NAME--------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS--------------------------

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

www.dlhschool.org,www.dlhschool.com.
www.deeper [email protected]
FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTE
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDARY CLASS: SS1
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPICS
1 Introduction to animal husbandry.
Meaning of Animal Husbandry
Livestock in Animal Husbandry
Scope of Animal Husbandry
History of Livestock development.
Types of Animal Husbandry
Career opportunities in Animal Husbandry

2 External features of some selected animals e.g.

fowl, pig, Sheep, goat, cattle, rabbit.

3 Classification of animals based on nutrition i.e. Ruminant (Poly-gastric) cattle, goat,

sheep etc. Non ruminants (Mono-gastric) poultry, pigs, rabbits, snail, grass cutter.
Definition of mono-gastric and poly-gastric,
Differences between mono-gastric and poly-gastric.
General economic importance of farm animals.

4 Definition of digestive system of a non-ruminant animals

Parts and function of each parts of digestive system of non-ruminant animals.

5 Digestive system of ruminant animals,

Definition of enzymes
Kind of food that various enzymes work upon and the end product.
Importance of digestive system.
6 Respiratory system in farm animals,
Definition of respiratory system
Types of breathing
Types of respiration,
Parts of respiratory system,
Organ and function

7 Mid-term break and holiday assignment.

8 Nervous system.
The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
Definition of circulatory system: blood cells,
Function of each blood cell
General functions of blood,

9 The Heart and blood vessels.

The Heart : Heartbeat, diastole, systole
1. The blood vessel: the types of blood vessel
2. Differences between artery and vein
3. Circulation of blood
10 Revision

11 Examination

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.

Week 1: Introduction to animal husbandry

Meaning of animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art and science of rearing farm
animals for human use and consumption. It includes the breeding, feeding, housing,
veterinary/health care, processing, and marketing of farm animals for the benefit of mankind.

Livestock in animal husbandry

Livestock – cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits, camels, and donkeys.
Poultry – chickens, guinea fowls, ostriches, emus, quails, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons,
Common pets – dogs, cats.
Non-traditional animals – honey bees, grass cutters, snails, guinea pigs, etc.
Scope of animal husbandry
Animal husbandry covers raising of food and pet animals following a diligent selection of breeds,
proper feeding, adequate housing, good health care system, hygienic slaughtering, processing, and
marketing.
Key areas of animal husbandry includes:
i. Breeding and genetics
ii. Nutrition
iii. Physiology and biochemistry
iv. Processing
v. Pasture and range management
vi. Marketing
vii. Records and accounts

History of livestock development

Livestock and poultry became important and readily available to humans through the process of
domestication. Domestication of farm animals is defined as a process of hereditary re-organization
of wild animals into domestic form according to the interests of human beings. Domestication brings
about an entirely different animal species which becomes naturally accustomed to living among
humans in quite a beneficial relationship.
The fundamental distinction of domesticated animals from their wild ancestors is that domesticated
animals are created by human efforts to meet specific needs. Domestication differs from taming.
Domestication involves changes in the appearance (phenotype) of the animal concerned. Taming is
the process by which an animal becomes adapted or adjusted to the presence of humans. A tamed
lion is not domesticated as it still demonstrates all the salvage characteristics of their wild relatives.

Types of animal husbandry

i. Subsistence animal husbandry.
ii. Commercial animal husbandry.

Subsistence animal husbandry:

