Russian Embassy School in Budapest

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
OF MEANS OF THE METAPHOR AND ITS KINDS
IN THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN POETRY

A studying-research work

By: Deryabina Anna, student of Form 5

Research supervisors:
Kuzmina Yu. L.,
teacher of the English language
Romanova Ye. N.
teacher of the Russian language
and literature

Budapest
2018
 Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 1. The metaphor and its kinds ..................................................................... 4
1.1. The metaphor ................................................................................................ 4
1.2. Different kinds of metaphor .......................................................................... 4
1.3. The metaphor and its kinds – translation of poetry ...................................... 7
1.4. The comparison of metaphors in poems I have written myself (in English
and in Russian).............................................................................................. 9
Chapter 2. Explanation of the metaphor’s and its kinds’ characteristics in both
languages’ poetry with the properties of the languages .......................................... 10
Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 11
References ............................................................................................................... 12
Appendix. Analysis of the metaphor and personification in English and Russian
poems and their translations .................................................................................... 13

2
Introduction

The limits of my language are

the limits of my universe.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

The English and the Russian poetry are both beautiful and full of different
interesting images; they are both very figurative. I think they are different, but they
are a bit alike, too!
The aim of the work is:
to compare the metaphor and its kinds – personification and metonymy – in
the English and Russian poetry. I also want to find out if the metaphors and
personifications are different in the translation of a poem from these means of
literary expressiveness in the original text, and to explain the results of my research
with the characteristics of both languages.
The hypothesis of the work is the Russian poetical speech is more
metaphorical than the English poetic speech.
The main tasks of the work are:
to determine the main differences and similarities between English and
Russian metaphors and personifications;
to compare the metaphors and personifications in the translation and the
original text of poems in English and in Russian basing on professional
translations;
to define what language is richer in metaphors and personifications basing on
my own translations;
to explain the results of my research with some characteristics of the
languages.
The methods of my research are:
to compare the metaphors and personifications in English and Russian poetry;
to write two poems in Russian and in English and to translate them, then
compare the metaphors and personifications in the translations and in the original
texts;
to compare the metaphors and personifications in the originals of poems, my
own translations, and professional poets’ translations of English poems;
to study literature about the metaphors and personifications and the
characteristics of both languages with which I can explain the results of my
research.

3
 Chapter 1. The metaphor and its kinds

1.1. The metaphor

The metaphor is a word or expression, which is used in the figurative meaning
to designate an object or an event basing on its similarity in relation with another
object or event. Metaphors are a form of figurative language, which refers to words
or expressions that mean something different from their literal definition.
A metaphor states that one thing is another thing. It equates those two things
not because they actually are the same, but with the purpose of comparison or
symbolism.
Metaphors are used in literature, poetry, writing, and in speech – anytime
someone wants to add some colour to the language. Often, metaphors are used to
make the subject more relatable to the reader or to make a complex thought easier
to understand. They can also enhance a writing with imagery. As a common figure
of speech, metaphors turn up everywhere from novels and films to presidential
speeches and even popular songs.
The metaphor can be expressed by any part of speech, which is a content
word.
The relation between the literal and the contextual meaning of a word is one
of the means to create the figurative ideas of the things of life. If you take a
metaphor literally, it will probably sound very strange. Some meanings in the
context can be far away from the literal meaning of a word used out of the context,
that they can get become the opposite to the literal meaning. When the literal and
the contextual meanings of a word interact, the figurativeness of the metaphor is
based on the literal meaning.

