Navigating the intricacies of a Ph.D.

thesis on Elliptic Curve Cryptography can be an arduous

Writing a thesis on Elliptic Curve Cryptography demands not only a strong grasp of theoretical
principles but also practical expertise in computational techniques. Scholars must conduct thorough
literature reviews to grasp the existing body of knowledge and identify gaps for their contribution.
They must then design and execute rigorous experiments, analyze results, and draw meaningful
conclusions that advance the field.

Moreover, the process of articulating findings and insights into a coherent thesis requires exceptional
writing skills. Precision in language, clarity in exposition, and adherence to academic standards are
paramount. Crafting a document that not only showcases the depth of understanding but also
persuasively communicates the significance of the research is no small feat.

Given the complexities and challenges inherent in writing a Ph.D. thesis on Elliptic Curve
Cryptography, seeking assistance can be invaluable. ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ offers a reliable solution
for scholars grappling with the demands of their research. With a team of experienced academic
writers and subject matter experts, ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ provides comprehensive support tailored
to the specific needs of each client.

From formulating research questions to drafting chapters and refining language, ⇒ HelpWriting.net
⇔ offers assistance at every stage of the thesis-writing process. Their commitment to quality,
confidentiality, and timely delivery ensures that scholars can confidently delegate tasks without
compromising academic integrity.

For those embarking on the daunting journey of writing a Ph.D. thesis on Elliptic Curve
Cryptography, ⇒ HelpWriting.net ⇔ stands as a trusted ally, providing expert guidance and
support every step of the way.
ASICs are designed specifically toperform a given computation, and thus they are very fast and
efficient when executingthe exact computation for which they were designed. A codeword is
composed oftwo fields, one is the length of the current matched string, and other is the pointer inthe
searching buffer where the string starts. An unified architectureis designed to support both echemes
ECDSA and ECIES adding data compression. We can then use any secure symmetric encryption
method to encrypt our secret data with the shared key \(SK\). Scalars can be either a random
number, the private key ofthe emisor in a signature generation or values given by the INT-ALU.
Because a Fq isfinite, EC(Fq) is also a finite set. The coordinatedexecution of each ALU is
accomplished by a control unit, which is implemented as afinite sate machine. The basic foundations
of both, compression and encryption are presented in thefollowing sections. This forces a redesign
and refabrication of the chip if anypart of its circuit requires modification. The process of hiding the
substance of information (plain-text) is called encryption and the process of turning encrypted data
(ciphertexts) backinto plaintext is called decryption. Easy, in our example, we assume Bob already
knew Alice’s public key, say if only Alice knows Bob’s public key \(MP\), she can take her own
private key \(N\), generate the same shared secret key \(SK\), encrypt the data and send her public
key \(NP\) in plain text along with the encrypted data. In next section the basic units for the large
integer arithmetic modulo n are pre-sented. 70 Page 82. More sites using ECC to secure data means a
greater need for this kind of quick guide to elliptic curve cryptography. While cryptosystems based
on integer factorizationare considered currently secure using 1024 bit operands, the cryptosystems
based onlogarithm discrete problems offer an equivalent security level using 160-bit operands. These
two consecu-tive operations can be performed in parallel so, the multiplication is performed in m
iterations. Althoughthere seem to exist implementations of EC cryptographic protocols (e.g.,
ECDSA) andEC generation methods (CM method) based on these libraries, these
implementationsare either not publicly offered (LiDIA), or are partly provided (MIRACL). In
addition, justsoftware implementations have been considered. The compres-sor can be implemented
by using the CAM approach instead of using the systolic one.Although area resources will increase
considerably, up to one symbol per clock cyclewill be processed, improving of this manner the
throughput for data encryption andsignature generation. While one methodcan be faster, other can
achieve better compression ratio and still other may require lesscomputational resources.
Traditionally,public key cryptography has been used only to generate a shared secret value, which
isused for bulk encryption. Although parallelism at the level ofdesign can be applied, it was decided
not to apply it or minimally. The dictionary contains a list ofsubstrings and codewords associated
with them. The ciphers implemented by these machinesbrought about a significant increase in the
complexity of cryptanalysis. At the same time, registers initialization in the systolic array PEs
musttake place. Yes, a point adding itself holds the same rule, using the tangent line on the finite
field to connect the third. In the work performed by Orlandoand Paar, scalar multiplication can be
performed in 0.21 ms, working over the binaryfield F2167 with polynomial basis representation and
representing elliptic points in pro-jective coordinates. Based on results showed in previous graphs, it
was decided to use a searching bufferof size 1024 bytes long and a coding buffer of 15 bytes. Ofer
Schwarz, Winter 2012-2013 Advisor: Barukh Ziv. Whenthe current FIFO is ready, a 512-bit block
can be processed according the SHA-1-corealgorithm.