This is a traditional way keeping farm animal where animals are allowed to roam about in search of
their own food. The farmer provides the animal with supplementary feed and shelter. Fewer animals
are kept using family labour.
Commercial animal husbandry:
The farmer here is concerned with the proceeds. Large area of land is needed while large number of
animals are raised using skilled and unskilled labour. Animals are provided with feeds, shelter and
health by the farmer.
Sub topic 2
Career opportunities in animal husbandry
Career opportunities in animal husbandry includes:
i. Animal breeding and genetics
ii. Poultry production
iii. Livestock production
iv. Hatchery engineering
v. Animal health
vi. Quarantine programmes
vii. Marketing and distribution
viii. Meat processing engineering
ix. Feed milling
x. Pasture production
xi. Laboratory analysis
xii. Extension agencies
Economic importance of farm animals
Farm animals play significant roles in human development. The important functions of farm animals
are as follows:
i. Provision of food
ii. Source of manure
iii. Source of income
iv. Generation of employment opportunities
v. Source of power
vi. Means of transportation
vii. Provision of raw materials
viii. Entertainment, sports and games.
ix. Festive activities/bride price payment
x. Messengers
xi. Security and protection
xii. Companionship
xiii. Source of foreign exchange
xiv. Research purpose
xv. Gift items
xvi. Medicines

Problems of animal husbandry

The following problems are associated with livestock farming:
i. Inadequate finance
ii. Poor land tenure system
iii. Unfavourable climatic conditions
iv. High pest infestation
v. Disease infection
vi. Low level of technical know-how
vii. Socio-cultural constraints
viii. Inconsistency in government policies
ix. Political instability
x. Poor research and training
xi. Lack of infrastructural development in rural areas
xii. Improper disposal of waste and manure

Suggested solutions to the problems of animal husbandry

The following solution are proffered to the problems of animal husbandry
i. Availability of loans to farmers
ii. Quality stock, proper housing, and health care should be provided
iii. Good processing and storage facilities should be made available
iv. Feed should be provided in terms of quality and quantity.
v. Research institutes should be able to predict, detect, and investigate incidents of animal
diseases.
vi. Animals that are culturally acceptable should be raised.
vii. Literacy level of animal handlers should be raised/improved.
viii. Corporate organizations and rich individuals should be encouraged to fund research in
animal husbandry.
ix. Infrastructural facilities in the rural areas should be improved upon on a regular basis
since agriculture in Africa is still rural based.

Evaluation
1. Define animal husbandry.
2. Mention eight (8) animals raised in animal husbandry.
3. Differentiate between
a. Subsistence animal husbandry and commercial animal husbandry
b. Domestication and taming.
4. State five (5) careers In animal husbandry.
 5. Highlight seven (7) importance of animal husbandry.
6. Enumerate six (6)
a. Problems of animal husbandry.
b. Probable solutions to the problems of animal husbandry.
Assignment
1. Write short notes on each item on the
a. Importance of farm animals.
b. Problems of animal husbandry.
c. Solutions to the problems of animal husbandry.
REFERENCE TEXTS
5. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
6. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
7. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
8. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.

WEEK 2 External features of some selected animals

EXTERNAL PARTS OF A COW
EXTERNAL PARTS OF A RABBIT, FOWL AND GOAT
 EVALUATION (Objective)
1. The hairy end of the tail in cow is called-------------------
(a)Whisker (b) hock (c) hump (d) switch.
2. The hones can be used for -------------------- (a) eating (b) attack (c) race (d) courtship.
3. The ever wetted upper part of the lip is --------------- (a) face (b) dew lap (c) muzzle (d)
belly.
4. The following are parts of fowl except-------------- (a) comb (b) claw (c) shank (d) hump
5. The meat of goat is called---------------- (a) beef (b) chicken (c) chevon (d)pork

THEORY
1. Identify ten external parts of cow
2. Mention one function for each part identified above

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.
WEEK 3 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS

Animals are classified according to diverse purposes like habitat, relationship with man, mode of
feeding, to mention but a few.

Animal classified based on habitat e.g terrestrial animal and aquatic animal e.t.c those classified
according to relationship with man are wild animals and domestic animals.

With regard to domestic animals, which is going to be our focus in these studies?

A domestic animal is animal that man has been able to tamed, control and has been freely
reproducing under his supervision. Examples of domestic animals include Goat, Sheep, Camel,
Donkey rabbit, pig, Cattle, Poultry, bee, grass cutter, snail, fishes.

