Ali has been completed. The 64-bed hospital has not only
 190

been well equipped, but also upgraded to accommodate 110 beds. Medical equipment for
different diagnosis has been made available.

Health facilities were another area that was highly affected during the operations. In
rehabilitation phase, most of these facilities have been repaired and upgraded in terms of its
capacity and response. However, apprehensions remain about availability of specialists of
various categories to serve in these hospitals.

Table 45 Adequate Health Facilities are provided

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 71 71.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 191

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Adequate health facilities are
provided”. Total (25) respondents were disagree, (71) respondents were agree and (4)
respondents were given no response to the question. This question had direct linkages with
reconstruction and rehabilitation of health facilities. After repair of these facilities, capacity
enhancement in terms of patients detainability, medicines and qualified paramedic staff was
also given due consideration.

Table 46. Security of the Hospitals and Staff is Adequate

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 31 31.0

Agreed 59 59.0

Preferred Not to Response 10 10.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Security of the hospitals and
staff is adequate”. Total (31) respondents disagreed, (59) respondents agreed and (10)
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respondents did not opt to respond the question. In all rehabilitation phases of IDPs, an
overarching component remain provision of enough security and stability to bring life back to
normal. Like education, health sector was another area where most of the staff had left the
area with onset of the operation. After flushing out of terrorists, gradual buildup of
confidence has led to return of many such individuals.

Table 47. Medicine and Medical Instruments are Available

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 27 27.0

Agreed 61 61.0

Preferred Not to Response 12 12.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Medicine and medical
instruments are available”. Total (27) respondents were disagree, (61) respondents were
agree and (12) respondents were given no response to the question. Availability of required
 193

medicines in enough quantities had been a source of concern due to shortage of findings and
possibility of pilferage etc. Military operations brought these areas in to main focus of
attention of entire country. This has resulted into additional funding and enhanced vigilance
as well as support to ensure provision of enough medicine and medical instruments.

Table 48. X-Rays and Medical Labs are Sufficient

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 31 31.0

Agreed 61 61.0

Preferred Not to Response 8 8.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “X-rays and medical labs are
sufficient”. Total (31) respondents disagreed, (61) respondents agreed and (8) respondents
 194

did not opt to answer the question. Although, x rays and medical labs falls in category of
basic requirements of any diagnostic investigations, its availability and functionality
remained under a question mark. However, majority of the respondent showed their
satisfaction on availability of these facilities.

Table 49. Business operations are safe and secure now

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 21 21.0

Agreed 70 70.0

Preferred Not to Response 9 9.0

Total 100 100.0

 195

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Business operations are safe
and secure now”. Total (21) respondents disagreed, (70) respondents agreed and (9)
respondents did not opt to answer the question. Business in the area is another casualty during
military operations. Response indicates that enough stability has been brought back in to the
area to run businesses in more safe and secure mode.

Table 50. Damaged/ Destroyed Markets are reconstructed and Open

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 39 39.0

Agreed 57 57.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 196

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Damaged/ destroyed markets
are reconstructed and open”. Total (39) respondents disagreed, (57) respondents agreed and
(4) respondents did not answer the question. Here response shows that enough efforts have
been made to restore these facilities. However, it may never be enough to reach expectation
of the returning population. Such facilities which have been decades old will take time to be
back either in its original shape or improved outlook.

Table 51. Roads, bridges are reconstructed

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 23 23.0

Agreed 69 69.0

Preferred Not to Response 8 8.0

Total 100 100.0

 197

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Roads, bridges are
reconstructed”. Total (23) respondents were disagree, (69) respondents were agree and (8)
respondents have given no response to the question. The secondary resources referred above
also highlighted the development of road network at large scale. Roads and bridges provide
good means of communication and if destroyed can delay access to various valleys. North
Waziristan being a mountainous region, importance of bridges and bottlenecks had been
important from operational point of view. Terrorists have been targeting many such points to
avoid a speedy follow up by the security forces. Rehabilitation of all such destroyed
communication bridges and bottlenecks had been a priority before IDPs could actually return
to their areas. The ongoing development work in FATA being undertaken by the Army with
the resource provision of Federal government is with two folds aim. Firstly, to provide
quality of road network to the people of agency to facilitate them in their routine movement
and transportation of goods to and from the market. The other aim is providing linkage of
FATA with Afghanistan and Central Asia under the larger perspective of China Pakistan
Economic Corridor (CPEC). Hence the inaccessible North Waziristan and other parts of
FATA are heading towards greater economic outlook through state-of-the-art road network
which has substantially been completed by now.

Table 52. Supply Routes and Transportation of Goods is Appropriate

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagree 21 21.0

Agree 75 75.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 198

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Supply routes and
transportation of goods is appropriate”. Total (21) respondents disagreed, (75) respondents
agreed and (4) respondents did not opt to answer the question. North Waziristan has been
dependent on most of its major food supplies and other utility goods from surrounding settled
areas like Bannu, Tall, Lakki Marwat and Dera Ismail Khan etc. Some of these supply routes
were disrupted and movement was curtailed due to operations in the area. Similarly, various
fruits and other items could not move out of the agency. Opening of supply routes and
transportation of goods also resulted in bringing down the utility prices to normal.

Table 53. Water Channels are clean and Operative

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 26 26.0

Agreed 70 74.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 199

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Water channels are clean and
operative”. Total (21) respondents disagreed, (70) respondents agreed and (4) respondents
did not opt to answer the question.

Small scale agriculture and fruit gardening has been a major source of livelihood. Due to
operations, various water channels were either damaged or destroyed. Rehabilitation of these
water channel was considered critical for initiation of agriculture and gardening. Special
emphases were laid for restoration of these facilities.

Table 54. Smuggling is controlled

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 21 21.0

Agreed 75 75.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 200

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Smuggling is controlled”.

Total (21) respondents were disagree, (75) respondents were agree and (4) respondents were
given no response to the question. The better communication infra-structure has helped the
law enforcing agencies to manage the border in a better way. The border management which
was initially target at controlling the movement of militants has helped in controlling the
smuggling of goods as well. The controlling and managing border through concertina wires
has plugged the gaps at the pours border.

FATA had been loosely governed through a Governor with its Secretariat in Peshawar for
many decades. Smuggling of goods to and from of Afghanistan has been a major source of
livelihood in absence of any industrial zone or other economic hub in the area. Smuggling has
been a profitable business for few but a great loss to the state in shape of revenues. Porous
border had also been a source of frequent movement of terrorists. Before initiation of military
operation, efforts were made to seal off all such routes that could provide a safe exit to
terrorists. Better border management led to control of smuggling activities as well.
 201

Table 55. Marriage Halls and Community Center are rehabilitated

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 21 21.0

Agreed 75 75.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Marriage Halls and
Community Centers are rehabilitated”. Twenty-one (21) respondents disagreed, seventy-five
(75) respondents agreed and four (4) respondents did not respond to the question. Marriage
halls and community center are important component of social fabric of any community.
Rehabilitation of all such public facilities had been one of the priority areas.
 202

Table 56. Support Grounds are re-build

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 25 25.0

Agreed 71 71.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Support grounds are rebuilt”.
Total (25) respondents were disagree, (71) respondents were agree and (4) respondents were
given no response to the question. The youth component of Waziristan/ FATA development
and revitalizing strategy is the scarlet thread in the development outlook. The play grounds
with charged youth is a road towards the peace and development and blocking of the negative
activities. The construction of number of supports grounds and stadiums especially the
famous “Younas Khan Cricket Stadium” is very dynamic move. The cricket match between
British Eleven and Pakistan Veterans in Miran Shah was a great signal world over that peace
 203

is at place in Waziristan. Global and Pakistani presses remained carried while during the
occasion. Military staffs held the arena and PTV Sport onscreen the contest. Scarce years
previously individuals staying a stadium in North Waziristan would have been bound to see a
decapitation as opposed to a session of cricket. Also, when the group in the Younas Khan
arena gazed toward an automaton over their heads they could see it was a PTV camera
instead of an American hellfire. Moreover, similar to rest of the nation, the 70th
Independence Day was additionally celebrated over the inborn districts with extraordinary
national soul and eagerness.

Table 57. Mosques are re-built with Adequate Security

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 43 43.0

Agreed 53 53.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 204

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Mosques are rebuilt with
adequate security Forty-three (43) respondents disagreed, fifty-three (53) respondents agreed
and four (4) respondents were given no response to the question. Mosques had been a place
of worship thus considered safe and open places. However, Mosques had mostly been
occupied by the terrorists and their affiliates and were being used for boarding, lodging and
for storage facilities. Some of the Mosques were also damaged during the operation. Being a
place of worship and sensitivity of the local population, rehabilitation and maintenance was
done in earlier time frame.

Table 58. Social and Religious Festivals are resumed

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 21 21.0

Agreed 61 61.0

Preferred Not to Response 18 18.0

Total 100 100.0

 205

In aforementioned table respondents answer the question i.e. “Social and religious festivals
are resumed”. Total (21) respondents disagreed, (61) respondents agreed and (18)
respondents did not gave any response to the question. Social and religious festivals are
considered as a source of bondage between the community. Many such gatherings were
targeted by the terrorists resulting into large number of casualties. Resumption of these
activities will add to the confidence building of the returnees.

Table 59. Overall Security

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 28 28.0

Agreed 68 68.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.00

In aforementioned table respondents’ response on overall security was measured and found
(28) respondents disagreed, (61) respondents agreed and (4) respondents did not gave any
response to the question.
 206

Overall maintenance of the security in the area is of prime importance. All normalcy factors
and routine activities are entirely dependent upon prevailing of secure environment. It could
only be ensured if all terrorists, their supporters and facilitators have either been killed,
arrested or have left the area. Well maintained security in the area led to the restoration of
confidence of IDPs for returning back to their areas.

