Ingles 1:

LIKE / WOULD LIKE "like" becomes "likes" for the third person
Like - gives me pleasure, opposite of dislike singular

Question: Do you like chocolate? "would like" does NOT become "would likes".

I like chocolate. e.g.

I do not like chocolate.
She likes tea.
Would like - polite form of "want"

Question: Would you like a cup of tea? She would like a cup of tea please.

Yes, I would like a cup of tea. (short form: Yes please.)

No thank you.

DO AND MAKE

To help you start, you can think that in English, we "do" actions and we 'make' things.

But, there are exceptions for instance 'sport' is a thing, however, we say 'do'!

Example: I do sport every week.

You can learn the exceptions only from experience! below is a list of things we always 'make'.

make a date, (with your girlfriend, boyfriend, friend ..etc)

make a bid, (offer a price in competition with others)
make an appointment, (contact, doctor, dentist, business
make plans,
person ..etc)
make an exception, (to allow something normally not allowed)
make a reservation, (normally a hotel ..etc)
make a telephone call,
make a booking, (hotel, car, cinema ..etc)
make money, (earn money)
make a mess, (means to make untidy or dirty)
make an excuse,
make a creation,
make an effort [to try hard)
make a noise,
make a bed (prepare it for sleeping)
make a decision,
make dinner
make fun, (to tease someone)
make time
make a mistake,

make contact,

make an offer, (offer a price for a product or service)

MAKE AND LET

Let - to allow something. Make - force someone to do, or force something to happen.

He let me drive his car. The prime minister was made to resign after the scandal.

Will you let me watch television tonight? He made me tell him the secret!

Did they let you into the pub? You are only 14! She made him eat his breakfast.

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FEW, A FEW, LITTLE, A LITTLE

Use few for countable nouns Use little for uncountable nouns

few - means not enough / not many. :-( little - means not enough / not much. :-(
There were few people at the exhibition. It's no wonder I'm sorry we can't go for a meal. I have little money with
the exhibitors didn't sell anything. me.
There were few applications for the job, it seems that no We must find a petrol station. I have little petrol left.
one wants the job.
a little - means enough / a reasonable amount. :-)
a few - means enough / a reasonable amount. :-)
Yes let's go for a meal. I have a little money.
There were a few people at the exhibition. The exhibitors
did very well. Yes I can help you, I still have a little time left

There were a few applications for the job, so we may

need longer to go through them.

SOME AND ANY

some - for positive statements

Example Conversation 2
any - for negative statements and all questions
Q - will there be anything else sir? (question)
Example Conversation 1
S - yes I would like some red wine please. (positive
Q - excuse me. Do you have any photocopy statement)
paper? (question)
Q - is there any particular wine you prefer, or is the
S - yes we have some in the warehouse. (positive house-red suitable? (question)
statement) S - the house-red will be fine thank you.
Q - good. Do you have any toner cartridges for a Xerox
The rules for some and any are true for all forms. For
332? (question)
example; something, anything, somewhere, anywhere,
S - I'm Sorry. We don't have any left. We sold out someone, anyone ...etc
yesterday. (negative statement)

MUCH, MANY AND A LOT OF

In English, we use "much" or "many" or "a lot of" when we speak about quantity. a lot of - can always
replace much or many.

MUCH - is used for uncountable nouns.

Uncountable Noun Example

In the desert, the two men found that they didn't have much water.
Water
In the desert, the two men found that they didn't have a lot of water.

How much petrol do we have? I hope it is enough to get us home!

Petrol
Do we have a lot of petrol? I hope it is enough to get us home!

Paper ( you may think that 'paper' is

countable. Well it is when we talk about We don't have much paper left for the photocopier!
newspapers, but not when we talk simply We don't have a lot of paper left for the photocopier!
about quantity of sheets of paper)

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 How much time do we have to finish this exam?
Time
Do we have a lot of time to finish this exam?

You're not having much luck betting on the horses.

Luck
You're not having a lot of luck betting on the horses.

How much money have you lost?

Money
Have you lost a lot of money?

MANY - is used for countable nouns

Countable Noun Example

We don't have many sheets of paper left for the photocopier!

Sheets of Paper
We don't have a lot of sheets of paper left for the photocopier!