The domesticated animal can further be classified based on their mode of nutrition.
1. Non – ruminant animals
2. Ruminant animals.

Sub Topic 1

DEFINITION OF MONOGASTRIC OR NON –RUMINANT ANIMALS

These are animals which possess only one stomach and do not ruminate. They have simple
stomach and cannot digest cellulose and fibre properly.eg pig rabbit poultry birds.
 DEFINITION OF POLY-GASTRIC OR RUMINANT ANIMAL.
These are farm animals that possess four stomach chambers hence can ruminate. The
stomach compartments are rumen, reticulum omasum and abomasums.
Differences between mono-gastric and poly-gastric animal.

Mono-gastric animal poly-gastric animal

1. Have simple stomach have complex stomach
2. Do not chew cud chew cud –regurgitate.
3. Do not produce enzyme cellulose produce enzyme cellulase.
4. No rumen, no bacteria rumen contains bacteria.
5. Feed on non-fibres – concentrate feed on fibre- roughage.
6. Secrete enzyme amylase do not secrete enzyme amylase

Economic Importance of Farm Animals

1. Source of protein
2. Source of income
3. Source of raw material
4. Use as game
5. Source of revenue
6. Source of farm power to do work on the farm
7. Source of manure
8. Source of bio gas to run machine on the farm
9. Source of foreign exchange
10. for social ceremonies
11. For religious purpose
12. To display ones wealth

Sub Topic 2
DIGESTIONS IN NON-RUMINANT (PIG)/MONOGASTRICS

Non-ruminants are animals with simple stomach like rabbit, pig and poultry. Pigs have only one
stomach. They do not chew the cud. Pig feed mainly on basal feed like maize, cassava, and other
mashed food. The digestion of feed/food takes place in the four areas of the tract.

1. MOUTH: the food is masticated, chewed and mixed with saliva which contains enzymes
called ptyalin, the ptyalin converts starch to maltose. The food is swallowed and moved by
peristaltic movement to the stomach.
2. STOMACH: two enzymes rennin and pepsin are present. Renin acts on milk and cuddle it
while pepsin converts proteins to peptones. The thick liquid called chyme, now passes to the
duodenum.
3. DUODENUM: digestion also takes place here, three enzymes are present and they act on
different food stuffs.
a. Amylase: this enzymes converts starch to maltose.
b. Lipase: converts fats and oil to fatty acids and glycerol
c. Trypsinogen: converts protein and peptones to polypeptides at the end of digestion
in the duodenum, the food (non-liquid form called, chyle, passes to the ileum or
small intestine).
d. Small intestine: The wall of small intestine secrets many enzymes which complete
the process of digestion. These enzymes includes;
i. Lipase: Which converts fat and oil to fatty acids and glycerol?
ii. Erepsin: This converts polypeptides to amino acids
iii. Maltase: This converts maltose to glucose.
iv. Sucrase: This converts sucrose to glucose and fructose
v. Lactase: This converts lactose to glucose and galactose.

The end products in digestion (amino acid, glucose, fatty acid and glycerol) are absorbed in
the small intestine by a structure called villi. The undigested food materials are passed to
the large intestine from where they are ejected out through the anus as faeces and dung.

EVALUATION (Objective)

1. Mono-gastric animals includes the following except----------------

(a) Pig (b) fowl (c) rabbit (d) ram
2. The following are ruminants except--------------- (a) sheep (b) snail (c) goat
(d) cow.
3. Mono-gastric feeds on -------------- (a) roughages (b) concentrates (c)
grasses (d) liquid only.
4. The part of digestive system of poly-gastric that contain bacterial that
help to digest cellulose is ----------------- (a) reticulum (b) omasum (c)
abomasum (d) rumen
5. The true stomach in poly-gastric animal is ------------------
(a) Reticulum (b) omasum (c) rumen (d) abomasums
(b) The best source of milk is --------------- (a) cow (b) sheep (c) goat (d) pig
6. Digestion is a process by which ---------------- are broken down
(a) Insoluble (b) soluble (c) sub soluble (d) sub insoluble
ASSIGNMENT

1. Classify animal based on nutrition

2. Give three examples of mono-gastric and three examples of poly-
gastric.
3. Draw and label the digestive system of mono-gastric animal.
4. Define mono-gastric and give three examples
5. Mention 8 economic importance of farm animals
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.