1.2. Different kinds of metaphor

Metaphors are classified into cognitive and stylistic metaphors in the aspect
of regular or occasional usage of them; and into generally accepted, individual
and dead metaphors – this classification is made in the aspect of their prevalence
or rareness.
In lexicology the metaphor is one of the ways to form new meanings of words
and new words. But this process has got an intermediate stage. The new meaning
hasn’t appeared yet, but the usage of the metaphor has become usual, it begins to
become a part of the norm. In this way a cognitive metaphor appears, which had
arisen and exists on a widespread, standard figurativeness, which has become
common for many native speakers of the language.
The other type of the metaphor is stylistic metaphor, which is created by the
constructive imagination of individual authors of fiction and other texts. It is
usually a result of searching an exact, adequate artistic expression of an idea, and it
always adds an evaluative moment to a statement. Because of this a stylistic
metaphor is usually not generally accepted, non-standard.
The difference between the stylistic and the cognitive metaphor is that
a stylistic metaphor is an exceptional relation of meanings which had arisen and
4
exists only in a concrete text; and a cognitive metaphor is a figure of speech which
constantly exists in the language together with the other means of expression of
ideas for a more emotive, more figurative interpretation of the things described.
In my practical work in this research (analysing English and Russian poems
and their translations) I would refer to the stylistic metaphor as “metaphor” and to
other types of metaphors using the conventional terms.
As well as generally accepted metaphors, individual metaphors are objects
of the stylistic analysis. Except them, there also exist the so-called dead metaphors,
such as “a leg of a table” (in English), “пришла зима” (literally: “the winter has
come”) in Russian. “A dead metaphor is a cliché that has become so commonplace
that the imagery has lost its power.”1 The dead metaphors are not the property of
stylistics, but belong to the sphere of lexicology. In dead metaphors the relation
between the two types of meanings is already not felt by the speakers, there is no
realization of the two meanings in the context.
Idioms (“raining cats and dogs,” “throw the baby out with the bathwater,”
“heart of gold”) can be considered dead metaphors, too. The metaphors, especially
cognitive and dead metaphors, are very close to the idioms. The metaphors will
sound very strange and even silly, if we would understand them literally. So will
the idioms. Idioms are very often used in speech, but they are also used in
literature, in poetry. Both in the English and Russian languages there are a lot of
different idioms.
Cognitive metaphors, dead metaphors and idioms are a bright, figurative
representation of our world in languages. They are irreplaceable parts of every
language. And we need them, we really do!
An implied metaphor departs from the “thing A is thing B” formula and
allows the author to make a more sophisticated and subtle type of comparison
through implication.
A sustained metaphor is carried through multiple sentences or even
paragraphs. “Because it is used and developed over a longer section of text,
a sustained metaphor can be a powerful literary device that provides strong, vivid
imagery in the reader’s mind. This kind of metaphor is often found in songs and
poetry.”2
The personification is a kind of metaphor. A personification is a figure of
speech which translates the human qualities onto things and abstract ideas.
Personifications are usually implied metaphors.
In this research I would like to use the characteristics “cognitive” and “dead”
with the term “personification”, too.

1
Alice E.M. Underwood. Metaphors.
2
Alice E.M. Underwood. Metaphors.

5
 Metaphors are similar to similes, but in fact they differ from each other. A
metaphor compares one thing to another by stating that it is something else;
a simile states that one thing is like something else. Metaphor and simile are
different in their structure:
Simile Metaphor
as + adjective + as +noun noun + is/was/will be etc. + noun
verb + like + noun [no like and as conjunctions]

6
 1.3. The metaphor and its kinds – translation of poetry

I would like to begin my practical research with the comparison of some

poems by English and Russian authors, and the professional translations of these
poems.
I have analysed three poems written in English.
In W. Shakespeare’s Sonnet V there is 1 metaphor, 2 cognitive metaphors,
1 dead metaphor, 9 personifications, 1 cognitive personification. In the translation
of the Sonnet by A. Finkel there is 1 metaphor, 1 cognitive metaphor,
9 personifications, 4 cognitive personifications, 1 dead personification.
In R. L. Stevenson’s poem “Heather Ale” there are 16 metaphors, 2 cognitive
metaphors, 2 personifications, 1 dead personification, 2 idioms. In its translation by
S. Marshak there are 5 metaphors, 5 cognitive metaphors, 3 personifications,
1 dead personification, 2 idioms.
In the second part of L. Carroll’s poem “Hunting of the Snark” there are
7 metaphors, 5 cognitive metaphors and 3 idioms. In its translation by V. Brechkin
there are 11 metaphors, 3 cognitive metaphors, 1 dead metaphor, 1 personification,
1 cognitive personification, 4 idioms.
The results of the analysis are shown in the following charts:

Dead metaphor

Personification

personification

personification
metaphors
Cognitive

Cognitive
Metaphor

Idiom
Dead
Poems

W. Shakespeare “Sonnet V” 1 2 1 9 1
R. L. Stevenson “Heather Ale” 16 2 2 1 2
L. Carroll “Hunting of the Snark” 7 5 3
Fit the Second. The Bellman’s Speech
TOTAL 24 9 1 11 1 1 5
Dead metaphor