There were many people at the exhibition.

People
There were a lot of people at the exhibition.

Many airplanes fly around the world every day.

Airplanes (aeroplanes)
A lot of airplanes fly around the world every day.

The farmer took many pigs to the market.

Pigs
The farmer took a lot of pigs to the market.

WOW! How many cars do you have?

Cars
WOW! Do you have a lot of cars?

MUST, MAY AND HAVE TO

must - command, also to command yourself, strong obligation
You must sign the visitor book when you visit the customer. (A command)
I must get my hair cut. It is too long. (A command to myself)
You must be kind to old people. (An obligation expressed strongly)

may - permission, allowance

Yes you may leave work early. (permission)
Yes you may take 5 minutes at the end of work to wash your hands. (permission)
Students may attend classes wearing their coats, until the heating system has been repaired. (allowance)

have to - obligation, soft command

The host has to arrive at the party before the guests. (obligation)
You have to ask the landlord for the keys. Your not having mine. (soft command)
You have to park your car in the car park, otherwise you might cause a problem. (soft command)
I have to get my hair cut. It is too long. (Reminding myself of my obligation to look neat and tidy)

When you answer the questions. Look carefully for clues that show the strength of the situation. This is the only way to
know whether the answer should be "must" or "have to".

Read the examples below and give yourself time to absorb the difference in feeling!

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e.g.

You have tobe kind to old people. (I feel this is an obligation of us all)
You must be kind to old people. (I feel you would be VERY WRONG if you didn't!)
I have to get my hair cut. It is too long. (I feel this is an obligation of mine, maybe because of my work, or wishes to
look nice)
I must get my hair cut. It is too long. (I keep forgetting or am too busy. Now I am giving myselkf a COMMAND to do
so!)
The policeman told me that I have to park in the car park. (The policeman is kindly giving me information.)
The policeman told me that I must park in the car park. (The policeman is giving me a command.)

JOB AND WORK

work - refers to AN ACTIVITY or VERB job - is used only as a NOUN, PROFESSION, POSITION/TASK
I work as an engineer. (verb: to do)
It is hard work to be a teacher. (a hard activity) What is your job? .. I am an Engineer. (profession)
The work of a doctor is never done. (the activity of a He is applying for a new job as purchasing
doctor) manager. (position)
How much work do you have today? (how much activity) He chose the right job as a lawyer. (profession)
Did you have fun at work today? (at your activity in your What's her job? She is assistant to the Managing
company) Director. (position)
What work do you do? (what activity do you do in your That was a very interesting job. (task or profession
profession) depending on context)
Came you give me a job to do? I am so bored! (task)
The noun "work" is not used with "a".
"a work" on its own is incorrect!
"work" can be used with "a", when work is an adjective!
"a work contract"

COME AND GO

go - for a 'feeling of direction' away or away-

come - for a 'feeling of direction' to or to-
with. (speaker's point of view)
with. (speaker's point of view)
Are you going on holiday to Spain this year? (away)
Are you coming on holiday with us this
Are you going with them to the zoo? (away, because
year?. (with-together)
'them' is not the speaker!)
Are you coming with us? (with-together)
How often do you go there? (away)
How often do you come here? (towards)
He often goes there for peace and quiet? (away)
He often comes here for peace and
I go there often, it is so quiet! (away)
quiet? (towards)
I come here often, it is so quiet! (towards)

Here is another example: Imagine the following two situations ...

You are sitting in a bar and your friend walks in. You could say.. Hello, do you come here often?
Because you are in the bar and the direction to you is 'to' you

Ok. Now imagine ....

You are sitting at home and your friend walks in. You could say.. Hello, do you go to the bar often?
Because you are at home, and the direction is 'away' from you.

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Come and go is a very difficult theme to understand, because in some cases "come" and "go" can be
projected.
Projected means; we talk as if we were in a future/past place.
This is something you will develop by practicing English, but for now, these rules will put you on the right
path.

BEEN AND GONE

been - to go and have already returned.
Have you been to France? (I can ask because you have returned)
We've been to the Doctor's three time since Monday. (and each time we have returned)
Where have you been? (I can ask because you have returned)
Has he been to the manager? (I ask, in a way that shows; I expect he has returned.)

gone - to go and have not returned.

