An aerial photographic film is optimally exposed with

an f-stop setting of f-4.0 and a shutter speed of

1/2000 sec

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter

speed is changed to 1/1000 second.
A. f-22 C. f-5.6
B. f-32 D. f-11

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter

speed is changed to 1/250 second.
A. f-22 C. f-5.6
B. f-32 D. f-11

Determine the correct f-stop setting if the shutter

speed is changed to 1/125 second.
A. f-22 C. f-5.6
B. f-32 D. f-11
Photogrammetry
Computations 3
Relief Displacement
 On a photograph taken from a height of 1340m above the ground, a
building has a relief displacement that measures 5.54mm. If the
image of the top of the building is located 64.55mm from the
principal point, determine the height of the building.

𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶
𝒅𝒅 =
𝒉𝒉

64.55𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � ℎ𝑂𝑂
5.54𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
1340𝑚𝑚

𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

ℎ𝑂𝑂

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
An airplane flying at an altitude of 820m above the ground took picture of a tower. The image of the
top and bottom of the tower appears in the picture having distances of its end of 2.08cm and 2.00cm
from the center of the photo.
a. Determine the height of the tower.
b. If the focal length of the camera is 150mm, how far is the tower from the plane along the
horizontal?

Determine the height of the If f = 150mm, how far from

tower plane is the tower?
𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 = 2.00𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 − 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = = =
𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 = 2.08𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 = 2.08𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 2.00𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.08𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
𝑓𝑓 = 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝒅𝒅 = =
𝒉𝒉 ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋

2.08𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � ℎ𝑂𝑂
0.08𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
820𝑚𝑚 150𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∗ 2.00𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
=
ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 820𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
ℎ = 820m
ℎ𝑂𝑂 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑿𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
An observation plane takes a photo of a building from a height of 1200m above
the ground and the height of the building is 99.78m. If the top of the building is
located 54.50mm from the principal point, compute for the relief displacement.

𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇
𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 = 54.50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶
𝒅𝒅 =
𝒉𝒉

54.50𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 99.78𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑 =
1200𝑚𝑚

𝒅𝒅 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
ℎ = 1200m
ℎ𝑂𝑂 = 99.78𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
An airplane was at altitude 600m above the sea level when it took pictures containing towers A and B.
The elevA(top) is 60m and the elevB(top) is 90m. The ends of the two images have distances from
centroid of the picture as follows:
elevA (top) = 60m
XA = +7.11cm, YA = -3.05cm
XB = -3.55cm, YB = +8.89cm XA = 7.11cm YA = -3.05cm
If the focal length is 50cm. elevB (top) = 90m
Determine the distance between the two towers.
XB = -3.55cm YB = 8.89cm
H = 600m f = 50cm
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = =
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑋𝑋𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓 𝑌𝑌𝐴𝐴 𝑓𝑓
= =
𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝐴𝐴 𝑔𝑔𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝐴𝐴

7.11𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 50𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −3.05𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 50𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

= =
𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 600𝑚𝑚 − 60𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 600𝑚𝑚 − 60𝑚𝑚

𝒈𝒈𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒈𝒈𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝑋𝑋𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓 𝑌𝑌𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓
= =
𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝐵𝐵 𝑔𝑔𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝐵𝐵

−3.55𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 50𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 8.89𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 50𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

= =
𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 600𝑚𝑚 − 90𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 600𝑚𝑚 − 90𝑚𝑚

𝒈𝒈𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 = −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 − 𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 2 + 𝑔𝑔𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 − 𝑔𝑔𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 2

2 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 76.788 − −36.21 + −32.94 − 90.678 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
A vertical aerial photo is taken from a flying height of 3657m above the datum. The origin of the
photograph coordinate system is at the principal point ‘1’. If the measured coordinates of the tower
are XA = +67.75mm and YA = +72.42mm. Determine the height of the tower, if the relief displacement
is 1.507mm.
𝑑𝑑 = 1.507𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇

ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

ℎ𝑂𝑂

𝑟𝑟 = (67.75𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 + (72.42𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)2 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

𝒓𝒓 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶−𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 =
𝑯𝑯

99.17𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � ℎ𝑂𝑂
1.507𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
3657𝑚𝑚

𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

 On a photograph taken at an observation plane at an altitude of 2840m above the
datum, the distance from the principal point to the image of the top of a tower is 8cm.
If the elevation of the top of the tower is 130m above the datum determine the relief
displacement.

𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶−𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 =
𝑟𝑟 = 8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑯𝑯

8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � 130𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑 =
2840𝑚𝑚

𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇

ℎ𝑂𝑂

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
 An airplane flying at an altitude of 1000m above sea level took picture of a certain
area. A building appears in the picture as having a distance of its ends of 6cm and
6.04cm. Determine the height of the tower above sea level and the horizontal
distance of the tower directly below the plane when the picture was taken if the scale
of the photo is 1:4000.
𝑑𝑑 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 − 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑 = 6.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 = 6𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶−𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝒅𝒅 =
𝑯𝑯
𝑟𝑟 = 6.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
6.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � ℎ𝑂𝑂−𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
1 1000𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
4000
𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶−𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = = =
ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋

ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
ℎ𝑂𝑂
1 6.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
=
4000 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑿𝑿 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
 An aircraft flying at 700m above MSL took a vertical photo of an area. A tower can be spotted in the picture. This
same tower has a base elevation of 135m above MSL. From the picture it can be measured that from the principal
point to the top of the tower is 175mm and relief displacement of 21mm.
What is the height of the tower?
If the distance of the tower is 270m from the principal point, what is the focal length of the camera used?
Determine the scale of the photograph of the tower.
ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 700𝑚𝑚 − 135𝑚𝑚 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝑑𝑑 = 21mm 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶
𝒅𝒅 =
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 𝒉𝒉
𝑟𝑟 = 175𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 175𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � ℎ𝑂𝑂
𝑓𝑓 =? 21𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
565𝑚𝑚

𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 − 𝑑𝑑

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = = = =
ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋

ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑓𝑓 175𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 21𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

=
565𝑚𝑚 270𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑂𝑂
𝒇𝒇 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋 = 270𝑚𝑚
 The relief displacement of a water tank measured 6.2mm on a vertical aerial photograph
taken on an observation plane from flying height of 1000m above the ground. The radial
distance from the center of the photograph to the displaced image of the top of the tower is
80mm, compute the height of the water tank and its horizontal distance directly below the
plane. The focal length of the camera used is 200mm.

𝒓𝒓 � 𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶
𝒅𝒅 =
𝑑𝑑 = 6.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 𝒉𝒉
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇
80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � ℎ𝑂𝑂
𝑟𝑟 = 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 6.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑓𝑓 = 200𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1000𝑚𝑚

𝒉𝒉𝑶𝑶 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝑇𝑇 − 𝑑𝑑

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = = = =
ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
ℎ = 𝐻𝐻 − ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
ℎ = 1000𝑚𝑚 200𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 6.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
ℎ𝑂𝑂 =
1000𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝑿𝑿 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑋𝑋
Centers of an Aerial Photo
Y
Axis The principal point is the
of optical or geometric center of
Tilt the photograph. It is the image
Upside of the intersection between
the projection of the optical
axis
The nadir, also called vertical
Principal point or plumb point, is the
Point X image of the intersection
between the plumb line
directly beneath the camera
center at the time of exposure
and the
The groundis the point
isocenter
Downside
halfway between the principal
point and the nadir and on the
line segment joining these two
points on the photograph
Centers of an Aerial Photo
 Sources of Distortion &
Displacement
• Optical or Photographic deficiencies
– Film/Paper Shrinkage
– Lens aberrations/Filter aberrations
– Failure of the film-flattening mechanism in the camera focal
plane
– Shutter malfunction
• Image motion
• Atmospheric Refraction of light rays
• Curvature of the earth
• Tilt
• Topography/Relief
Film and Print Shrinkage/Expansion

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓

𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦 = ∗ 𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦𝑓𝑓

where: x is the corrected photocoordinate along the x-axis

for a point a,
y is the corrected photocoordinate along the y-axis for a
point a,
xc is the calibrated fiducial distance along x-axis,
yc is the calibrated fiducial distance along y-axis,
xf is the measured fiducial distance along x-axis,
yf is the measured fiducial distance along y-axis,
xm is the measured photocoordinate for point a along the x-
axis,
ym is the measured photocoordinate for point a along the y-
axis, and
xc/xf and yc/yf are the correction factors along x-axis and y-
axis respectively
Suppose that the calibrated distances between the fiducial marks on the camera are
23.25 cm along x-axis and 23.30 cm along y-axis. The corresponding distances
measured on a photographic print from the same camera are 23.33 cm and 23.36 cm.
If the photocoordinates, x and y, of a point measured on the print are 8.15 cm and
11.04 cm, what are the corrected photocoordinates of the point.