The header contains these fields: Version, Previous Block Hash, Merkle Root, Timestamp, Difficulty
Target, Nonce Block Header fields description As you can see, one of the fields of the header is the
“Previous Block Hash”. Alice will then exchange a shared secret key with the attacker. H0 ?H1 are
registers that keep the current hash value for a givenblock. From the x-coordinate of point dBR,
KDF produces the keys KMAC and KS. While symmetric encryption protects data exchange within
a session, asymmetric encryption establishes secure communication between the client and server.
Better scalability ECC requires less CPU and goes easier on resources. The first unit is an
implementation of the Blakley method listed in algorithm 13. Elliptic Curves. Elliptic curves may be
defined over any field Solutions to the equation. Elliptic Curves and Their Applications: An
Introduction has been used successfully for teaching advanced undergraduate courses. For a
searching buffer of anysize in figure 4.3, throughput reaches its maximum value at an specific value
size of thecoding buffer. Some papers have reported systolic implementations for the LZ77
algorithm. A NIST (randomand Koblitz) curve over the finite field F2163 was used and projective
coordinates wereselected. Thevalues of the coding buffer are accessed in parallel, the value for input
j in type-I PEis constant and can be considered as an index, indicating the position of the PE in
thearray. When data are encrypted (ECIES) ordigitally signed (ECDSA), they are previously
compressed. This new encryption method has the right features for the digital world with its
extensive data volume exchange. The first one is a direct im-plementation that performs the division
at most in (2m ? 1) cycles. Mathematical Society 265, Cambridge University Press, 1999. Every 512-
bit block isprocessed in 80 iterations and the result of the final block becomes the message digest.
The architecture is designed so itcan only perform data compression or only executes ECDSA or
ECIES without datacompression. In both, it is supossed that twoentities A and B share either the
___domain parameters DF2m or DFp. See documentation for Elliptic Curve versus RSA Certificate
Priority within the VMware NSX Advanced Load Balancer. Thisselections was taken according to
the following facts: 1) a dictionary method does notrequire prior knowledge or statistical
characteristics of the symbols, so, avoiding thesecond pass lets faster compression. 2) it is stated in
the literature that the memory fordictionary-based methods is less than that for statistical methods.
For this implementation, themaximum delay for finding a 2-byte codeword was 1039 clock cycles,
which leads toachieve only a throughput of 2.4 Mbps for bulk data encryption and signature gen-
eration. This increases the likelihood of implementation errors, reducing the algorithm’s security.
Speaker: Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Dept of Computer Sc and Engg IIT Madras. Data will
beconsidered as valid when v dat is valid, and it is responsibility of the external entity.When module
is not able to receive new data, line m dat is disabled. The Huffman methodachieves compression by
replacing every symbol by a variable bit string. Presentation Agenda. 1. Cameo Appearance by
Symmetric Encryption 2. Although the first approach lets easy implementations,it does not explore
full parallelism and is not attractive for real time applications. Just, however, Bob won’t be able to
know the message is from whom, as the attached public key \(NP\) could belong to anyone.
Although this kind of digital signing algorithm (DSA) offers a functionally indistinguishable
outcome as other DSAs, it uses the smaller keys you’d expect from ECC and therefore is more
efficient. I searched around the internet, found so many articles and videos explaining it. For this
reason, ECC is considered to be the next generation implementation of public key cryptography and
more secure than RSA. As shown in figure 4.1, the coding buffer does not need to be large for
achievinggood compression ratios, but the searching buffer does. Just in this case the compressor
reaches its maximumthroughput. For the algorithm to work, this number must be prime and must be
a divisor of NN. With this, you will get an alphanumeric string (2poiuwfsvhxnv382249j). Now, after
the key exchange, they end up getting the same shared secret coordinate, we can take the x value as
the key. The text nevertheless leads to problems at the forefront of current research, featuring
chapters on point counting algorithms and security issues. He used 16 32-bit registers connected in
cascade, one 32-bit 1-to-2 multiplexer,one 4-input 32-bit XOR and a 32-bit circular shifter.