Where have you gone? I can't see you. (I can't see you because you have not returned)
So you call me on the telephone to tell me you've gone away? (you have not returned)
I'm sorry, he has gone home and is not here. (He has gone home and will not return until later)
Quick my car has gone! (OH NO! Someone might have stolen it.)
Has he gone to the manager? (I ask, in a way that shows; I expect he has not returned.)

Here is another example. Imagine ....

You are sitting at home with a friend.
You could ask your friend;
Have you been to Holland?
(you say been , because your friend is sitting in front of you, therefore if they have visited Holland, they
have definitely returned!)

Ok another ...
You are sitting at home wondering where your friend is. He told you he might go to holland... then your
telephone rings.
You answer it and it is your friend.
You could say; Have you gone to Holland?
(you say gone because they are not with you, therefore it is highly likely they are still there!)

JOURNEY, TRAVEL AND TRIP

Trip
Travel
noun. travelling to a close destination or for a short
verb. "to travel". The verb for all forms of going
time.
somewhere irrespective of how.
Do you fancy a trip to the seaside this afternoon?
Where have you travelled in your life?
We are going on a short shopping trip tomorrow.
We are travelling to North America next year.
How was your trip here?
Do you mind if I travel with you.

Journey (used more often as a noun, but rarely as a verb) a long walk, drive, fly .. etc to a place.
A journey is commonly used in negative situations to mean stressful, hard-work & tiring, or situations of
more substantial travel, where the destination is farther away.
It was a long journey to America.
The long journey through the jungle was full of danger.
That was no shopping trip, it was a tiring journey!
A "trip" gives a shorter distance/time feeling than a "journey".

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REMEMBER AND REMIND
Remind - To help someone return a memory to their
Remember - To have a memory return to your
mind.
mind.
The Subject reminds the object. (object is helped to
The subject remembers.
remember)
He remembered the meeting was next
Someone reminded him that the meeting was next week.
Thursday.
You remind me of the customer's visit last week.
I remember you. You're Fred, Fred Thomas!
We would like to remind visitors to return their security
Visitors must remember to return their pass
pass when they leave.
when they leave.

SO AND SUCH

You must know the difference between "much" and "many" for this exercise. If you do not, do Exercise 69 first!

So and Such are used to indicate emphasis in a statement, to make the feeling of "quantity" more or less than normal.

so - is used before 'much' or 'many', or before an 'adjective'

NORMAL EMPHASIZED

She has many rings She has so many rings more

We don't have much time We don't have so much time less
I telephoned him many times I telephoned him so many times more
She is beautiful She is so beautiful more
Don't drive fast Don't drive so fast more

such - is used before 'a lot of', or before a 'noun'

NORMAL EMPHASIZED
She has a lot of rings She has such a lot of rings more
We don't have a lot of time We don't have such a lot of time less
You have made a mess You have made such a mess more
I heard a loud noise I heard such a loud noise more
He is an idiot He is such an idiot more

VERBS: SPEAK AND TALK

v. talk - uses subject and object.
He talked to the guests at the presentation.
v. speak - Uses only the subject!
She is going to talk to the manager about a pay rise.
He spoke very well at the presentation.
I will talk to him later.
She is going to speak about the new HR department.
I will speak about it later.

"talk" can be replaced by "speak to" and visa versa. Compare the examples above, with those below ...
He spoke to the guests at the presentation.
She is going to speak to the manager about a pay rise. talk about / speak about : about a subject, person.
I will speak to to him later. "We were talking about Jennifer, don't tell her!"
talk over / speak over : normally a longer communication,
"talk" and "speak" can be used with many prepositions... considering possibilities, options ..etc "
talk to / speak to : the direction of my words. "David, I would like to talk over this new project. I am unsure of
"I spoke to Mr. Brown yesterday." some points"
talk with / speak with : with whom I talk. talk over : can also mean to speak louder than another, so your
"I spoke with Mr. Brown about the employment figures" words are heard and not theirs.
"The manager talked over everyone at the meeting, so we only
heard his opinions!"
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SAY AND TELL
say - is used with the subject only. (e.g. he said) say to can directly replace tell
He says it is going to rain. (e.g. subject + say to + object)
The company says employees must work overtime. He said to me it is going to rain.
She said that the letter arrived yesterday. The company said to the employees that they must work overtime.
She said to the manager that the letter arrived yesterday.
tell - needs the subject and object. (e.g. he told me)
He told me it is going to rain. The difference between "say to" and "tell" is that "tell" can be used in
The company told the employees that they must relation to a command.
work overtime.
She told the manager that the letter arrived The director told me to write an invitation to the shareholders.
yesterday. The policeman told the motorist not to park on the pavement.
The judge told the man that he must pay a 100,000 dollars fine.
SINCE AND FOR
To do this exercise, you must know the
difference between the present simple and the present perfect.
If you do not, please do Exercise 30 first!