Personification

personification

personification
metaphors
Cognitive

Cognitive
Metaphor

Idiom
Dead

Translations

У. Шекспир «Сонет V» 1 1 9 4 1
Р. Л. Стивенсон «Вересковый мёд» 5 5 3 1 2
Л. Кэрролл «Охота на Снарка» 11 3 1 1 1 4
Напев второй. Речь Болтуна
TOTAL 17 9 1 13 5 2 6

7
 I have also analysed three Russian poems and their translations.
In A. Pushkin’s poem «Chto v imeni tebe moyom?» (“What means my name
to you?”) there are 2 metaphors and 1 personification. In its translation
by I. Zheleznova there are 2 dead metaphors and 2 personifications.
In the poem “Parus” (“A Sail”) by M. Lermontov there are 9 personifications.
In the translation by A. Sirotin there is 1 metaphor and 9 personifications.
In Ya. Smelyakov ’s poem «Miliye krasavitsi Rossii» (“Charming Russian
Beauties”) there are 2 metaphors and 1 cognitive metaphor. In its translation
by N. Matveyeva there are 4 metaphors, 2 cognitive metaphors and 1 idiom.
The results of the analysis are shown in the following charts:

Dead metaphor

Personification

personification

personification
metaphors
Cognitive

Cognitive
Metaphor

Idiom
Dead
Poems

А. Пушкин «Что в имени тебе моём?» 2 1

М. Лермонтов «Парус» 9
Я. Смеляков 2 1
«Милые красавицы России»
TOTAL 4 1 10
Dead metaphor

Personification

personification
personification
metaphors
Cognitive

Cognitive
Metaphor

Idiom
Dead
Translations

A. Pushkin. 2 2
“What means my name to you?”
M. Lermontov “A Sail” 1 9
Ya. Smelyakov 4 2 1
“Charming Russian Beauties”
TOTAL 5 2 2 11 1

The complete analysis of all poems and their translation can be found in
Appendix.

8
 1.4. The comparison of metaphors in poems I have written myself
(in English and in Russian)
I also have analysed four poems I wrote (and translated) myself.
In English I have written two poems. In the first poem “Once upon a time…”
there are no metaphors. In the English translation of the poem there is 1 cognitive
metaphor.
My second poem in English is “For the song of the birds…” In this poem
there is 1 personification. In the translation of this poem there is 1 personification,
too.
The results of the analysis are shown in the following charts:

Poems Metaphor Cognitive metaphor Personification

“Once upon a time…”
“For the song of the birds…” 1
TOTAL

Translations Metaphor Cognitive metaphor Personification

«Некогда сова…» 1
«В мире для песен птиц…» 1
TOTAL 1 1

I have analysed two poems I have written in Russian.

The first poems is “O liri glas!”. In this poem there are 4 personifications. In
its translation “Oh lyre’s song!” there are 5 personifications.
In my second poem in Russian “Zolotim ognyom goryat…” there is
1 metaphor, 1 dead metaphor and 4 personifications, in its translation there also is
1 metaphor, 1 dead metaphor, 4 personifications.
The results of the analysis:

Poems Metaphor Dead metaphor Personification

«О лиры глас!» 4
«Золотым огнём горят…» 1 1 4
TOTAL 1 1 4

Translations Metaphor Dead metaphor Personification

“Oh, lyre sound!” 5
“As a gold fire burn…” 1 1 4
TOTAL 1 1 9

Basing on this results I see that the metaphor and its kinds change a little, if
the author translates his own work.
The complete analysis of the poems and their translation can be found in
Appendix.