Therefore, if the security level is 100 bits, then a key size of 200 bits is required. A digital signature
is represented in a computer as a string of binary digits. Mostof the compression methods use the
following equation to estimate it. The x-coordinate of the point kQB is used bythe key derivation
function KDF to generate the keys KMAC and KS. That’s why a bitcoin address (derived from K)
can be shared with anyone and does not reveal the user’s private key (k). The control unit isa finite
state machine that makes the initialization of registers H0?H1 and implementsthe necessary tasks to
either compute the MAC or the HASH value. For example, if the inputs create the number 5, the
valuestored at position 5 is routed to Fout. SHA-1can be described in two stages: preprocessing and
hash computation. CISCO offers some hardwareand software modules to encrypt and compresses
data that can be incorporated intorouters in order to improve the performance of data transmission.
The set of points that will be elements of our group are going to be the rational points. Brian Saville
Jonathan Mitchell. Overview. Background of ECC and PKI ECC Weaknesses Experimentation
Results ECC Adoption Conclusion Questions. Other public key cryptosystems like ElGammal,
Diffie-Hellmankey exchange and DSA are based on the logarithm discrete problem defined on
themultiplicative group modulo p, p is a large prime number. This method is faster thanthe static one
because the Huffman’s tree is built as symbols are processed, avoidinga second pass over the data.
The Adopted unifying approach treats with equal care elliptic curves over fields of even
characteristic, which are especially suited for hardware implementations, and curves over fields of
odd characteristic, which have traditionally received more attention. Consequently, Elliptic Curve
Cryptography Thesis is performed by our experienced team members by the following. Elliptic curve
cryptography is a type ofpublic-key algorithm based on the mathematics of elliptic curves (defined
by certaincubic equations). In next section the basic units for the large integer arithmetic modulo n
are pre-sented. 70 Page 82. Following chapter presents the synthesis results for architectures
presented in thischapter and the performance of the proposed system. 73 Page 85. A cryptographic
algorithm, also called a cipher, is one that provides one of the prop-erties or services listed above. The
EC Discrete Logarithm problem and Pollard’s Rho attack. Background. ECDLP; The ECDLP attack;
Project goals.
SHA-1 is iterative, one-way hash function that produces acondensed 160-bit representation, called a
message digest of data of any size. When theinner loops finishes, length is the maximum length of
the string that starts at pointeri and is the prefix in buffer Y. The design for the mul-tiplier is as
shown in figure 3.31. By adding extra logic, this architecture can computea sum or reduction
modulo n operation. Fora n-input function (F0,F1,.Fn in the previous LUT), it is necessary an array
of 2n memory points to store the information of values 1.2n. There exist several approachesto store
one single bit of information. The compression algorithm performance is measured according to the
compressionratio it achieves; this measurement is obtained following equation 1.1, where Sizeout
means the size in bits of the processed data, which original size is Sizein. Instead of computing
thedivision as two consecutive operations, inversion and the multiplication, division iscomputed
directly. For the same length of keys, faster than RSA For the same degree of security, shorter keys
are required than RSA Standardized in IEEE P1363 Confidence level not yet as high as that in RSA
Much more difficult to explain than RSA. It is more complex and could be challenging to set up
securely. The buffer’s size was 512 for the searching buffer and 63 for thecoding one. As is
commonplace for elliptic curve cryptography, the bit size of the public key needed by ECDSA is
approximately twice the size of the security layer in bits. Speaker: Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Dept of
Computer Sc and Engg IIT Madras. The hardware architecture is described in the standard hardware
description lan-guage VHDL, making possible any rapid further modification. It is a
universaldictionary-based algorithm for lossless data compression; it does not depend on the typeof
data being compressed. This is the Hash of the Header of the previous block. Daniel Dreibelbis
University of North Florida. Outline. Define the Key Exchange Problem Define elliptic curves and
their group structure Define elliptic curves mod p Define the Elliptic Curve Discrete Log Problem
Elliptic curves for KEP. Elliptic Curve Crypto (ECC). “Elliptic curve” is not a cryptosystem Elliptic
curves are a different way to do the math in public key system Elliptic curve versions of DH, RSA,
etc. In the reported work, specialized techniques were used, for example, inline func-tions, loop-
unrolling and assembler code. 85 Page 97. A random modulus n, product of two large prime numbers
p. While one methodcan be faster, other can achieve better compression ratio and still other may
require lesscomputational resources. Such attacks may include invalid-curve attacks and small-
subgroup attacks, and they may result in the private key of the victim leaking out. Required fields
are marked Your comment Your name, please. Mostof the compression methods use the following
equation to estimate it. CSIS 5857: Encoding and Encryption. RSA vs. Elliptic Curve. RSA requires
very large key size Recommended minimum: 1024 bits (as opposed to 128-256 for AES) Speed of
RSA proportional to key size Fast modular exponentiation. One step off and the final point will be
completely off. That is because the searching for redundancy impliesmany operations, many times
complex. These two consecu-tive operations can be performed in parallel so, the multiplication is
performed in m iterations. Latency and area complexity in the data processing module are dominated
by thesearching and coding buffers, that currently are implemented using flip-flops of theFPGA
device. Emerging as new generation of cryptosystems based on public key cryptography No sub-
exponential algorithm to solve the discrete logarithm problem. H0 ?H1 are registers that keep the
current hash value for a givenblock. Many more persons participated in various ways to ensuremy
research succeeded than those and I am thankful to them all. v Page 7.