Since = The specific start-point of a time period. (only

For = how long : a period of time : quantity.
present and past perfect)
Examples:
Examples:
We talked for 3 hours yesterday. (past simple)
I have not seen him since 2008. (present perfect)
I have worked here for 3 years. (present perfect)
I had worked at that company since it started. (past
Before getting my driver's licence, I had driven 4
perfect)
tractors for 3 years . (past perfect)

IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, ALTHOUGH & BECAUSE OF

DESPITE / IN SPITE OF
Nowadays, there is little difference between "despite" and "in spite of". Both are used with Nouns.
"despite" and "in spite of" connect two situations that oppose each other.
For example .... Here some more examples;
If the weather is very bad and stormy, it is reasonable to think that a If a project had many problems; it is reasonable
person would not go sunbathing! to think that it would not be completed on
But what if that person did go sunbathing? time!
Despite the bad weather, he went sunbathing! But what if the project was completed on time?
In spite of the bad weather, he went sunbathing! The project was completed on
(as a matter for nature, going sun bathing opposses a rainy day!) time, despite many problems.
The project was completed on time, in spite
.... of course you could reverse the opposition and say; of many problems.
But what if that person didn't go sunbathing?
Despite the good weather, he did not go sunbathing!
In spite of the good weather, he did not go sunbathing!
(as a matter for nature, good weather would be natural for sunbathing!)

Let us compare the above, with that

BECAUSE OF
below...
despite/In spite of are the opposite of because of.
We finished the project on time despite/in
(POSITIVE + POSITIVE, NOT OPPOSING)
spite of the management.
Example.
means the management were bad and not
We completed the project on time because of the management.
helpful, however, we still completed the
means the management was good and helped us complete the project!
project on time.
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ALTHOUGH
In spite of is similar to although, but we use them as shown below ..
In spite of/despite + NOUNS
Although + CLAUSES
Example.
We did not pay the invoice in spite of the supplier's claim that the goods were not damaged.
We did not pay the invoice although the supplier claimed that the goods were not damaged.

ACHIEVE, MANAGE AND REACH

Achieve Reach
to succeed in a goal or target through hard work to arrive at a point, goal or target.
(with a feeling of well done!) Examples.
Examples. When you reach the end of this road, turn left.
She achieved her scholarship. He has reached an important point in his career
He achieved more than anyone else in this company. We have now reached part 3 of this project.
Anyone can achieve their goal, if they work hard.

Manage
to sucessfully handle a difficult task or situation.
Examples.
We managed to persuade the supplier to deliver, although we had not paid their last invoice.
She managed to finish the letter before 6pm, even though she had to work late.
The project team managed to solve the problem.

HAVE DONE AND GET DONE

"have done" and "get done"are used for situations in which; someone does something for you.
Have done -- has a greater feeling of 'letting an action happen'.
Get done -- has a greater feeling of 'making an action happen'.
We use words with "have done" and "get done" to show even more feeling.

Must : command Should : the right thing to do

I must have my car serviced, because it is not roadworthy. I should have my car serviced, because it is not roadworthy.
My car is not roadworthy. The law commands that my car is My car is not roadworthy. The law states that my car is
roadworthy. I don't want to spend money, but I must let it roadworthy. It is the right thing to do; so I should let it
happen. happen.
I must get my car serviced, because it is not roadworthy. I should get my car serviced, because it is not roadworthy.
My car is not roadworthy. The law commands that my car is My car is not roadworthy. The law states that my car is
roadworthy. I don't want to spend money, but I must take it roadworthy. It is the right thing to do; so I will take it to the
to the garage. garage.