WEEK 4 DIGESTION IN DOMESTIC FOWL

Subtopic 1

DIGESTION IN DOMESTIC FOWL

Birds are mono-gastric animals or animals with simple stomach. The alimentary canal
consists of the mouth, oesophagus, crop, proventiculus, gizzard, duodenum, ileum, and
colon. Caecum and anus.
 Mouth: Birds have beak which is used to feel and pick up grains (marsh) one after the other.
The tongue aids in swallowing food into the oesophagus.

Crop: This is a sack-like structure used for temporary storage of food. Certain bacteria
present here help in fermenting and moistening the food. The fermented food then leaves
here through the oesophagus into the proventiculus.

Proventiculus: This is the first part of the stomach. Here gastric juice which is acidic due to
the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid contains enzyme pepsin which acts on protein and
convert it into peptone.

Gizzard: This acts as teeth of birds. It helps in the mastication and chewing up of food
substances. The gizzard is a tough, thick and muscular organ which contains pebbles or
stones that aids grinding of food. Bile juice from liver is mixed up with the food substances.

Caecum: This harbours micro-organisms which aid the breaking down of some cellulose into
glucose.

Cloaca: This is a common part for reproduction and excretion/egesting of waste product.

Subtopic 2

DIGESTION IN RUMINANT

TOPIC: DIGESTION IN RUMINANT

Ruminants have ability to digest cellulose and their stomach is divided in four chambers
which include Rumen, Reticulum, omasum and Abomasum.
 Mouth: This consists of teeth, tongue, and salivary gland. The ruminant gathers grass with
its tongue, holds it tightly with the teeth and jaw and pulls off a small quantity, which is
hurriedly chewed before swallowing. This does not give room for digestive enzymes in the
mouth to action food at this stage.

Oesophagus: Food passes from mouth into the Rumen through the oesophagus.

Rumen: The first stomach where certain cellulose bacteria act on the grasses and convert
them into starch. The rumen can also be used for the temporary storage of food if the
rumen is allowed to feed for long time.

Reticulum:

Intestine
Ileum
Colon
Caecum:
This area houses some symbiotic bacteria called fibre-digesting bacteria or cellulolytic
bacteria (Ruminococcus flavefacians, Ruminococcus albus, Bacteriodes succinogenes,
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens) which help in the digestion of cellulose. Part of the digested
cellulose is utilized by the bacteria and other reabsorbed into the blood stream of the
ruminants.
Anus:
Undigested food is now passed out as dungs through the anus. Animal dungs is a very good
source of manure to enrich the soil.

EVALUATION (Objective)
1. Two enzymes that are secreted in the true stomach are --------------- and --------------
(a) Rennin and pepsin (b) rennin and pepsin (c) pepsin and renin (d) Pepsi-cola and
pepsinogen.
2. The following are product from animal except -----------------
(a) Milk (b) butter (c) leather (d) sample.
3. Maltase is an enzyme that works on ---------------- (a) protein (b) fat (c) starch (d) fruit.
4. The enzyme that are produce in the mouth is --------------
(a) Ptyalin (b) maltase (c) fructose (d) rennin.
5. The end product of fat is ----------------------
(a) Amino acid (b) fatty acid (c) poly peptide (d) glucose.

THEORY

1. Define digestive system of non-ruminant animal

2. Define enzymes
3. Identify six parts of mono-gastric digestive system and activities that takes place in
course of digestion.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Draw and label the digestive system of a bird.

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
 2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.

WEEK 5 DEFINITION OF ENZYMES

TOPIC: DEFINITION OF ENZYMES

Enzymes are catalyst that helps in the breaking down of food substances for it to be made
absorbable.