Table 60. Overall Financial Concern

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 65 65.0

Agreed 31 31.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.00

 207

In aforementioned table respondents’ response on overall financial concern was measured

and found (65) respondents disagreed to any financial concerns and considered livelihood
opportunities are enough, (31) respondents agreed and (4) respondents did not gave any
response. Normalcy can only prevail if there have been enough livelihood opportunities that
can attract back the IDPs. Creation of such environment where people can manage their day
to day affairs could be considered a great success for civil administration and LEAs.

Table 61. Overall Education Concerns

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 32 32.0

Agreed 67 67.0

Preferred Not to Response 1 1.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents’ response on overall financial concern was measured

and found (32) respondents disagreed, (67) respondents agreed to education concerns and (1)
respondents did not gave response to the question. Education had been seriously affected and
 208

people are not yet sure whether the continuity will prevail. Education of their children
remained disrupted for 2-3 years during their displacement to various other parts of the
province. Educational concerns are expected to fade away with passage of time and more
continuity in education activities.

Table 62. Overall Health Concern

Response Frequency Percent

Disagree 48 48.0

Agree 49 49.0

No Response 3 3.0

Total 100 100.0

In aforementioned table respondents’ response on overall health concern was measured and
found (48) respondents disagreed to any concerns about health facilities and related
arrangements, (49) respondents agreed and feel health and allied facilities needed much more
 209

improvement and coordination while (3) respondents preferred not to answer the question.
Health facilities had never been up to the expected standards of people as compared with
settled districts of the province. It could be due to many reasons ranging from security,
uncertainty, distances from developed centers, inability of the professionals to generate large
amounts etc. However, health facilities that were damaged and staff had left for safer areas
have been rehabilitated. Paramedic staff has also rejoined their facilities. Desire for
improvement of health facilities in comparison to other places of Pakistan should be
persuaded by the civil administration as one of their goals.

Table 63. Overall Business Concern

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 34 34.0

Agreed 64 64.0

Preferred Not to Response 2 2.0

Total 100 100.0

 210

In aforementioned table respondents’ response on overall business concern was measured and
found (34) respondents disagreed, (64) respondents agreed to continuity of business and
showed concerns while (2) respondents preferred not to answer the question. Business
activities have been restored. It is going to pick-up a momentum and reach to level of
normalcy in few months or may be couple of years. Inclusion of these areas along CPEC
route is likely to give good boost to economic activities and compensate the effects of closure
of borders with Afghanistan for smuggling activities. Major advantages remained that these
frequented and unfrequented routes can no more be used by the terrorists.

Table 64. Overall Social Concern

Response Frequency Percentage

Disagreed 34 34.0

Agreed 62 62.0

Preferred Not to Response 4 4.0

Total 100 100.0

 211

In aforementioned table respondents’ response on overall social concern was measured and
found thirty-four (34) respondents disagreed about revival of social life while, sixty-two (62)
respondents agreed that social life normalcy is there and routine had been set in with arrival
of IDPs while four (4) respondents preferred not to respond to this question. The result
indicates revival of socio-cultural activities without any fear or constraints. Socialization is an
important component that indicates uncertainties are over. IDPs who were forced to leave
without much reaction time shall be over with initial trauma of displacement. Lives get
seriously disturbed of affected communities and it is the time that helps in overcoming these
haunting memories.

Table 65. Overall Descriptive Statistics

N Range Min Max Mean Std. Dev Variance

Security 100 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.7600 .51483 .265

Financial 100 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.3900 .56667 .321

Education 100 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.6900 .48607 .236

Health 100 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.5500 .55732 .311

Business 100 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.6800 .51010 .260

Social 100 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.7000 .54123 .293

Valid Numbers
100

Aforementioned table exhibits the overall illustrative figures of variables.

 212

5.8. Prevalent Perceptions about the Development Work: South Waziristan

Erstwhile South Waziristan is an adjacent agency to North Waziristan Agency where most of
residents belonged to similar tribes, mainly Mehsuds and Wazirs. Military operations had
been conducted in intermittingly levels in South Waziristan from 2003 to 2008/09. Major
operation was conducted in the area in 2008/09 when there were major displacements and
people were forced to leave their native areas and temporarily displaced to various districts of
KP. A similar study was undertaken in South Waziristan Agency as well with same number
of correspondences to see rehabilitations efforts done in that agency. It should give another
spectrum of long-term sustainable rehabilitation in neighboring agency consisting of same
tribes.

Table 1: Gender of Respondents

Accumulative
Frequency % Valid %
%

Male 91 91.0 91.0 91.0

Valid Female 9 9.0 9.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Gender of the respondents

9%

91%

Male Female

The respondents included nine as female and 91 as males thereby making 9 % and 91%
females and males, respectively.
 213

Table 2: Adequate security is available in your returning place

Accumulative
Frequency % Valid %
%

Agreed 78 78.0 78.0 78.0

Disagreed 17 17.0 17.0 95.0

Validity
No response 5 5.0 5.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Adequate security is available in your returning place

5%

17%

78%

Agree Disagree No response

Out of the total 100 respondents 78 % found that available security was adequate from all
perspectives i.e. physical and psychological aspects of security. A large number of
respondents showed their satisfaction for the arrangements that had been made in the areas to
ensure return of normalcy. Adequate safety and security could be a basic key and restoration
of confidence of IDPs that could lead to sustained rehabilitation.
 214

Table 3: Frontier Constabulary/ Khasadars are accessible for assistance

when needed

Accumulative
Frequency % Valid % %

Validity Agreed 90 90.0 90.0 90.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Frontier Constabulary/Khasadars are accessible for

assistance when needed
10%

90%

Agree Disagree

Here a majority of respondents 90% feels that in case of any need or emergency situation,
they can rely on support and assistance either from Khasadars or Frontier Constabulary. 10%
feels it may not be the case and these law enforcement agencies may not have enough resolve
to settle and respond to any emergency situation. Khasadars and Frontier Constabulary are
major law enforcement agencies in FATA areas. However, with announcement of the
government for FATA merger with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on May 25, 2018,
situation is likely to be changed soon where Khasadars are going to be replaced with Police
 215

and Frontier Constabulary could assume a backup role to beef up police where needed.
Frontier Corps could be second backup force in such situation.

Table 4: Remnants of militants are timely identified via safety power

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 60 60.0 60.0 60.0

Disagreed 25 25.0 25.0 85.0

No response 15 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Remnants of militants are timely identified and

arrested by security force

15%

25%
60%

Agree Disagree No response

A majority of respondents 60 % feels that remnants of militants are timely identified, and
actions are taken against them. 25% feels it may not be the case and possibility of sneaking in
by the militants remains a possibility. 15% preferred not to respond. In this case majority of
the returnees feels comfortable with the system that have been put in place for identification
of left-over militants and can easily be identified and action is taken in case of any
 216

eventuality. Since most of these terrorists have been staying with local population for many
years so people are quite familiar with their faces and way of working. Some of these
terrorists had been from local community as well. Advantage that was gained by the terrorists
through mixing up with local population has been lost. At times, this mixing up resulted in
collateral damage as well having a backlash at various levels. Perception of stability and
semblance of peace also plays an important role in long term sustained rehabilitation of the
returnees back in their native areas.

Table 5: Sufficient security is provided to schooling

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 84 84.0 84.0 84.0

Disagreed 11 11.0 11.0 95.0

No
5 5.0 5.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Sufficient security is provided to schooling

5%

11%

84%

Agree Disagree No response

 217

Schooling has been one of the worst affected areas as results of military operations against
militants. Militants have played an instrumental role in destruction of Schools mainly girl
schools and disruption of School activities. Due to this prevailing threat and destruction to
schools, education departments and teacher preferred to either lay low or leave the areas.
Here majority of the respondents 84% agrees that enough security has been restored where
schools have started working in a normal way. 11% did not agree and still feels that
environment is not yet to that level where fear and uncertainty has been addressed and people
can assume normalcy has returned. Fear and apprehensions of affected population takes time
to diminish as future of their next generations had been jolted due to uncertainty and
disruption in studies. 5% preferred not to respond to this question.

Table 6: Social event like marriages and sports are safe to attend

Accumulative
Frequency % Valid % %

Validity Agreed 70 70.0 70.0 70.0

Disagreed 29 29.0 29.0 99.0

No response 1 1.0 1.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 218

Social event like marriages and Sports are safe to attend

1%

29%

70%

Agree Disagree No response

In aforementioned majority of the respondents (70) agreed that social events like marriages
and sports are safe enough to attend. While (29) respondents did not agree to the idea and felt
that Security is not yet enough to feel safe while attending such events. While (1) respondent
did not feel to answer the question. Social events in past had been an easy target for the
terrorist to spread fear and uncertainty. With overall improvement in security environment,
organizing social events became much easier.

Table 7: Check post and security patrolling of the area is continued

Frequency % Valid % Cumulative %

Validity Agreed 91 91.0 91.0 91.0

Disagreed 5 5.0 5.0 96.0

No response 4 4.0 4.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 219

Check posts and security patrolling of the area is

continued

4%
5%

91%

Agree Disagree No response

Here a majority of respondents 91% agreed that check posts and patrolling of the area is still
being done. 5% of the respondents did not agree while 4% had no response. Check posts in
the area has been established to monitor movement in and out of the agency thus maintaining
a greater control on possibility of militants moving back in the area. Patrolling in the area
could be used as adding to the confidence of returnees where they can get settled and start
their livelihood activities without any major fear of interruption. Check posts have proved
quite effective in checking undesired elements in the area. At times, it has been a source of
inconvenience and delays for average resident but in long terms gains, mostly it had been
appreciated. As per local perceptions, check posts are gradually going to be reduced as well
as patrolling in the area once local environment have improved and people start living a
normal life.