Could : an ability
Might : a possibility
I could have my car serviced next wednesday, because it is I might have my car serviced next wednesday, because it
not roadworthy. is not roadworthy.
My car is not roadworthy. I am able on Wednesday to let it
My car is not roadworthy. I might, on Wednesday, let it
happen.
happen.
I could get my car serviced next wednesday, because it is I might get my car serviced next wednesday, because it
not roadworthy. is not roadworthy.
My car is not roadworthy. I am able on Wednesday to take it
My car is not roadworthy. I might, on Wednesday, take it
to the garage.
to the garage.

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TO RISE AND TO RAISE
RISE : Verb: ( rise, rose, risen ) RAISE : Verb: ( raise, raised, raised )
To become more. To become more.
rise does not need to be used with an object raise needs an object
rise affects only the subject. raise is an action that a subject does to an object.
Examples. Examples.
The water level in the river rises every time it rains. Global warming is raising the temperature of the
The water level in the river is rising because it is raining. environment.
The water level in the river has risen because it has rained. Inflation raises the cost of living.
The water level in the river rose last month because of heavy rain. He raised his voice because the audience could not
Sales rise when customers place orders. hear him.
Sales are rising because customers are placing orders. The recent discovery of a new cure for cancer,
Sales have risen because more customers have placed orders. has raised the hope of many people.
Sales rose last month because more customers placed orders. Be careful not to get confused with the adjective
Be careful not to get confused with the adjective "rising" or the noun "raised" !!
"Rise"! The raised awareness of the
The rising water level of the river.... (adjective) employees .... (adjective)
The rise in house prices .... (noun)

Look at this example using rise and raise in one sentence.

The rise in UFO sightings raised our awareness of the possibility of aliens.

Verb: to lie ( lie, lay, lain )

LAY AND LIE
The physical position of something.
Verb: to lay ( lay, laid, laid )
An action with NO object.
An action to place something.
Can be used with or without a subject.
What a subject does to the object.
(intransitive verb)
(transitive verb)

Examples.
Examples.
The book lay on the table last time I saw it. (position = on a
A chicken lays eggs.
table)
You can lay your coat on the bed.
Please lie down and relax. (action = no subject, no object)
He laid the book on the table this morning.
The shipwreck has lain at the bottom of the sea for over
The railway workers have laid 10 miles of track in 15
100 years. (position = bottom of the sea)
days.

BRING OR TAKE
To help you understand these words, try hard to think about the direction an object is travelling in respect to the
speaker!

Bring - In a direction towards the "speaker" Take - In a direction not towards "speaker"
John, can you please bring your information with you when John, please take your information with you when you visit
you visit me. the supplier.
(information moves towards the speaker.) (information moves away from the speaker.)
David, can you bring me a cup from the kitchen please. David, can you take my cup to the kitchen.
(the cup moves towards the speaker.) (the cup moves away from the speaker)
Sam has brought his documents to us. Sam has taken his documents to Mr Johnson.
(The documents moves towards the speaker; the speaker.) (The documents move away from the speaker)

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Here is a practical example to help you more...
Imagine you are in your office. You are sitting next to James. You then ask him; Did you bring your documents to my
office yesterday?
In the above example you are in your office.
You are asking the question.
The direction of the information is towards where you are (in your office).
Now imagine you are in the office of James and sitting next to him. You then ask him; Did
you take your documents to my office yesterday?
In the above example you are in James' office.
You are asking the question.
But, this time the direction of the information (to your office) is away from where you are.

Exception.
Sometimes we speak about future events "as if" they were happening at the time we speak.
This is called 'projection' and is a difficult thing to understand, because you have to "feel" the meaning. Practice makes
Perfect!
Here is an example of projection:
You are sitting at home talking to a friend.
You are going to a party tomorrow and would like a lift home after the party.
Your friend is also going to the same party.