Sub Topic 1
Selected enzymes and their end product
FOOD ENZYMES PRODUCTS
Starch ptyalin maltose
Protein pepsin peptone
Milk protein renin milk protein
Starch amylase maltose
Fat & oil lipase fatty acid & glycerol
Protein &peptone trypsinogen polypeptide
Polypeptide erepsin amino acid
Maltose maltase glucose
Sucrose sucrase glucose & fructose
Lactose lactase glucose& galactose

Sub Topic 2
 IMPORTANCE OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. It aids the digestion of food
2. It promotes the digestion of feed
3. It ensures absorption of digested feed
4. It helps in ejection of undigested feed
5. It assists in secretion of enzymes for digestion and productive hormones.

EVALUATION (Objective)
1. Respiratory system is associated with exchange of ---------------------
(a) Water (b) gases (c) enzyme (d) power
2. The following equation explains ------------------
C6 H12 O6 2C2 H3 OH + 2C02 + ENERGY
(a) Aerobic (b) Anaerobic (c) oxidation (d) reduction
3. The respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen is called------
--------
(a) Anaerobic (b) aerobic (c) oxidation (d) reduction
4. The following are parts of respiratory organ except ----------------
(a) Oesophagus (b) larynx (c) lung (d) pharynx
5. When diaphragm contract and flattens out and inter-coaster muscles
contrast ---------------- happens (a) expiration (b) inspiration (c)
breathing out (d) death.

THEORY
1. Define digestive system of poly-gastric/ruminant
2. Define enzyme

WEEK END ASSIGNMENT

List 25 food crop good for animal consumption.

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.
WEEK 6 RESPRIRATORY SYSTEM

TOPIC: RESPRIRATORY SYSTEM

Definition
Respiratory system includes all the organs and tissues associated with the exchange of gases
between the animal and its environment leading to the release of energy.
Sub Topic 1

TYPES OF RESPIRATION
1. Aerobic respiration
 2. Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Respiration
This is a form of respiration which takes place in the presence of oxygen.
C6H12O6 H2O → 6C02 + 6H20 + Energy
Glucose oxygen carbondioxide water

Anaerobic Respiration
This is a form of respiration which takes place in the absence of oxygen. When glucose is broken
down, it releases lactic acid and energy in animals, but in the plant the end product of anaerobic
respiration are alcohol, carbondioxide and energy.
C6H12O6 → 2C2H3OH + 2CO2 + Energy
Glucose alcohol carbondioxide

Sub Topic 2

BREATHING
During breathing, air flows from the nostrils to the pharynx to the larynx and to the lungs. This
breathing activity leads to the movement of the rib cage known as the processes of breathing.
This involves:

• Inspiration/inhalation/breathing in
• Expiration/exhalation/breathing out.

DEFINITION OF INSPIRATION

This involves the breathing of air into the lungs. During the process, the diaphragm contract, of
thoracic cavity therefore increases and pressure in the lungs is lowered, thereby creating high
pressure in the lungs and oxygen is taken into the lungs.

DEFINITION OF EXPIRATION

This involves the breathing out of the air from the lung. The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its
dome shape. Inter-costal muscle relaxes and the ribs are lowered. The sternum moves backward
the volume of the thoracic cavity therefore decreases pressure in the lungs increase and
carbondioxide is expelled from the lungs.

Sub Topic 3

IMPORTANCE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. It supply oxygen to the body cells

2. It help to reduce heat load in the body
3. It remove carbon dioxide from the body
4. It promote gaseous exchange
 EVALUATION

1. What is respiratory system

2. Mention two types of respiration

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Draw and label the lung of animal.

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.

WEEK 8 NERVOUS SYSTEM

TOPIC: NERVOUS SYSTEM

DEFINITION

This system is concerned with the ability of the animal to respond to changes in the environment.
The nervous system of mammals comprises of:-
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System
 Sub Topic 1

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system (CN) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They help to coordinate the
activities in both internal and external environment.