Table 8: Hidden minefields are cleared form routes, field etc.

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 75 75.0 75.0 75.0

Disagreed 15 15.0 15.0 90.0

No response 10 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 220

Hidden minefields are cleared form routes,field etc.

10%

15%

75%

Agree Disagree No response

Majority of respondents 75% agrees that hidden minefields and unexploded ordinance has
been properly disposed off and various routes and fields have been cleared. 15% of the
respondents did not agree to the idea while 10% opted for no response. During military
operations number of minefields and Improvised Explosive Devices were used by the
militants. Similarly, a large number of Artillery, Mortars, Rockets and Air Shells were used
in the area by armed forces. Many of these bombs might have not exploded due to various
technical reasons. Like in any active battle field around the world, these Unexploded
Ordinance remains one of the biggest hazards once returnees are moving back in the area. For
any safe returns, clearance of minefields had always been a priority factor in areas affected by
conflict or military operations. Routes and fields clearance remain a high priority area to
ensure all such threats are minimized and removed.
 221

Table 9: Adequate financial assistance was rendered at the time of

repatriation at campus

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 75 75.0 75.0 75.0

Disagreed 25 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Adequate financial assistance was rendered at the time of

repatriation at campus

25%

75%

Agree Disagree

Majority of the respondents 75% believes that enough financial assistance was provided by
the authorities at the time of repatriation. 25% of the respondents answered otherwise and
feel that financial assistance was not enough to meet basic needs. Financial assistance needs
could be different based on family size and immediate requirements for restart of the life.
However, authorities generally settle with an average amount that is considered good enough
to provide some sustenance in initial days. Financial assistance is generally fixed after
involving local tribal elders, administration and representative of the provincial and federal
governments.
 222

Financial assistance provided that much needed support for re initiation of life after
displacements. Many people who were dependent on daily wages had to suffer more due to
loss of livelihood.

Table 10: Loss of valuable belonging left behind at the time of sudden
displacement is compensated

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Valid Agreed 81 81.0 81.0 81.0

Disagreed 19 19.0 19.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Loss of valuable belonging left behind at the time of

sudden displacement is compensated

19%

81%

Agree Disagree

Majority of respondents 81% believes that enough compensation has been paid while 19%
did not agree as enough compensation has been paid by the authorities. Compensation is
again calculated on certain basis and it may never be enough in poor countries like Pakistan.
Compensation paid in such displacements may never be enough to satisfy the affected
population. A uniformed compensation amount for completely damaged and partially
damaged house may not be an ideal solution. Further details like size of the house, number of
 223

rooms in each house and extent of damage should ideally be ascertained and analyzed.
However, to avoid protracted stay of IDPs, efforts were made to follow a method that could
possibly satisfy majority of the affected community. Returnees will have to struggle at times
to restart their lives in an environment where their houses, livelihood, education, health
facilities and communication infrastructure have been severely damaged. In such situations, it
may take years to bring back the life on normal track.

Table 11: Loss of standing crops/live stocks/shop/ business due to

displacement is compensated by the administration

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 80 80.0 80.0 80.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 90.0

No
10 10.0 10.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Loss of standing crops/live stocks/shop/ business due to

displacement is compensated by the administration

10%

10%

80%

Agree Disagree No response

 224

Compensation of loss of standing crops/livestock/shops and other business have been paid by
the administration was one of the key questions. About 80% respondents agreed that
compensation has been paid where 10% disagreed while 10% opted not to respond. Standing
crops, livestock and other means of livelihood are generally worst affected in such form of
military operations or situation of collective violence. Such damages are bound to occur due
to possibility of collateral damage. In case of FATA, many terrorists had mixed up with local
population to use it as a shield for their protection. Despite best efforts by the military
authorities to avoid such damages, some possibility remained inherently there.

Table 12: Shop destroyed are reconstructed by the administration

support

Valid
Frequency % % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 70 70.0 70.0 70.0

Disagreed 20 20.0 20.0 90.0

No
10 10.0 10.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Shop destroyed are reconstructed by the

aministration support

10%

20%

70%

Agree Disagree No response

 225

Here majority of people around 70% agreed that local administration had helped in
reconstruction of shops destroyed during the operations. 20% did not agree while 10% opted
not to comment. North and South Waziristan Agencies had number of markets consisting of
shops from household accessories, to vegetables to weapons shop. Many markets were
completely razed to the ground during these operations. However, as per ISPR releases and
various TV channels, many markets have been reconstructed and handed over to the
individuals back upon their return in the area. Markets of various sizes were affected during
the operation due to use of air and artillery weapons. Rehabilitation of shops and its
reallocation to the owner was meticulously planned and coordinated being a major source of
livelihood in the area.

Table 13: Administration facilitated reconstruction of damaged

houses, Mosques etc.

Valid
Frequency % % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 68 68.0 68.0 68.0

Disagreed 30 30.0 30.0 98.0

No
2 2.0 2.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Administration facilitated reconstruction of damaged

houses,mosque etc.
2%

30%

68%

Agree Disagree No response

 226

Local administration had a major role in rehabilitation of returnees to their areas. Most of the
funding was also allocated by the government for reconstruction through Political Agent
heading the administration. Here majority of the responded 68% believed that they had been
helped by the administration in restoration of their houses and community Mosques. About
30% did not agree while 2% responded opted not to comment. Civil administration had been
quite active and supportive in provision of assistance to returnees to rebuild their houses,
Mosques and other places of community utilization.

Table 14: Administration facilitated for adequate livelihood

provision

Valid
Frequency % % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 78 78.0 78.0 78.0

Disagreed 19 19.0 19.0 97.0

No
3 3.0 3.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Administration facilitated for adequate livelihood

provision.

3%
19%

78%

Agree Disagree No response

 227

Administration had a major role to play in facilitation for adequate livelihood provision. In
many parts of erstwhile FATA, livelihood revolved around agriculture, livestock, mining,
small cottage industry and business (smuggling) from neighboring Afghanistan. In this case,
78% respondents felt that administration had played an active role in supporting returnees for
reestablishment of their livelihood. 19% respondents felt otherwise while 3% did not opt to
respond. Reestablishment of livelihood in FATA agencies was quite pains taking task and
needed time, investment and patience to restart the lives having limited resources and
options.

Table 15: School damaged are rebuild

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 90 90.0 90.0 90.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

School damaged are rebuild

10%

90%

Agree Disagree

Schools and colleges were the worst affected due to presence of militants and thereafter
military operation to clear the areas. Taliban being anti formal education and especially
female education, either completely destroyed or damaged beyond usage to most of these
 228

education institutions. Efforts were made by the local administration and military to ensure
rehabilitation of Schools and colleges before repatriations could start. Here 90% of the
respondents think that damaged schools had been repaired and put into functional mode.
Repair and maintenance of damaged school was considered a major factor that could attract
IDPs back home as it will boost their confidence to restart education of their children.
However, 10% respondents did not agree with the proposition. A small minority still feels
that much more is required to be done to bring at certain standards, at par with other schools
of the province. However, majority of the IDPs feels rehabilitation has been good enough to
send back their children to schools.

Table 16: Adequate teaching staff is available after repatriation

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 65 65.0 65.0 65.0

Disagreed 30 30.0 30.0 95.0

No
5 5.0 5.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

Adequate teaching staff is available after

repatriation

5%

30%

65%

Agree Disagree No response

 229

Most of the teaching staff had left for their safety and security once militancy was at peak.
After the successful completion of military operations and killing/pushing out of militants
from the area, education staff gradually started moving back to their areas. 65% of the
respondents believed that enough teaching staff is back in Schools to run the system while
30% respondents felt otherwise. 5% of the respondents did not prefer to comment. Teaching
staff in such situation of collective violence was most vulnerable community. Majority of the
staff opted to flee from the area and only returned once environment had improved enough to
resume educational activities. Again, it was a time taking exercise and one of the major signs
of normalcy in the affected areas. Motivation of teachers to move back and resume their
duties had been a great success. Overall improvement in security situation has been a major
factor to restore confidence of entire community.

Table 17: Girls schooling is operative

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 64 64.0 64.0 64.0

Disagreed 26 26.0 26.0 90.0

No
10 10.0 10.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 230

Girls schooling is operative

10%

26%

64%

Agree Disagree No response

Girls education had been one of the hard-hit areas during period of militancy. As per beliefs
of militants’ education of girls is not good for community and should not be allowed to
happen. Based on their philosophy, girls’ education was seriously affected due to frequent
destruction of schools and damaging colleges. This uncertainty forced many parents not to
send their children to schools for safety and security reasons. After pushing out these militant
elements from the area, military and civil administration laid special emphasis to restart the
girls’ education institutions. 64% felt that system had been put into place again while 26%
still felt otherwise. 10% respondents opted not to offer any comments.

Table 18: Movement of teacher and student to and from the school is safe

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 80 80.0 80.0 80.0

Disagreed 20 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 231

Movement of teacher and student to and from the

school is safe

20%

80%

Agree Disagree

Movement of teachers and students to and from Schools had been a major source of concern
during days of militancy and in period of military operations. Safety and security of both
remained under question. However, after completion of military operations and elimination
of militants from the area, life started moving towards normalcy. 80% felt that now it was
quite safe to attend schools while 20% did not agree to the idea. Like any other part of the
world and in areas affected by violence and forced migrations, it is a time taking exercise to
ensure environment are enabled to meet these basic needs.