YOU COULD SAY; Are you taking your car to the party tomorrow? I would like a lift home.
(normal: The party is away from where you are as when you speak: see the above rules.)
BUT, YOU COULD ALSO SAY; Are you bringing your car to the party tomorrow? I would like a lift home.
(projection: The party is away from where you are, BUT you are projecting the situation by talking "as if" you were at
the party.)

MUST HAVE, COULD HAVE, WOULD HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MIGHT HAVE
Might/may have; something you feel was a 'possible fact' in the past.
Mr. Jones might have left the folder on your desk. Have you looked?
Donald may have had a little too much to drink at the party; you know what a party animal he is.
The manager might have seen the new CEO at the general meeting yesterday- Let's ask him.

Must have; something 'you cannot believe was not a fact' in the past.
I can't believe it. The post must have arrived. Look, there are letters on her desk.
I can't believe it. We must have received the order by now. The customer promised it over 3 weeks ago.
I can't believe it. We must have sent the invoice. Our accounts department is normally very reliable.

Would have; theoretical, 'alternative choice' to a past fact.

She would have used the car to travel to the business meeting, but it was at the garage. ("she" didn't use the car)
It would have been much better to send an email, but the customer requested the information by post. ("an email" was
not sent)
Ian would have bought shares in that company because their price was very low. The problem was that the price then
rose very quickly before he could invest. ("Ian" did not buy shares)

Could have; theoretical, 'alternative ability' to a past fact.

Mr. Jones could have got a much better deal. He just didn't negotiate properly. ("Mr. Jones" did not get a good enough
deal)
I could have seen the opening presentation. But my car broke down and I was late. ("I" did not see the presentation)

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The project could have been much easier however, they didn't really train the teams properly beforehand. ("the
project" was not easy)
We could not have performed any better. Everything was perfect! ("we" performed very well)

Should have; theoretical, 'more correct alternative' to a past fact.

We should have donated more to that charity. I think Mr. Jackson was against the idea. ("we" did not donate as much
as they could)
I should have arrived earlier, then I could have heard the opening presentation. ("I" did not arrive early enough)
You should have gone to the doctor this morning instead of coming to work. ("you" did not go to the doctor)

EITHER, NEITHER OR BOTH NEGATIVE : Either

Both = A and B Many use 'either' also in a negative form LOOK BELOW. (but it is
Examples. better to use neither!)
We have both apples and oranges. Examples.
I saw both David and Julie. I do not have either apples or pears.
The company made a mistake in both the I have neither apples nor pears.
profit and tax calculations. The above mean the same!
Both Tom and Simon visited the customer's I can not send the letter either this morning or this afternoon,
manufacturing plat last week. because I am ill in bed.
I can send the letter neither this morning nor this afternoon,
Either = A or B because I am ill in bed.
Examples. The above mean the same!
You can buy either apples or pears, we have both in
our shop. BUT, IT IS BEST NOT TO USE THE NEGATIVE FORM OF EITHER!
You can send the letter either this morning on your The negative form of "either" does not work correctly for every
way to work, or this afternoon on you way home. sentence and if you use it incorrectly, it can sound very strange!
It was either Tom or John who spoke to the LOOK Below...
customer. It was not either Tom or John who spoke to the customer. It was
me. (eeek! This sounds SO STRANGE!)
Neither = NOT A nor B
Examples.
You can buy neither apples nor pears. We don't have any.
I can send the letter neither this morning nor this afternoon, because I am ill in bed.
It was neither Tom nor John who spoke to the customer. It was me.

IT OR IT'S
This exercise is connected to exercise70 Possessive's.
In exercise70 you will have learnt how we make a possessive by adding 's. When we use the possessive with IT, we do it
differently!

It's = It is (short form)

Its = Possessive, belongs to
Examples.
Examples.
It's a shame that you didn't report that to me
Look at the dog wagging its tail. earlier!
(the tail that belongs to the dog)
(it is a shame...)
The company rewarded its employees for their good work in 2008. We feel it's about time we finalized our decision to
(the employes that work for the company)
move into new offices.
During the break-in the office was wrecked and its contents stolen. (it is about time...)
(the contents that belong in the office)
It can't be! Yes it's Tom. Hi Tom how are you?
Look at that car. Its windows are broken. (it is Tom...)
The project is nearing the completion date
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and it's not sure whether it will be completed on
time.
(the windows that are a part of the car)
Here you can see its and it's in one sentence ..
I am pleased to say that your report and its contents were very interesting and that it's a pleasure to find you have
managed to cover all points in such a clear and detailed way.
(the 'contents of the report', and, 'it is a pleasure'...)