For every new entered symbol, thecurrent content of both, the searching and the coding buffer is
shifted to the left oneposition. In addition, LZ77 is free of royalties, that doesnot occur with LZW,
for example. Different to architecture I, the squaring operation is performed by a
customizedarchitecture instead of using a multiplier. Different to othercryptosystems, the security of
ECC not only depends on the length of the key but alsoin other parameters like the elliptic curve
being used. 2.3.2 Cryptographic schemes An elliptic curve cryptosystem consist in a tuple. And
before that, let’s introduce key exchange first. In traditional public key crypto, the name of the
problem that makes them hard to crack is called the Discrete Log Problem. In general, a MAC can
be thoughtof as a checksum for data passed through an unreliable (or more importantly,
unsecure)pipeline. The second method is to use software-programmed microprocessors, a far
moreflexible solution. The logical data i-value of a LUT is fully programmed by a word of 2n
bitssent in series to the signal input data of the D-register. The EC Discrete Logarithm problem and
Pollard’s Rho attack. Background. ECDLP; The ECDLP attack; Project goals. Alice then computes
(on C) and Bob computes (on C). The sender will then send their message D with the MAC(D)value.
Again, we don’t want to dig the rabbit hole too deep, so if you are interested, you can read Elliptic
Curve Cryptography: finite fields and discrete logarithms, or watch this series of video from Trustica
and their corresponding articles. Steffen Peter, Peter Langendorfer and Krzysztof Piotrowski. The
first approach consists in the use of multiplexers,the second one in the use of look-up tables. I will
begin with describing the traditional Diffie-Hellman key exchange involving two people, Alice and
Bob. If not, the first two symbols of the coding buffer are taken asno-codified symbols to the output
stream. 3.4 Modulo n and elliptic curve arithmetic support Special hardware for arithmetic operations
is presented in this section. Higher security The elliptic curve-based systems are tougher than RSA
and can withstand quantum computing. The problem is: proofs for the group law generally involve
complex mathematical concepts. The most demanding task in this kind of algorithmsis the
implementation of the model to get the statistics of the symbols and to assignthe bit string. The
RAM memory becomes the 512-bit block beingprocessed by the SHA-1 core block. In this way,
custom digital circuits can be mappedto the reconfigurable hardware by computing the logic
functions of the circuit withinthe logic blocks, and using the configurable routing to connect the
blocks together toform the necessary circuit. The message digest is then input to the digital
signaturealgorithm to generate the digital signature. This results in a high execution overhead for
each individual operation. 9 Page 21. In this example, all computations can be done using only three
cells cell1j and onecell cell2. To compute the inverse of afield element, two main methods have been
commonly used: Fermat’s theorem or the 59 Page 71. In a decryption operation, the point R is stored
in this memory.The memory M2 stores the scalars involved in the multiplications and also, a
pointwhen a signature is verified. Chapter 3 presents the architecture design of the systemexplainig
its internal modules in detail. A performance comparison of hardwareimplementations against each
other is not straight forward because of different key sizeand FPGA technology used for their
implementation. In table 4.13, the scalar multi-plication timing results are compared with some
hardware implementations mentionedearlier in this paper. This is the Hash of the Header of the
previous block.