Table 19: Computer, internet is available

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 61 61.0 61.0 61.0

Disagreed 39 39.0 39.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 232

Computer,internet is available

39%

61%

Agree Disagree

Computer and internet is considered a necessity in any educational institution. Majority of

respondents 61% felt enough computer and internet facilities had been made available in the
Schools and Colleges. However, 39% did not agree and considered it needed lot more to be
done to improve the connectivity and speed. Internet is becoming quite commonly accessible
through cell phones where various companies are offering the facility on reasonable rates.
South and North Waziristan having been affected due to militancy had been facing provision
of basic facilities including internet. Internet facilities in far flung areas have suffered slow
speed and connectivity issues. With inclusion of these areas in to CPEC routes, many
infrastructures up gradation is expected.

Table 20: Adequate medical facilities are available

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 90 90.0 90.0 90.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 233

Adequate medical facilities are available

10%

90%

Agree Disagree

Majority of the correspondents 90% agreed with enough medical facilities that were available
and functional in the area. 10% of the correspondents did not agree and felt that medical
facilities in these areas had never been sufficient to the level of requirement. Destruction and
disruption of medical facilities during the operation had been another component to be taken
under consideration. However, majority of the correspondents showed that enough facilities
were available in the agency. Medical facilities need constant revision and upgradation to
remain abreast of latest changes. After inclusion of FATA into main stream, it is expected
that these beautiful areas will get its due attention and development.

Table 21: Hospitals damaged are reconstructed

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 75 75.0 75.0 75.0

Disagreed 15 15.0 15.0 90.0

No
10 10.0 10.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 234

Hospitals damaged are reconstructed

10%

15%

75%

Agree Disagree No response

Majority of the correspondent 75% agreed that hospitals damaged during militancy and
military operations had been repaired and rehabilitated. 15% of the correspondents felt
otherwise and did not agree that hospitals and other medical facilities had been repaired to
that level where it could be declared satisfactorily. 10% opted not to comment either way.
Hospitals and medical facilities are generally priority areas of work and focused upon
rehabilitation. Same had been the case in FATA where local administration, military,
provincial government and federal government had been focusing on rehabilitation of these
facilities before repatriations could actually take place.

Table 21: Adequate health facilities are provided in the local

hospitals.

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 71 71.0 71.0 71.0

Disagreed 14 14.0 14.0 85.0

No
15 15.0 15.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0 100.0

 235

Adequate health facilities are provided in the local

hospitals.

15%

14%

71%

Agree Disagree No response

The question was whether adequate facilities had been provided in local hospitals or
otherwise. Majority of the correspondents 71% felt that local administration and government
machinery at various tiers had been able to manage medical facilities to a satisfactory level.
14% of the correspondence felt otherwise and did not agree to the idea of enough facilities in
local hospitals. 15% of the correspondents preferred avoiding any comment. Since these
agencies were far away from good medical facilities of major cities, need to equip these local
hospitals in agencies had increased manifolds. Investment in medical facilities by private
sector is directly proportionate to profit earning. Since major cities offer more such
opportunities, so investment in these places had been on higher scale. Such development and
investment by the private sector is expected in these areas after its mainstreaming at national
level.

Table 22: Security of the hospital and staff is adequate

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 86 86.0 86.0 86.0

Disagreed 14 14.0 14.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 236

Security of the hospital and staff is adequate

14%

86%

Agree Disagree

Security of the hospital and staff had also been given due attention. Safe and secure
environment always motivate doctors and paramedics to move back to their station of duty.
86% of the respondents felt security of hospital and staff had been given due attention while
14% did not agree to the idea and still considered more measures were required to ensure
better safety and security of the hospital and its staff. Provision of enough security and
removal of uncertainty through better administrative measures is essence to creation of
normalcy.

Table 23: Medicines and medical instruments are available

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validit Agreed 75 75.0 75.0 75.0

y
Disagreed 15 15.0 15.0 90.0

No
10 10.0 10.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 237

Medicines and medical instruments are availale

10%

15%

75%

Agree Disagree No response

Medicines and medical instruments in these areas were high in need. Since major cities were
quite far away from these local level hospitals, it was considered essential that enough
medicine stocks were available. Similarly, medical instruments to conduct some complicated
operations were also available to deal with emergencies. 75% of the respondents felt that
enough medicines and medical instruments had been made available. However, 15% felt
otherwise and did not agree while 10% opted not to respond. Despite availability of enough
medicines and medical tools, availability of trained paramedic in these areas had been a grey
factor.

Table 24: X-rays and medical labs are sufficient

Accumulative
Frequency % Valid % %

Validity Agreed 80 80.0 80.0 80.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 90.0

No
10 10.0 10.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 238

X-rays and medical labs are sufficient

10%

10%

80%

Agree Disagree No response

Facilities of x rays and laboratories were available to conduct basic surgical operations and
treat other diseases. Local administration had been striving to ensure availability of basic
requirements in each field that could be used to treat patients. Complicated and chronic cases
once stabilized at these centers can always be referred to Peshawar and other cities. 80% of
the respondents believed that enough facilities had been made available. 10% did not agree
and 10% opted not to respond.

Table 25: Business operation are safe and secure now

Valid
% Percent % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 90 90.0 90.0 90.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Business operation are safe and secure now

10%

90%

Agree Disagree

Operating business in the area was seriously affected due to militancy and afterwards military
operations. However, after successful completion of the operations, road and communication
infrastructure had been improved to a greater degree. With safety and security systems
improved, routine business operation was resumed, and basic needs had started flowing in
normal chain. 90% of the respondents felt business operation was back on the track while
10% did not agree to the idea and feels it will take some more time for normalcy.

Table 26: Damaged/destroyed markets are reconstructed and open

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 82 82.0 82.0 82.0

Disagreed 15 15.0 15.0 97.0

No
3 3.0 3.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Damaged/destroyed markets are reconstructed and open

3%
15%

82%

Agree Disagree No response

Many markets and shopping places were badly damaged and destroyed during this period of
militancy and military operations. Markets had been reconstructed and handed over to the
affected community. Markets were inaugurated by the army chiefs and Prime Minister of
Pakistan (as already indicated in earlier portion of this chapter). 82% of the respondents felt
that damaged and destroyed markets had been reconstructed and are now open. 15% did not
agree to and feel their expectations were yet to be achieved while 3% opted not to comment.

Table 27: Roads, bridges are reconstructed

Valid
Frequency % % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 85 85.0 85.0 85.0

Disagreed 15 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Roads,bridges are reconstructed

15%

85%

Agree Disagree

Roads and bridges were worst affected during period of militancy and thereafter military
operations. Militants had been destroying number of critical bridges to avoid a follow on by
the military. Military engineers and local administration played a key role in reconstruction of
bridges and roads in the area. 85% respondents felt that roads and bridges had been
reconstructed while 15% thinks its otherwise and did not agree. Restoration of these vital
bridges and roads had been a major task to improve communication infrastructure before
returns of the IDPs.

Table 28: Supply routes and transportation of goods is appropriate

Valid
Frequency % % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 87 87.0 87.0 87.0

Disagreed 13 13.0 13.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 242

Supply routes and transportation of goods is

appropriate

13%

87%

Agree Disagree

Supply routes and transportation of goods plays a critical role in life line of these agencies.
Improvement of communication infrastructure in the areas had been one of major focused
goals. Possibility of its connectivity with Afghanistan, Central Asian States and with China
Pakistan Economic Corridors were some of the plans under consideration. 81% of the
respondents believes that supply routes and transportation of goods was appropriate while
13% thinks otherwise. After culmination of military operations, opening and improvements
of supply routes to ensure transportation of goods had been given preference. Number of new
roads, connecting road and bypasses etc. have been constructed around all major cities of
North Waziristan.

Table 29: Water channel are clean and operative

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 84 84.0 84.0 84.0

Disagreed 12 12.0 12.0 96.0

No
4 4.0 4.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Water channel are clean and operative

4%
12%

84%

Agree Disagree No response

Agriculture is one of major source of livelihood in FATA. Various water channels were
severely damaged during the operations thus affecting the supply of water to fruit orchards,
vegetable gardens and other seasonal crops. Rehabilitation of these water channels were
considered a high priority task after completion of the operation. 84% of the respondents
believed that water channels had been made functional. 12% did not agree to the idea while
4% percent opted not to comment on the condition and operations of water channels.
Restoration of water channels to avoid water wastage as well as improve livelihood
conditions was completed by the civil administrations and locals of the areas.

Table 30: Smuggling is controlled

Frequency % Valid % Cumulative Percent

Validity Agreed 70 70.0 70.0 70.0

Disagreed 18 18.0 18.0 88.0

No response 12 12.0 12.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Smuggling is controlled

12%

18%

70%

Agree Disagree No response

Smuggling had traditionally been a major source of business between these border
neighboring agencies. However, due to frequent military check posts along the border on
both sides had seriously affected/controlled this activity. 70% of the respondents felt that
smuggling had been controlled to a larger extent. 18% considers it other way and did not
agree with the proposal. 12% opted not to respond. Despite being major decline in the
smuggling some unfrequented routes kept the possibility open of a small scale smuggled
good to be brought to and from Afghanistan. This activity was going to be controlled almost
completely after completion of fence along the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Table 31: Marriage halls and community center are rehabilitated

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 86 86.0 86.0 86.0

Disagreed 10 10.0 10.0 96.0

No
4 4.0 4.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 245

Marriage halls and community center are rehabilitated

4%
10%

86%

Agree Disagree No response

Majority of respondents 86% felt that such facilities had been rehabilitated and were
available for use. 10% did not agree to the proposal while 4% opted not to respond. These
facilities were not available as per down country per se, but certain places earmarked to be
used for such functions were also damaged during militancy and thereafter military
operations. Restoration of such social facilities is another indicator of normalcy and
confidence building of general public.