THERE, THEIR OR THEY'RE

There is an example below that you might not understand. It is marked **.

There = Place
They're = They are
Ok I'll meet you there at 3.00pm (a place)
The employees are not
Look over there. Can you see that yellow car? (a place)
happy. They're complaining about the new holiday
procedures.
Their = Possessive, belonging
(they are)
Look someone has left their coat on the back of the chair. **
Where are the offer documents Mrs.
(a coat belonging to a person)
Jackson? They're over there Mr. Harris.
The directors announced their plans to overcome the economy
(they are)
crisis.
(plans belonging to the directors)

YOUR OR YOU'RE
Your = Possessive, belonging You're = You are
Examples. How do you know you're in the right building? There are no
Let me take your coat. signs here.
(the coat that belongs to you) (you are in the right building)
I am sorry but your passport is out of date. One thing for sure John. You're always right about most things,
(the passport that belongs to you) but this time I have my doubts.
Can I help you with your bags Mrs. Davies? (you are always right)
(the bags that belong to Mrs. Davies) See (connected words: glanze, glimpse, notice)
We use "see" to mean; briefly look at, identify or recognize
WATCH AND SEE an action or object.
Watch (connected words: observe, surveil, monitor) Just for extra information, when we look at something very briefly
We use "watch" to mean; pay longer attention to we can use the verb "to glanze at" :
an action or object. He glanzed at the report, but didn't read it all.
Examples. Examples.
If you do not watch me carefully, you will not fully I saw Mrs. Smith talking to the manager yesterday. I wonder what
understand what to do. she was talking to him about?
Look at the manager. He is watching the workers I saw the report, but I did not really read it thoroughly.
load the lorry. Did you also see a flying pig, or have I been drinking too much
Are you going to watch Terminator on televsion beer?
tonight? Doctor, I see spots in front of my eyes when I get up too quickly!
As he watched the football match, a naked woman Did you see that shooting star, it was only there for a second!
ran across the field! When I arrived this morning, I saw him speaking with the
The security guard carefully watched the customer.
customer in the shop.
Please watch how I set up this machine.

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 Here is another example:
Alice and Bob cook and clean, respectively.
USING RESPECTIVELY Alice cooks and Bob cleans.
We can use ", respectively" to link information in sentences. Here is THIS IS EASY, OR?
a simple example:
I saw a Ford car and a Renault car, one was red and one Now look at this example;
was green. I met a person from London, a
Read the above sentence and tell me, which car was red and which person from France and a person from Germany and
was green? they spoke French, German and English, respectively.
The fact is that you cannot!You can't, can you? :-) Don't get confused! What you might be thinking
might NOT be correct :-)
Now look at this sentence with ", respectively". The first person from London spoke French.
I saw a Ford car and a Renault car, one was red and one The second person from France spoke German.
was green, respectively. The third person from Germany spoke English.
", respectively" at the end of the sentence tells the reader .... Lastly, please remember the comma! , respectively.
The first car mentioned is a Ford car and the first colour is red ;
therefore the Ford was red.
The second car mentioned is a Renault car and the second colour is green; therefore the Renault was green.

WHEREAS AND WHEREUPON

Whereas is a word to show a conjunction / to indicate comparison.

It is used for opposite or contrasting situations or actions; to compare them together.
Examples.
John is a good administrator whereas, Jane has no administration sense at all!
(compares opposite skills)
Listen! It is Thursday today, therefore if we send the quotation now, the customer will receive it tomorrow.
Whereas, if we send it tomorrow, it will take at least three days.
(compares opposite outcomes)
In the UK, the hottest month of the year is July whereas, in southern Europe the hottest month is August.
(compares opposite weather characteristics)

Whereupon is a word we use to connect two situations or actions.

Let us call these for example; the first action and the second action. (cause and effect)
A cause will lead to an effect.
Examples.
When you put your finger into fire (the first action), you will hurt yourself (the second action).
using whereupon, we can write the above sentence as:
He put his finger into the fire, whereupon he hurt himself.