Diagram of the brain

The brain is divided into three parts:-

• Fore brain consist of olfactory lobe and cerebrum. The olfactory lobe is responsible for smell
while the cerebrum is responsible for intelligence, memory, imagination and voluntary
action.
• The mid brain consists of optic lobe and it is responsible for sight.
• The hind brain consists of cerebellum, pons varolli and medulla oblongata. Cerebellum is
responsible for body equilibrium and muscular control. Pons varolli helps to receive impulse
from mid brain into hind brain and back, medulla oblongata is responsible for simple reflex
action like sneezing, coughing etc.

SPINAL CORD
This begins from the end of medulla oblongata and passes through the vertebra column and
ends at the caudal vertebra. Spinal cord controls all involuntary and reflex actions, it works with
brain by transmitting and receiving impulses from the brain.

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

This consists of different nerves. There are three major types of neurones
1. Sensory neurone which are attached to the sense organs like the eye, ear, skin, nose,
tongue.
2. Motor neurone which is attached to the muscle fibres and glands
3. Intermediate or relay neurone which are attached to the brain and the spinal cord.

Reflex Action

These are actions carried out by animals without thinking or training. E.g., coughing, sneezing,
and blinking of the eyes. This action passes through a reflex arc.

Sub topic 2
TOPIC: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
This system is concerned with the transportation of certain blood substances round the body of
the animal. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels e.g arteries, veins and
capillaries.

Sub Topic 1
THE BLOOD
Blood is the circulatory tissue, and consist of liquid part called plasma and the cell or particles-like
called corpuscles. Plasma consist of substances like protein e.g, fibrinogen, prothrombin, food
substances, hormones, water, gases like oxygen and carbondioxiode, waste products plasma
without protein is called serum.
 Blood Cells
a. Red blood cell/ Erythrocytes
b. White blood cell/leucocytes
c. Blood platelets/ thrombocytes

Sub Topic 2
FUNCTION OF EACH BLOOD CELL
1. Red blood cell which is responsible for absorption and transportation of oxygen round the
body. Carry Co2 from the body to the lings for excretion. Deficiency – sickle cell

2. White blood cell which help to prevent foreign body from entering the body of animal. Help
build up immunity. Deficiency – leukaemia.

3. Blood platelets which help in clotting of blood to prevent excessive loss of blood during cut
and bleeding. Deficiency – haemophilia.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD

1. Maintains body temperature by distributing heat during circulation
2. It carries oxygen with the help of haemoglobin to different part of the body
3. Transport hormones from ductless glands to their area of activities
4. Transport waste products like carbodioxide, mineral salt, urea, water to where they are
removed.
5. Leucocyte help to defend the body against germs
6. It helps in blood clotting with the aid of platelets
7. Helps to maintain water level of the body
8. Transport digested food to the cell.

EVALUATION (Objective)
1. CNS is an acronym for ---------------------
a) Central national system
b) Central nation system
c) Central nervous system
d) Center nervous system
2. The brain comprises of the following except----------------
(a) Cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c) olfactory lobe (d) capillaries.
3. The part of the brain responsible for sight is -----------------
(a) Cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c) optic lobe (d) olfactory lobe.
4. The part of the brain responsible for smell is ------------------
(a) Cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c) olfactory lobe (d) optic lobe
5. Imagination is the responsibility of ------------------
(a) Cerebrum (b) cerebellum (c) olfactory lobe (d) optic lobe
6. Another name for red blood cell is ------------- (a) leucocyte (b)
erythrocyte (c) thrombocyte (d) fibrinogen
7. The blood cell responsible for transportation of oxygen is ------------------
(a) White blood cell (b) red blood cell (c) yellow blood cell (d) blood
platelet
 8. The blood that helps the body to fight against disease germ is -----------

(a) Red blood cell (b) white blood cell (c) yellow blood cell (d) platelet
blood

9. ---------------- blood cell help to clot blood during cut. (a) Thrombocyte
(b) erythrocyte (c) leucocytes (d) fibrinogen

10. The largest blood vessel in the body is ------------- (a) aorta (b) vein (c)
venous (d) capillaries

THEORY

1. What is Nervous System

2. What is central Nervous System

WEEK END ASSIGNMENT

Draw and label the Diagram of simple reflex arc

1. Define circulatory system
2. Mention five functions of blood.

WEEKEND ASSIGMNENT
Draw and label the diagram of heart of a named animal.