Table 32: Sports grounds have been rebuilt or otherwise?

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 80 80.0 80.0 80.0

Disagreed 12 12.0 12.0 92.0

No
8 8.0 8.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Sports grounds have been rebuilt or otherwise

8%

12%

80%

Agree Disagree No response

Youth in tribal agencies are very fond of sports. Major Sport in these areas was either football
or Cricket. Based on youth’s trend, Pakistan Army constructed Cricket Stadium named after
Younas Khan, a great Pakistani Cricketer. In recent inauguration of the Stadium in North
Waziristan, Legendary Cricketer was also present during the ceremony. Majority of the
respondents 80% believes that Sports ground had been rebuild. While 12% disagrees with the
claim and 8% person opted not to comment.

Table 33: Mosques have been rebuilt with adequate security

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 89 89.0 89.0 89.0

Disagreed 11 11.0 11.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

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Mosques have been rebuilt with adequate security

11%

89%

Agree Disagree

During the military operation, certain mosques and Madrassahs were also damaged that were
housing militants and are under use as Headquarters. Majority of the correspondents 89%
feels that all Mosques had been rebuild and adequate security had also been provided. 11%
did not agree and considers that arrangements are still required to be improved. Mosques and
Madrassahs are important component of tribal culture. Both of these facilities were damaged
during the operations as many terrorists were hiding at these places.

Table 34: Social and religious festival are resumed

Frequency % Valid % Accumulative %

Validity Agreed 68 68.0 68.0 68.0

Disagreed 29 29.0 29.0 97.0

No
3 3.0 3.0 100.0
response

Total 100 100.0 100.0

 248

Social and religious festival are resumed

3%

29%

68%

Agree Disagree No response

Social and religious activities were also restricted and curtailed during militancy and military
operations period. 68% of the correspondents felt that these activities had been resumed. 29%
feels otherwise and still consider that visible and invisible restrictions continue. 3% did not
opt to comment. During the militancy period, many social activities were banned on plea of
being not in line with religion through self-interpreted version of the militants. Some of the
social and religious activities had been subject to targeting by the Taliban resulting into
number of deaths.

5.9. Findings

The research analyses of secondary as well primary data support each other and offer
following findings with regards to the environment supporting to successful rehabilitation.

Impact of Erstwhile FATA Development Projects

 Development process had helped to improve the security conditions in erstwhile FATA
and militancy effects had decreased.
 Development projects indicated involvement of all stake holders in restoration of
normalcy in the area adding to confidence of returning IDPs.
 For the volatile erstwhile FATA region where security situation is fast improving, as
many major institutions of the country have been involved in progress of the region.
 249

 Travel and transport activities have greatly benefited by improved road network.
 Most of the residents of South Waziristan i.e. 80% believed that development work had
definitely enhanced living standard of an ordinary person. It has also brought positive
change in working environment and economic activities.
 The development projects created long-term employments in transport and
communication sectors whereas construction of roads, bridges and dams provided short
term employments.
 School enrolment had increased due to better access and transportation. Similarly,
improvement in security situation had restored confidence of teachers as well as parents
for continuity of education in the area.
 Erstwhile FATA people are happy to see development and progress after many years of
turmoil, terrorism, IEDs and dead bodies of their loved ones.
 In the area that was once under heavy influence of militants a roadside café by the name
of Pakistan Hotel symbolizes the relief and gratitude of FATA people for being out of
militancy. Militancy had become a bane for the locals that had affected every aspect of
their life.
 People of South Waziristan shown great resolve and resilience along with civil
administration and military forces for bringing back normalcy in the area. Commitment
and resilience have finally paved the way for main streaming of FATA

5.10. Hypotheses Test

Serial Hypotheses Supported/Not
no Supported

1. H-1. Improvement in the security environment has Supported

significant relationship with the success of the
rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

2. H-2. Improvement in the economic living Supported

environment has significant relationship with the
success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

3. H-3. Improvement in the education environment has Supported

significant relationship with the success of the
 250

rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs

4. H-4. Improvement in the Health environment has Supported

significant relationship with the success of the
rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs.

5. H-5. Improvement in the Business environment has Supported

significant relationship with the success of the
rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs

6. H-6. Improvement in the social infra-structure Supported

environment has significant relationship with the
success of the rehabilitation of repatriating IDPs

5.11. Recommendations

Detailed Recommendations to improve the process of repatriation and rehabilitation of

returnee IDPs are given in chapter 6. However, there is no denying the fact that the militancy
in erstwhile FATA in general and South Waziristan in particular has reached to its dying end
and the recognition of this success is credited to the united front posed by the political
government, people of Pakistan and the Pakistan Army. The success achieved hinges upon
the human cost paid by the armed forces and the general public which has to be sustained at
all cost. The price of this peace has been paid through loss of lives, livelihood, economy,
health, education and psychological trauma. The sustainability of this success is directly
related to the steps taken in the ongoing consolidation phase of the war. These steps include
assurance of physical and psychological security, development of social-political and socio-
economic infra-structure at par with the mother province KP with whom the erstwhile FATA
has been merged in May 2018. Alongside the socio-economic development there is dire to
socially integrate the defected youth from the militant camps to their fully rehabilitation level.
The sustained rehabilitation revolves around the sustained policies of development of the area
and continuous provision of needed resources and infra-structure in this regard. However, the
first and foremost need is to provide secured social and economic environment to the returned
IDPs and the integrating youth matching to the need of their sustained rehabilitation. To
expedite the solid imitation of the sustained rehabilitation process immediate introduction of
 251

socio-economic reforms cannot be underemphasized. The economic reforms in erstwhile

FATA shall be all encompassing and endorse development and welfare works such as
constructions of hospital, schools, universities, road and infrastructure to improve living
standard of people of erstwhile FATA at par with the people of rest of KP.
 252

CHAPTER VI

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is essentially aimed at the discussion, major findings, recommendations,

conclusion, limitations and future research area.

6.1. Discussion

6.1.1. This exploration study concentrated on examining and estimating the components of
behavioral effects of terrorism i.e. radicalization and extremism which have been influencing
the IDPs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and to gauge the impact of terrorism in North Waziristan.
The research suggests that WOT or elimination of militancy will not be possible in real terms
unless the people are behaviorally de-radicalized or causes leading to extremism are not
eliminated. A successful repatriation back to North Waziristan could only be fruitful if
returnees are sufficiently contended and have been provided enough support against their
legitimate expectations. A contended behavioral approach will always shun radicalization
and extremist approaches that could be led to violent actions in shape of terrorism. Therefore,
the research measured the gravity levels of radicalization and extremism by focusing on
identified pull and push factors.

6.1.2 The purpose behind the determination of IDPs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the shocking
event of relocation in different urban areas of the KP. It was due to highly difficult and
challenging environment of terrorism being faced by the locals. The increasing menace of
terrorism had reached to a level where military operation was considered appropriate option
to control this serious threat. The internal displacement had been one of the largest in the
recent history of the province of KP. The populace outline for the examination was the IDPs
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The selected population for the study was from North Waziristan
agency that was forced to leave their areas in some highly difficult circumstances. The
aggregate populace of male and female dislodged were found living in 5 urban areas situated
in the different areas, knowns as, Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lakki Marwat and Sperka
Waziran was 10,000. The example estimate was resolved with the assistance of recipe of
Yamene for a limited populace. For information gathering, from the IDPs, the strata have
 253

been made and analyst utilized proportionate allotment strategy for inspecting portion in
every one of the strata that is corresponding to that of the aggregate populace.

6.1.3.The analyst gathered the information from proficient IDPs who can without much of a
stretch read, comprehend and fill the poll. In this manner, the researcher utilized non-
likelihood examining procedure i.e. snowball testing for information gathering. The last
example of male and female IDPs living in five urban areas situated in Bannu, Bazen Khel,
Karak, Lakki Marwat and Sperka Waziran was 385.

6.1.4. A self-regulatory poll (Annexure-A, B) was conveyed among the IDPs for information
accumulation. Before the organization of surveys to the objective example, a pilot approach
that was led to learn the dependability of builds of the instrument. The aim of the pilot check
and study was to find out whether the survey was straightforward, and people can respond
easily, or some changes may be essential to undertake before the final and actual survey.
Fifty (50) surveys forms were dispersed among the IDPs living in two urban areas. The areas
selected for the purpose of pilot survey were identified as Bannu, and Karak.

6.1.5. Every city was regulated by 25 survey polls. Besides, reactions crosswise over urban
communities were contrasted with guarantee that the reactions were not fundamentally
extraordinary. By and large, the outcomes found out that no major disparities or
complications were observed in administration and conduct of the polls during the process. A
sum of 385 surveys were distributed in the midst of male and female IDPs of five already
mentioned urban areas and 375 polls were returned. The rate of response was 97% that was
considered as really healthy and supportive. In Bannu, Bazen Khel, Karak, Lakki Marwat and
Sperka Waziran an aggregate of 88, 89, 68, 65 and 75 polls were disseminated and a sum of
86, 87, 65, 64 and 73 surveys were received back from every city separately. All the results
were considered as highly encouraging and supportive.