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦 = ∗ 𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦𝑓𝑓

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 = 23.25𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 = 23.30𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓 = 23.33𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑓𝑓 = 23.36𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 = 8.15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑚𝑚 = 11.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

23.25𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 23.30𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 8.15𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 = ∗ 11.04𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
23.33𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 23.36𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝑥𝑥 = 8.12𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 = 11.01𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
 Image Motion
𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀 = 0.2778 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀 = 17.6 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻
Where:
M is the image motion (movement) on the
0.2778 is a constant, with units: meter hours per kilometer second or
17.6 is a constant, with units: inch hours per mile second
v is the ground speed of the plane in kilometers per hour or in miles per hour
t is the shutter speed in seconds,
f is the focal length of the camera lens in mm or in feet
H is the flying height of the aircraft above the datum in meters or in feet

In both equations the term f/H corresponds to the photo scale.

Suppose that an airplane was flying 3000 meters (9840 feet) above the ground at
500 kilometers (about 310 miles) per hour. Suppose also that the camera was
taking photographs with a 305-mm (12-in.) focal length camera lens and a shutter
speed of 1/40th of a second (0.025 s). What would be the image motion?

𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀 = 0.2778 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻

𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1 305𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑀 = 0.2778 500 𝑠𝑠 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑟 40 3000𝑚𝑚

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀 = 17.6 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1 1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑀𝑀 = 17.6 310 𝑠𝑠 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑟 40 9840𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Suppose that an airplane was flying 3000 meters (9840 feet) above the ground at
500 kilometers (about 310 miles) per hour. Suppose also that the camera was
taking photographs with a 305-mm (12-in.) focal length camera lens and a shutter
speed of 1/40th of a second (0.025 s). What would be the image motion?
Image Motion
Displacement due to Tilt
Effects of Tilt
Geometry of a Tilted
Photo 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 𝒇𝒇 − 𝒚𝒚 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝜽𝜽
𝑯𝑯 − 𝒉𝒉𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
where:
y is the distance of the image from the isocenter (or
from the principal point when the tilt is 3o or less) ,
H is the flying altitude of the aircraft above the mean
sea level (MSL),
hpt is the elevation above MSL of the point at which the
scale is being calculated,
f is the focal length of the camera used when taking the
photo, Ɵ is the angle of tilt (the angle between the
optical axis and the plumb line).
Assume that the optical axis of a camera was 3o from the vertical when taking a
photograph with a 152.4-mm focal length. What will the distance between the nadir
and photo center be on the photograph. What is the corresponding distance on the
ground if the aircraft were flying at 3500 m above the datum?
A 209-mm (8¼-in.) focal length camera was used on an aircraft flying at 8,000 m
(26240 ft) above the mean sea level (MSL) to take a photograph of an object 1,500 m
(4920 ft) above MSL. The tilt on the photograph was found to be 3o. What is the
photographic scale at:
a. the isocenter (assumed to coincide with the principal point) of the photograph,
b. 15 cm (5.9 in.) from the principal point on the upper side of tilt, and
c. 15 cm (5.9 in.) from the principal point on the lower side of tilt.

𝒇𝒇 − 𝒚𝒚 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝜽𝜽
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 =
𝑯𝑯 − 𝒉𝒉𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
Tilt Coordinates
An aerial photographic film is
optimally exposed with an f-stop
setting of f-4.0 and a shutter
speed of 1/2000 sec

Determine the correct f-stop

setting if the shutter speed is
changed to 1/1000 second.
A. f-22 C. f-5.6
B. f-32 D. f-11

Determine the correct f-stop

setting if the shutter speed is
changed to 1/250 second.
A. f-22 C. f-5.6
B. f-32 D. f-11

Determine the correct f-stop

setting if the shutter speed is
changed to 1/125 second.
A. f-22 C. f-5.6
B. f-32 D. f-11
High Oblique Photos
aa = tan-1 (oz’/Lo) = tan-1 (oz’/f)
a = aa + d
Low Oblique