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.
WEEK 9
TOPIC:THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS.

Sub Topic 1
The Heart beat
The heart is made up of muscles called the cardiac muscles which contract and relax continuously,
making the heart to beat ceaselessly. It is covered by a thick membrane called, pericardium which
keeps the heart in good position in the thoracic cavity.
The heart consists of four chambers upper auricle (right and left auricle) the lower ventricles (right
ventricle and left ventricles). A central wall called the septum divides the heart into right and left
halves.

Between the left auricle and the left ventricle is an aperture guarded by a biscupid/mitral valve and
another valve, the triscupid valve is found between the right auricle and the right ventricles. These
valves only permit one direct flow f the blood.

Heart + beat occur in two stages.

Diastole
Systole

Diastole:-
The two auricles contract, creating high pressure in the blood which causes biscupid and triscupid
valves to fold downward thus allowing blood to flow from the auricles into the ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right ventricles from right auricle while oxygenated blood enters left
ventricle from left auricle.

Systole:-
The ventricles contract, creating high pressure in the blood which causes the two valve to close.
Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle passes into the pulmonary artery while oxygenated
blood from the left ventricles passes into the aorta.
Aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body.

Sub Topic 2

THE BLOOD VESSEL

Blood vessels are network of path/space in the body through which materials are moved from one
part of the body to the other with the aid of blood.

Three Types of Blood Vessels

a. Artery carry blood away from the heart, it is further divided into arterioles
b. Vein carries blood to the heart. It is further divided into form veinous.
c. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels found around tissues and organs where the artery and vein
meet. It is the region that substance diffuses in and out of the blood.

Sub Topic 3
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARTERY AND VEIN

S/N ARTERY VEIN

1 Carries blood away from hear Carries blood to the heart
2 Carry oxygenated blood except Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary
pulmonary arteries vein
3 Thick, elastic and muscular wall Thin, less elastic and non-muscular wall
4 Has valves to present reflex of blood No valve
5 Lies deep in the muscles Lies near the body surface
6 Blood in it flow rapidly under high Has blood that flows slowly under low pressure.
pressure
7

Sub Topic 3

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD

Heart Artery
Arterioles

Vein Veinous Capillaries

EVALUATION (Objective)

1. The cell or particle like part of blood is called-----------------------

(a) Plasma (b) corpuscle (c) arteriole (d) vein

 2. The protein contain in blood is one of the following (a) fibrinogen (b)
glycogen (c) oxylic (d) metallic
3. The waste product of plasma without protein is called--------------------

(a) Serum (b) lemum (c) derum (d) renum

4. The neuron attached to the muscle fibres and glands is --------------------

(a) Relay neurone (b) motor neurone (c) sensory neuron (d) intermediately
neuron

5. ------------- control all involuntary and reflex action (a) brain (b) mind (c)
spinal cord (d) hind brain.

Assignment

1. Define heart
2. Mention four types of blood cell

REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Integrated Animal Husbandry for Schools and Colleges by O. J. Babayemi et al; Positive
press, Ibadan.
2. Animal Husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. Kenneth Obosi et al; Cosmopolitan
Book Services, Ibadan.
3. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary School 1 by O. O. Adejinmi et al; HEBN Publishers
plc, Ibadan.
4. Animal husbandry for Senior Secondary Schools 1 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University
Press Plc, Ibadan.

WEEK 10 REVISION

WEEK 11-13 EXAMINATION