6.1.6. Investment in the examination was willful and all members were assured of secrecy of
their responses. All participating members were briefed at length about the purpose and
utilization of the data. It was also shared that it will remain confidential and their identities
will never be disclosed to anyone. This briefing and assurances made the respondents
comfortable in answering questions. The individuals were additionally briefed that all
responses were to be used for the purpose of research. The information was organized,
investigated and deciphered. Relapse, in measurable terms is investigation of factual
 254

techniques that are utilized to discover connection between various reliant and free factors. It
includes instruments for investigating and displaying of a few diverse needy and autonomous
factors. All the more exceptionally, relapse realizes that in case a single unit alteration is done
in the autonomous variable, how many units change has taken place in the needy variable.
Relapse examination additionally demonstrates the estimation of ward variable when the
estimation of every single free factor is zero. The said model is utilized to investigate
difference in the needy variable.

6.1.7. Also, the researcher utilized combined example T-test. The specialist likewise checked
the develop legitimacy by using corroborative factor examination with seven fit lists. As per
the aftereffect of factual investigation, the aggregate quality of male respondents was 297 out
of 375 individuals speaking to 79.2% of the aggregate while female speaks to were 78 out of
78 members delineating 20.8% of the aggregate example. The members with the ages of 20-
35, 36-50 and 51 or more speak to 162, 180 and 33 separately of the aggregate example 375.

6.1.8. The IDPs who were under-graduate and graduate were identified 235 and 140
separately with the level of 62.7 and 37.3 individually. The male IDPs with the age of 20-35
s, 36-50 and 51 or more were discovered 116, 152 and 29 individually. In examination,
female IDPs with the age of 20-35, 36-50 and 51 or more were found 46, 28 and 4 separately.

6.1.9. The IDPs falling in the age section of 20-35 with capability of under graduation and
graduation were discovered 108 and 54 separately. The IDPs falling in the age section e of
36-50 years with capability of under graduation and graduation were discovered 118 and 62
separately.

6.1.10. The quantity of alumni and students falling in the age section of 51 or more was
discovered 9 and 24 individually. The male IDPs with capability of under graduation and
graduation were discovered 190 and 107 separately. The female IDPs with capability of
under graduation and graduation were found 45 and 33 individually. The aftereffect of MSA
in light of KMO coefficients demonstrate that the 0.50 ≤ KMO ≥ 0.60 and 0.61 ≤ KMO ≥
0.72 in 4 and 1 factors uncovering inspecting sufficiency measures as mediocre and average
separately.

6.1.11. The previously mentioned table additionally delineates that the likelihood of Bartlett's
measurement for every one of the elements is p < 0.01 i.e. not exactly or equivalent in
reference to the dimension of hugeness of 0.05. Outcomes reveal that suspicion of sphericity
 255

is accomplished and complete informational collections are suitable for factor investigation.
Measurable investigation further uncovers that every one of the things with higher factor
loadings. Seven fit stated were utilized for checking the decency of fit for every single
elective model. The aftereffect of CFA's investigation displays the uniqueness of factors.

6.1.12. The Pearson Correlation was achieved to find out the relationship in between
indicators and reaction factors. The significance of connection in center of social hardship,
push, pull factors, delay in repatriation and radicalization delineates (r = .802, p<.01), (r =
.751, p<.01), (r = .397, p<.01) and (r = .764, p<.01) demonstrates a noteworthy positive
association with one another. The aftereffect of the examination was predictable with the past
investigation of Koomen and Frankel.

6.1.13. Before various relapse examination the specialist checked every one of the suspicions
of relapse investigation and found that an) information was regularly dispersed, b) there
exists no multicollinearity, c) no autocorrelation and d) no heteroscedasticity. At first, the
specialist utilized various relapse investigation so as to break down the impact of indicators'
factors i.e. (social hardship, push and force factors and postponement in repatriation) on
radicalization. The outcome uncovers that coefficient relapse "R" establishes 88.8%
connection exist among (I.V's) and (D.V). The assurance of coefficient "R2" establishes that
71.8% of diversity in radicalization is caused because of social hardship, push and draw
factor and deferral in repatriation. The F reverence was exposed 235.18 and the centrality
reverence was not as much as P ≤ .000 that demonstrates that over all relapse display is
measurably huge, substantial and fit.

6.1.14. Relapse coefficient (β 1) = .341 suggests that one percent expansion in social hardship
will increment 34.1% in radicalization if different features stand saved measured. The T
esteem is 5.78 and is significant at .000. It deduces that the elective speculation must
accredited that is: social hardship has huge beneficial effect on radicalization. The aftereffect
of the examination was expectable with the early investigations of Allan and Jespersen.

6.1.15. Relapse coefficient (β 2) = .312 deduces that 1 enlargement in push factor will
increment 31.2% in radicalization if different features stand retained measured. The T esteem
is 7.33 and is huge at .000. It infers that the elective theory must recognized that is: push
factor has critical favorable consequence on radicalization. The significance of the
investigation was expectable with the previous enquiry on radicalization by Ali, A.M.
 256

6.1.16. Relapse coefficient (β 3) = .093 deduces that 1% increase in draw factor will
increment 9.3% in radicalization if different features stand reserved measured. The T esteem
is 3.07 and is critical at 002. It infers that the elective theory must approved that is: pull factor
has critical valuable outcome towards radicalization. The aftereffect of the examination was
expectable with the previous enquiry of Amnesty International for Kenya.

6.1.17. Relapse coefficient (β 4) = .226 suggests that 1% increase in deferral in repatriation

will increment 22.6% in radicalization if different aspects stand saved measured. The T
esteem is 4.2 and is massive at .000. It infers that elective theory should be conceded which
is: delay in repatriation has a critical constructive significance on radicalization. The
importance of the investigation was predictable with the early enquiries of Archick, Kristen,
John and Steven in Islamist Extremism in Europe.

6.1.18. Besides, numerous relapse examination was utilized to gauge the impact of social
hardship, push and force facto upon postponement in repatriation was estimated. Result
uncovers that relapse coefficient "R" exhibits 85.7% affiliation exists among (I.V’s) & (D.V).
The assurance coefficient "R2" displays that 73.5% of diversity in postponement in
repatriation was caused because of social hardship, and push and draw factor. The F esteem
was discovered 343 and the centrality esteem was not as much as P ≤ .000 that demonstrates
that general relapse display was measurement

Table 66. Hypotheses Test

Assumptions of Regression

Ser. Hypothesis Accepted/ Rejected

1. H1: Data is usually Accepted

dispersed

2. H2: There is hetero Rejected

skedasticity in data
 257

3. H3: No auto correlation Accepted

in data

Analysis of Regression

Ser. Hypothesis Accepted/Rejected

1. H1: Social deprivation has Accepted

substantial positive influence
on radicalization

2. H2: Push has substantial positive -do-

influence on radicalization

3. H3: Pull factor has significant -do-

positive effect on radicalization

4. H4: Pull factor has significant -do-

positive effect on delay in
radicalization

5. H5: Social deprivation has -do-

significant positive effect on
delay in repatriation

6. H6: Push factor has significant -do-

positive effect on delay in
radicalization

7. H7: Delay in repatriation has -do-

significant positive effect on
 258

radicalization

6.2. Major Findings.

6.2.1. According to the result of statistical analysis, out of total 375 members, male
respondents were counted as 297. The percentage of this figure comes to 79.2% of
overall participants. Similarly, female participants percentage was 20.8 % with a total
figure of 78 individuals of entire sample.
6.2.2. The IDPs who participated in the sample testing with the ages of 20-35, 36-50
and 51 and above represent 162, 180 and 33 respectively of the total sample 375.
6.2.3. The IDPs whose qualification was under-graduation and graduation were found
235 and 140, respectively. The outcome percentage of these groups was recorded as 62.7
and 37.3, respectively.
6.2.4. The IDPs with the age of 20-35 years with the qualification of undergraduates
and graduates were found 108 and 54, respectively. From age of 36-50 years with
qualification of under graduation and graduation was found 118 and 62, respectively.
From the age of 51 and above years the qualification of undergraduates and graduates
was found 9 and 24, respectively.
6.2.5. The male IDPs with the qualification of undergraduates and graduates were found
190 and 107, respectively. The female IDPs with the qualification of under graduation
and graduation were found 45 and 33, respectively.
6.2.6. The outcome of CFA’s investigation displays the exclusivity of variables. The
outcome of all substitute models showed that all numeric figures have its own
meaningful outcomes and all substitute/alternate models are decent fit.
6.2.7. The result of correlation amid social deprivation, push, pull factors, delay in
repatriation and radicalization depicts (r = .802, p<.01), (r = .751, p<.01), (r = .397,
p<.01) and (r = .764, p<.01) shows noteworthy positive correlation with other outcomes.
6.2.8. Social deprivation was found as a significant predictor of radicalization.
6.2.9. Push factor was found as a significant predictor of radicalization.
6.2.10. Pull factor was found as a significant predictor of radicalization
6.2.11. Delay in repatriation was found as a significant predictor of radicalization
6.2.12. Social deprivation was found as a significant predictor of delay in repatriation
6.2.13. Push factor was found as a significant predictor of delay in repatriation
 259

6.2.14. Pull factor was found as a significant predictor of delay in repatriation

6.2.15. The mean score of Bannu and Karak was found and result portrayed Bannu and
Karak has different in their mean score.
6.2.16. The mean score of Bannu and Lakki Marwat was found and portrayed Bannu and
Lakki Marwat has different in mean scores.
6.2.17. The mean score of Bannu and SperkaWaziran was found and portrayed Bannu
and Lakki Marwat has different in mean scores Sperka Waziran.
6.2.18. The mean score of Bazen Khel and Karak city was found portrayed Bazen Khel
and Karak has different in mean scores Sperka Waziran.
6.2.19. The mean score of Bazen Khel and Lakki Marwat city was found and portrayed
Bazen Khel and Lakki Marwat has different in mean scores.
6.2.20. The mean score of Bazen Khel and Sperka Waziran city was found and portrayed
Bazen Khel and Sperka Waziran has different in mean scores.
6.2.21. The mean score of Karak and Lakki Marwat city was found and portrayed Karak
and Lakki Marwat has different in mean scores.
6.2.22. The mean score of Karak and Sperka Waziran city was found and portrayed
Karak and Sperka Waziran has different in mean scores
6.2.23. The mean score of Lakki Marwat and Sperka Waziran city portrayed Lakki
Marwat and Sperka Waziran has different in mean scores
6.2.24. The mean score of Bazen Khel and SperkaWaziran city was found and portrayed
Bazen Khel and SperkaWaziran has different in mean scores.