Here are some more examples:

You must insert your credit card into the machine, whereupon it will be checked and you will be asked for your
password.
The contract was signed by all parties, whereupon the agreement became legally binding.
When he walked onto the stage, he tripped over a wire and fell down, whereupon the whole audience laughed.

Finally, for extra information:

You can create the same meaning using "Upon" at the start of the sentence as shown below...
He put his finger into the fire, whereupon he hurt himself.
Upon putting his finger into the fire, he hurt himself.

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The above sentences have the same meaning! That adds extra information about an item.
(note: there is no comma before 'that')
WHICH AND THAT Zebras that live in africa, kill more people each year
I will tell you about which and that in a pratical way, than crocodiles.
because I think you will then understand more easily! In the above I introduce the object "Zebras".
First the basic understanding ... Then I use that to add extra information... "that live in
Which adds identifying information to an item. Africa"
That adds extra information about an item. (the above is called a restrictive clause)

Which adds identifying information to an item. More understanding ...

(note: there is a comma before 'which') 'which' can only be used for inanimate objects.
Zebras, which live in Africa, kill more people each year 'that' can be used for inanimate objects, or, for a
than crocodiles. person, but only if we do not refer to the name of a
In the above I introduce the item "Zebras", meaning "ALL person.
Zebras". Example.
Then I identify the Zebras "Zebras, which live in Africa" The policeman that helped me park my car.
(the above is called a non-restrictive clause) (policeman is not a name of a person)
The policeman, which helped me park my car. This is
I can remove the identifying information and have a incorrect!
similar meaning, but then I mean all Zebras worldwide! (policeman is not a name of a person, but also, it is not
LOOK! an inanimate object)
Zebras kill more people each year than crocodiles. Another way of correctly saying the above "incorrect
sentence" is ...
EVEN More understanding ... The policeman, WHO helped me park my car.
'which' can be used after a preposition; but 'that' cannot. (we use 'who' for a person.)
Examples.
It is correct to say; "Is this the gun, with which you Another Example.
robbed the bank?" The fireman that helped me leave the building.
It is not correct to say; "Is this the gun with that you (fireman is not a name of a person)
robbed the bank?" The fireman, which helped me leave the building. This
is incorrect!
It is correct to say; "Is this the table, on which you (fireman is not a name of a person, but also, it is not an
placed the file?" inanimate object)
It is not correct to say; "Is this the table on that you Another way of correctly saying the above "incorrect
placed the file?" sentence" is ...
The fireman, WHO helped me leave the building.
It is correct to say; "Is this the bed, over which you laid (we use 'who' for a person.)
the blanket?"
It is not correct to say; "Is this the bed over that you laid the blanket?"

IN ACCORDANCE WITH, ACCORDING TO, PURSUANT TO

In accordance with.
The feeling behind "in accordance with" is static. This makes it more suitable for facts and figures.

Pursuant to.
The feeling behind "pursuant to" is active, meaning 'to follow'. This makes it more suitable for actions!
Therefore, "in accordance with" and "Pursuant to" basically mean the same however, some might say that "Pursuant to"
is more formal.
Examples:
Our product is in accordance with the CE standard.

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(the product meets the facts and figures written in the CE standard.)
Our product is manufactured pursuant to the CE The machine should be used in accordance with the
standard. manufacturer's instructions.
(the product is manufactured in a way that follows the (should only be used as written in the instructions.)
guidelines of the CE standard.) The machine should be used pursuant to the manufacturer's
He drove his car in accordance with the speed limit. instructions.
(he drove his car at a speed less than the maximum (should only be used in a way that follows the instructions.)
written on the road signs.)
He drove his car pursuant to the speed limit.
(he drove his car in a way that follows the maximum shown on the road signs.)

According to
is used to cite or quote a written reference, or pass-on information from a person or written work, to another person.
(Remember: When you pass-on what a person has said, you might not know if the information is true.)
Examples:
According to the Bible, in the beginning was the World, then God created man.
(Cite/Quote a reference)
According to Jane, the new office manager will start working here next week.
(Pass-on information)

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