9
 Chapter 2. Explanation of the metaphor’s and its kinds’
characteristics in both languages’ poetry with the properties
of the languages
Basing on the results of my analysis of English and Russian poems and their
translations, I determined that the English poetic speech is richer in metaphors. But
in both languages’ poetic speech there is an almost similar number of cognitive
metaphors. The English poetic speech is only a bit richer in dead metaphors than
the Russian poetic speech. The poetic speeches of the two languages are almost
similar in the richness in personifications. But the Russian poetic speech is richer
in cognitive and dead personifications. In the English and the Russian poetic
speeches the frequency of the usage of idioms is almost the same.
So, how can I explain these facts? Perhaps, the English poetic speech is richer
in metaphors because the classic structure of the metaphor is “thing A is thing B”,
and English is an analytic language, its words usually consist of few different kind
of morphemes.
In the Russian poetic speech there are more implied metaphors (among them
– personifications; idioms are also close to the implied metaphors) than classic
metaphors. My opinion is that it is so, because Russian is a synthetic language, in it
the word stems usually consist of different kind of morphemes.
Thus, in an analytic language it is easier to say that “thing A is thing B” than
to say it in an implied way, using the possibilities of the words with complex
structure.
The number of cognitive metaphors is almost the same both in the English
and the Russian poetic speeches because no language can exist without cognitive
metaphors. The native speakers think with the cognitive metaphors of their
language, the images of these metaphors are always alive in their minds. But every
language has its own cognitive metaphors. The same is the situation with the dead
metaphors and idioms. That is why the frequency of the usage of idioms is similar
in the two languages.
The frequency of usage of personifications is similar in both the English and
Russian poems and their translations, because the poetic speech has to include
them, they make it more figurative. Personifications for many centuries have
existed in a lot of languages.
The Russian poetic speech is a bit richer in implied metaphors, among them
personifications, because, in my opinion, Russian language because of its structure
– it is a synthetic language. That is why not only in poetic speech, but in the whole
language it is easier to construct implied metaphors.
The results of my research do not prove the hypothesis: not the Russian, but
the English poetic speech is richer in classic stylistic metaphors; Russian is richer
perhaps in implied metaphors and it it richer in cognitive and dead
personifications, too. The stylistic personification is often used both in the Russian
and

10
 Conclusions
Basing on the results of the research work, I conclude that the English poetic
speech is richer in stylistic metaphors. But in both languages’ poetic speech there
is an almost similar quantity of cognitive metaphors. The English poetic speech is
only a bit richer in dead metaphors than the Russian poetic speech. The poetic
speeches of the two languages are similar in using personifications. But the
Russian poetic speech is richer in cognitive and dead personifications. In the
English and the Russian poetic speeches the frequency of the usage of idioms is
almost the same.
These features, perhaps, can be explained by properties of the English and
Russian languages as an analytic and synthetic languages.

11
 References
1. Galperin I. R. Ocherki po stilistike angliyskogo yazika. Moscow, Izdatelstvo
literaturi na inostrannih yazikah Publishers, 1958.
2. Alice E.M. Underwood. Metaphors.
URL http://www.grammarly.com/blog/metaphor/
3. D. Rozental. A kak luchshe skazat? Moscow, Prosveshcheniye Publishers,
1979.
4. Literaturniy enciklopedicheskiy slovar. Moscow, “Sovetskaya Enciklopediya”
Publishers, 1987.
5. Reshetnikova N., Savinova A. Yaziki analiticheskiye i sinteticheskiye
// Molodoy uchoniy. — 2013. — №12. — С. 873-877. —
URL https://moluch.ru/archive/59/8466/
6. W. Shakespeare. Sonnet V. Translated by A. Finkel. // Shekspirovskiye
chteniya. Edited by A.Lifschits. 1976.
URL http://www.lib.ru/SHAKESPEARE/sonets2.txt
7. R.L.Stevenson. Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend. Translated by S.Marshak.
8. L. Carroll. Hunting of the Snark. Translated by V. Brechkin.
URL http://www.stihi.ru/2011/05/28/6075
9. A.Pushkin. Chto v imeni tebe moyom?. Translated by I.Zheleznova.
(http://www.poetarium.info/pushkin/whatmeans.htm
10. M. Lermontov. Parus. Translated by A. Sirotin.
URL http://www.poetarium.info/lermontov/parus_eng.htm
11. N. Matveyeva. Yaroslav Smelyakov – “Miliye krasavitsi Rossii”:
eksplikatsiya avtorskogo zamisla v perevode cherez analiz i reprezentatsiyu
yedinstva formi i soderzhaniya. //Inostranniye yaziki v visshei shkole.
Ryazan, 2014. – № 4. – P. 62–67. URL
http://fljournal.rsu.edu.ru/category/archive/2014/