6.3. Recommendations

6.3.1. Integration of erstwhile FATA into mainstream has already been done by declaring
merger as part of the KP.266 The decision was made by the government based on criteria fixed
through involvement of all stakeholders as well as the common people. This has been taken
positively not only in Pakistan but around the world. However, more important aspect now
remains allocation of dedicated funds by the government for next 5-10 years for focused
development of these neglected areas of decades.

266
“Pakistan’s Tribal Areas: Appeasing Militants”, Crises Group Asia Report N125, 11 December 2006, 4.
 260

6.3.2. Erstwhile areas of FATA have been included in political mainstreaming through
adaption of 26th amendment in the constitution of Pakistan on May 13, 2019267. The bill was
passed with complete understanding, support and solidarity of all political parties. This bill
shall enable erstwhile FATA to have its representation in National Assembly as well as
provincial assembly of KP. Developments have been quick and supportive at all levels to
remove barriers in mainstreaming of the area. Provincial and National political forums should
provide much needed representation to the area to discuss its deprivations and much needed
developments.

6.3.3. The state writ should be established through gun control, reduction in number of
weapons through buyback programs, surrender of arms by militants, and more control and
regulation of areas to avoid their use as training camps by the militants. Similarly, there must
be a strict control giving no space to foreigners and criminals to stay in these areas. All those
responsible for any wrongdoings must be brought to justice. Any parallel system of
administration must be avoided, and dispensation of justice assured. Neglected in the last 70
years, Erstwhile FATA must be a high priority area. Jobs by generating Hubs of economic
activity must be established in five other agencies on lines of South and North Waziristan268
for generating job opportunities. These activities of building infrastructure and involvement
of community have been taken positively in the area. The military has played an active role in
development of these areas in recent past by development of road infrastructure, educational
institutes, markets, health facilities and Mosques besides meeting various other requirements
of the area. Establishment of two cadet colleges in South Waziristan and an addition to
already existing one of Razmak is being built in Mirali. Higher education in these two highly
volatile agencies will surely have positive effects on these areas. Development of sports
facilities in all agencies and organization of regular sport galas could be a useful exercise.

6.3.4. The government also needs to invest in education and health sector. Establishment of
universities of various disciplines in Erstwhile FATA could positively engage the area youth.
Revitalization of health infrastructure and incentives for doctors and paramedics serving in
these areas should be introduced.

6.3.5. Erstwhile FATA is a beautiful area that can pull visitors in droves. It should be made
an open area to be visited by everyone to give feelings of belonging of this area to the rest of

267
Irfan, Raza Syed, Tribal areas get better say in NA, KP Assembly, Daily Dawn, 14 May 2019.
268
“Army’s uplift activities indicate it is to stay in Waziristan”, Daily Dawn, 22 May 2016.
 261

the country. Frequent visits by senior officials will also ensure improvement in performance
of government departments.

6.3.6. The government should also work on de weaponization and disarmament of FATA
agencies. Militants must lay down arms. There is also a need to initiate certain rehabilitation
programs for those who want to join the mainstream. The military that is acting as the
vanguard on behalf of the government has already started disarmament campaign in North
Waziristan269 where over 3,000 people have already been registered.

6.3.7. Radicalization is a bane for Pakistan, especially for the youth. The government needs
to address this phenomenon with a high sense of priority and identify its underlying causes
and drivers. It may not be a simple affair, as it took around four decades for nourishment of
this radicalized environment. A better identified de radicalization themes to include
disengagement from this quagmire and de-radicalization strategies. It should be prepared by
involving all the stakeholders. The National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA)
established in 2009 is still invisible at the national level. It has to be made operational and
fully functional if Pakistan has to get out of this unruly mess. Some of the major tasks of
NACTA should be to prepare counter radicalization strategy that should handle spread of it as
well as play role in de radicalization of already radicalized individuals. There are many
countries in the world that are working on de radicalization campaigns.

6.3.8. Measures for establishment of government’s writ

Government’s writ in FATA, especially in North Waziristan, has been minimal. Due to these
almost no-go areas, all undesired elements and activities have become part of that culture and
system. Some of the basic requirements which need to be put in place before the IDPs’
rehabilitation is as under: -

 De weaponizations of the area including control of personal weapons

 Registration of all non-custom paid vehicles, as most of them have been used for
suicide attacks on law enforcement agencies and other gatherings
 All residents must have their national identity cards verified by the NADRA

269
Zulfiqar Ali, “Army’s uplift activities indicate it is to stay in Waziristan”, Daily Dawn, May 22, 2016.
 262

 Presence of foreigners must be strongly resisted and regulated. All those local ladies
who have married foreigners should be registered with the political agent’s office and
verification of their spouses must be done at a later stage
 Individual transformers from houses must be removed and arrangements be made to
put in a system for use of electricity.

6.3.9. Measures to Improve the Repatriation & Rehabilitation Process

In order to improve living conditions further for sustainable rehabilitation and settlement for
returning IDPs in Waziristan, following is recommended:

6.3.9.1 Security Environment

The security of environment is the fundamental factor that sets the tone for the successful re-
settlement and rehabilitation of returnees. Therefore, a well-coordinated effort from the all
law enforcement agencies and intelligence network shall be made to ensure all manifestations
of security for the returning IDPs in the area. The findings of the research study revealed that
the security operators have done a lot in this regard so far, but still there is room for its
improvement. A little gap or slackness in this regard will result in heavy cost for
rehabilitation process. Therefore, following is recommended for further focus:

 Enhancing the capacity of local security / law enforcement departments so as to enable

them to be equally effective once Army or FC is withdrawn from the area.
 Pak Afghan border shall be effectively sealed and vigilantly guard by the border
security agency to the extent that nothing can peep through from Afghan side without
their check and satisfaction.
 All the facilitators of the militants residing in the area shall be kept under consistence
vigilance so as identify /. Unearth undesirable elements which are threat to the peaceful
rehabilitation process. This exercise would also help to timely arrest of the militants’
sleeper cells, if any.
 Successful arrangements of support functions, social celebrations and free movements
of minorities etc. would help to expedite the psychotherapy of effected thereby setting
the stage of psychological security.
 263

6.3.9.2. Economic Factor

The local administration with the backing of Pak Army has taken number of measures to
ensure revival of economic activities for the residents of the area. However, following areas
need more input to expedite the revival process in befitting manners:
 Reconstruction of business markets, industry, shops, and its smooth handing over to
their previous owners alongside ensuring free access to market and fear free business
operation.
 The CPEC shall be immediately linked with the area and its link established to the
Afghanistan to Central Asia. Furthermore, KP Government plan to establish
“Economic Opportunity Zone” in this area to serve CPEC laterally and vertically. This
would help create lot of employment opportunity on one hand and generate host of
economic activities to benefit the area to its maximum.
 Micro Finance institutions shall take special measures to finance the small farmers or
businessmen to revitalize their businesses without delay. Government policy to
introduce tax and interest relief in the area would help the businesses to grow in speedy
track.
 Government shall introduce policy reforms in provision of free social facilities such as
education, health, community centers, and other help packages.
6.3.9.3 Education Sector
The expediency of the revival of this sector is being lauded from different quarters, however,
still there is big gap between the need analyses and the provision. In order to beef up the
ongoing drive the resources are to be doubled up. The government may approach national
and international donors to provide economic support in re-construction of education infra-
structure. Different NGO s from national or International sides may adopt one village-one
school/ college from the start of reconstruction to provision of full equipment’s. Laboratories,
libraries and operation till their successful functioning. Security forces shall keep in touch to
ensure their successful function without any security laps.
6.3.9.4 Human Development Index:
Erstwhile FATA is in the process of merger with KP as per constitutional amendment of May
2018. The merger of Erstwhile FATA would only be viable if its human development index
as well as human capital is at par with the KP. Seeing the current gap in this regard indicates
grave discrepancies to have very devastating effects on its future. Therefore, there is need to
speed up the creation of human development infrastructure and investment in human capital
 264

development process. Rupees. 100 billion per year earmarked for the development of
Erstwhile FATA by the Government of Pakistan shall be made used with proper strategic
planning. Such a huge amount for every year can only yield dividends if there is capacity to
manage such investment. Therefore, it is recommended that a University with its four
components i.e..; social sciences and humanity; Physical and life sciences, Medial and
Engineering College be established without any further delay. A monitoring and evaluation
body to keep constant watch on the developmental projects is immediately needed.
6.3.9.5. Communication Infrastructure Development:
The necessary road network/ bridges capable of linking Waziristan laterally and vertically
with rest of KP and Pakistan shall immediately be given priority. The communication
network would assist to reap the socio-economic benefits associated with the China Pakistan
Economic Corridor as well.

6.4. Conclusion

The objectives of the research study were to examine and quantify the factors having effects
on the IDPs of KP and to measure the effect of delay in their repatriation upon radicalization.
The statistical result of the study shows that amid social deprivation, push & pull factors,
delay in repatriation and radicalization there exists a significant positive relationship. In
addition, social deprivation, push & pull factors and delay in repatriation was found as a
significant predictor of radicalization.

In addition, social deprivation and push and pull factors were found as a significant predictor
of delay in repatriation. The outcome of the study clearly indicates a meaningful difference
amid the mean score between Bannu, Karak, Lakki Marwat, SperkaWaziran and Bazen Khel
cities. The study concluded that Erstwhile FATA had been a neglected area of Pakistan since
its creation. All sorts of criminal and undesired activities were ignored by various
governments under the garb of special semi-autonomous status, special rules and rule through
the president being a federal matter. The area remained a hub of all unsocial activities and
people remained neglected from political, economic and social point of view. Absence of any
government authority in the region had increased miseries of common people. No major
initiatives were taken by any government that could had brought economic, social or political
activities coupled with peace and stability. In elections of July 2018, major political parties
were allowed to field its candidates. A long overdue positive step. Rehabilitation of the area
 265

through peace and economic development may be answer to many issues. To ensure that the
IDPs do not return to settled areas again, some economic and social activities are required to
be generated in various areas of agency. Some of the essentials are a) provision of drinking
water, rehabilitation of water supply schemes, tube wells, b) provision of reliable and
regulated electricity through repair of transmission lines and replacement of destroyed poles,
c) improvement and up-gradation of BHUs and tehsil and district level hospitals. The other
measures must be, provision of medicines and required doctors at all levels, d) reconstruction
and improvement of educational institutions, e) establishment of cottage industries of small
scale in most of the tehsils of North Waziristan Agency. Poultry could fetch good business as
all poultry is brought from nearby settled district of Bannu, Karak, Bazen Khel etc.

6.5. Limitations.
There are few limitations of this research. The first and primary limitation is that this research
study is cross sectional in nature. The second limitation is that the study is sample based.
However, while detecting sample, it has been catered that the confidence interval achieved is
95%. Although many of the obtained results were significant, the relationship or associations
between some of the variables are highly correlated, contradict to the previous studies due to
the effect of small sample size on the power of test. Therefore, conclusions were difficult to
extract from the results which were obtained in the study. In future, a detailed research should
be conducted by incorporating large sample size. The third limitation was non-availability of
literature encompassing the study variables.

6.6. Future Area for Researchers

The possible areas for furthers research should be detailed analysis of more IDPs in entire
Pakistan to grasp some of the other factors contributing displacement and possible
radicalization. In future, the present hypotheses should be studied on longitudinal basis. Some
mediating variables and moderation should be integrated as well.

6.6.1. Post Repatriation Possibility of Radicalization. This is one of the new

areas that could be explored for a future research. Once bulk of IDPs has gone back to their
place of origin, some of the major expectations could be as under:

 Creation of safe environment

 266

 Provision of sustained livelihood through creation of enough economic options in

the area.
 Rehabilitation of health services and educational institutions.

In case of failure of the government or support organizations could these expectations

becomes drivers for slipping into radicalization or even joining hands with anti-state forces.
Capacity of returnees to develop enough resilience through adaption to challenging
environment could also become another challenge.
 267

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 281

Respected Sir/Madam,

I am a PhD student at the National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan, conducting a

research on “identifying the factors that affect radicalization”.

The questionnaire will be used to collect data for research. It should not take more than 10
minutes to fill the questionnaire.

Your answer will be kept strictly confidential and will only be used for research purposes.
Please don’t mention your name or any other personal information. You are requested to take
10 minutes out of your busy schedule to fill this questionnaire. Thank you once again for
your time and cooperation.

Regards

Ghulam Muhammad Awan

PhD Scholar

Peace and Conflict Department

National Defense University

Islamabad

Pakistan
 282

Annexure-A

Questionnaire

Radicalization of IDPs in Post War on Terrorism Perspective

SECTION 1: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Please tick with the appropriate answer

1. Your gender: Male Female
2. Your age group: 20-35 36-50 51 and above
3. Educational Level: Under Graduate Graduate

SECTION 2:
Following criteria is used for rating the questionnaire

1 Strongly Disagree

2 Disagree

3 Neutral

4 Agree

5 Strongly Agree

Questionnaire

PUSH FACTORS (The reason of my migration SD D N A SA

is)

1. Terrorism and civil unrest condition 1 2 3 4 5

2. No job or poorly paid jobs 1 2 3 4 5

2. War and conflict 1 2 3 4 5

 283

3. Political persecution 1 2 3 4 5

4. Food and water shortages 1 2 3 4 5

5. Poor education and medical care 1 2 3 4 5

6. Crime, unstable law and order situation and 1 2 3 4 5

hazards

7. Lack of safety 1 2 3 4 5

8. Lack of services 1 2 3 4 5

9. Poverty and isolation 1 2 3 4 5

10. Lack of humanitarian aid 1 2 3 4 5

11. Congestion 1 2 3 4 5

12. Pollution (air noise and visual) 1 2 3 4 5

13. Lack of livelihood

14. Lack of green spaces 1 2 3 4 5

PULL FACTORS (The reason of my migration

is)

1. Peace and harmony 1 2 3 4 5

2. Better healthcare and availability of services 1 2 3 4 5

3. Varied employment opportunities 1 2 3 4 5

4. Better future prospects 1 2 3 4 5

5. No social compulsion 1 2 3 4 5

6. Better standard of living 1 2 3 4 5

 284

7. Safer atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5

8. Less risk of natural hazards 1 2 3 4 5

9. Better service provision 1 2 3 4 5

10. Better education services 1 2 3 4 5

11. Fear of being victim of terrorism 1 2 3 4 5

12. Better humanitarian aid 1 2 3 4 5

13. Green house and better recreational facilities 1 2 3 4 5

14. Less pollution and cleaner air 1 2 3 4 5

DEPRIVATION (The place from where I

migrated was surrounded with)

1. Homeless people 1 2 3 4 5

2. Vandalism and deliberate damage with property 1 2 3 4 5

3. Poor socio-economic condition 1 2 3 4 5

4. Racism and religious comfortability 1 2 3 4 5

5. Poor street lighting 1 2 3 4 5

6. Street noise 1 2 3 4 5

7. Pollution, grime or other environmental problems 1 2 3 4 5

caused by war equipment’s or traffic.

8. Lack of open public space 1 2 3 4 5

9. Terrorism and risk 1 2 3 4 5

10. Racially harassment 1 2 3 4 5

 285

11. Poor terrorism risk mitigation facilities 1 2 3 4 5

RADICALIZATION (is largely influenced by)

1. Terrorism, Extremism, poverty and 1 2 3 4 5

unemployment

2. Economic crises, political instability 1 2 3 4 5

3. Social and economic injustice 1 2 3 4 5

4. Ignorance of people 1 2 3 4 5

5. Selfishness of rulers 1 2 3 4 5

6. Frustration, tension, foreign invasion, 1 2 3 4 5

lawlessness, suppression

REPATRIATION

1. I feel strain from the effort to readapt to my 1 2 3 4 5

home lifestyle

2. I feel strain from the effort to readapt to my 1 2 3 4 5

home

3. I feel generally accepted by the local people in 1 2 3 4 5

the home culture after your international work
experience

4. I wish to escape again from my home 1 2 3 4 5

5. I feel confused about my identity when I returned 1 2 3 4 5

to my home

6. I have received support from government 1 2 3 4 5

agencies to readapt to my home

7. I have attended relocation training program 1 2 3 4 5

 286

Annexure-B

Questionnaire: Repatriation and Rehabilitation

(To be filled from the North Waziristan Repatriates)

Bio data

a. Name: --------------------------------------------------- (optional)

b. Age: ----------------------------------------------------
c. Gender: ------------------------------------------
d. Village: ----------------------------------------------------

Rehabilitation Questions Items Disagree Agreed No

Support Factor Response

Security Adequate security is available in your

returning place

Police is accessible for assistance when

needed

Ruminants of Militants are timely

identified and arrested by Security
forces

Sufficient security is provided to

schooling

Social events like marriages, dancing or

sports are safe to attend

Check post and security patrolling of

the area is continued

Hidden minefields are cleared from

 287

routes, fields etc.

Financial Adequate financial assistance was

rendered at the time of repatriation at
camps

Loss of valuable belonging left

behind at the time of sudden
displacement is compensated

Loss of standing crops/live stocks/

shop/ business due to displacement
is compensated by the
administration

Shops destroyed are reconstructed

by the administration support

Administration facilitated
reconstruction of damaged houses,
mosques etc.

Administration facilitated for

adequate livelihood provision.

Education Schools damaged are rebuild

Adequate teaching staff is available

after repatriation

Girls schooling is operative

Movement of teachers and students

to and from the schools is safe

Computers, internet is available

Health
 288

Adequate medical facilities are

available

Hospitals damaged are

reconstructed

Adequate health facilities are

provided in the local hospitals.

Security of the hospitals and staff is

adequate

Medicines and medical instruments

are available

X-rays, and medical labs are

sufficient

Business
Environment

Business operations are safe and

secure now

Damaged/ destroyed markets are

reconstructed and open

Roads, bridges are reconstructed

Supply routes and transportation of

goods is appropriate

Water channels are clean and

operative

Smuggling is controlled

Social
 289

Infra-Structure

Marriage halls and community

center are rehabilitated

Support grounds are rebuilt

Mosques are rebuilt with adequate

security

Social and religious festivals are

resumed