12
 Appendix. Analysis of the metaphor and personification
in English and Russian poems and their translations
1) English and Russian poets
W. Shakespeare. Sonnet V У. Шекспир. «Сонет V»
Those hours, that with gentle work did frame Минуты те же, что произвели
Pers. Pers. Pers.
The lovely gaze where every eye doth dwell, Прелестный образ, радующий глаз,
Cog. metaphor Cog. pers.
Will play the tyrants to the very same Красу его сметут с лица земли,
Cog. metaphor Pers. Cog. pers.
And that unfair which fairly doth excel; Обезобразят все, ожесточась.
Pers. Pers. Pers.
For never-resting time leads summer on И время неустанное ведет
Pers. Pers. Pers. Pers.
To hideous winter, and confounds him there; На смену лету дикость злой зимы:
Pers. Pers.
Sap checked with frost, and lusty leaves quite gone, Листва спадает, вместо соков – лед,
Pers. Dead metaphor
Beauty o'er-snowed and bareness every where: Краса в снегу, и всюду царство тьмы.
Cog. pers. Cog. pers.
Then were not summer's distillation left, И если бы не летний свежий дух –
A liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass, Текучий узник в ясном хрустале –
Pers. Pers. Metaphor Pers.
Beauty's effect with beauty were bereft, То вся бы красота исчезла вдруг,
Nor it, nor no remembrance what it was: И след ее пропал бы на земле.
Cog. metaphor
But flowers distilled, though they with winter meet, Зимой цветок теряет лишь наряд,
Pers. Cog. pers. Pers.
Leese but their show; their substance still lives sweet. Но сохраняет душу – аромат.
Pers. Cog. pers. Dead pers. Metaphor
1 metaphor 1 metaphor
2 cognitive metaphors 1 cognitive metaphor
1 dead metaphor 9 personifications
9 personifications 4 cognitive personifications
1 cognitive personification 1 dead personification

13
 R. L. Stevenson. Р. Л. Стивенсон
Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend «Вересковый мёд»
Шотландская легенда
From the bonny bells of heather Из вереска напиток
Metaphor
They brewed a drink long-syne <…> Забыт давным-давно.
Idiom Idiom
<…>
There rose a king in Scotland, Пришел король шотландский,
Cog. metaphor
A fell man to his foes, Безжалостный к врагам,
He smote the Picts in battle, Погнал он бедных пиктов
He hunted them like roes. К скалистым берегам.
Metaphor

Over miles of the red mountain На вересковом поле,

He hunted as they fled, На поле боевом
Metaphor
And strewed the dwarfish bodies Лежал живой на мертвом
Of the dying and the dead. И мертвый – на живом.

Summer came in the country, Лето в стране настало,

Dead pers.

<…> <…>
In graves that were like children's В своих могилках тесных,
On many a mountain head, В горах родной земли
Metaphor
The Brewsters of the Heather Малютки-медовары
Lay numbered with the dead. Приют себе нашли.
Cog. metaphor

<…> <…>
And the bees hummed, and the curlews А рядом реют чайки
Cog. metaphor
Cried beside the way. С дорогой наравне.
The king rode, and was angry, Король глядит угрюмо:
Black was his brow and pale, "Опять в краю моем
Metaphor
To rule in a land of heather Цветет медвяный вереск,
Metaphor
And lack the Heather Ale. А меда мы не пьем!"

It fortuned that his vassals, Но вот его вассалы

Riding free on the heath, Приметили двоих
Came on a stone that was fallen Последних медоваров,
And vermin hid beneath. Оставшихся в живых.
Metaphor
Rudely plucked from their hiding, Вышли они из-под камня,
Never a word they spoke: Щурясь на белый свет, –
Dead metaphor
14
A son and his aged father – Старый горбатый карлик
Last of the dwarfish folk. И мальчик пятнадцати лет.

<…> <…>
Down by the shore he had them; Гневно король промолвил:
And there on the giddy brink – – Пытка обоих ждет,
"I will give you life, ye vermin, Если не скажете, черти,
Cog. metaphor Cog. metaphor
For the secret of the drink." Как вы готовили мед!
There stood the son and father Сын и отец молчали,
And they looked high and low; Стоя у края скалы.
The heather was red around them, Вереск звенел над ними,
Metaphor
The sea rumbled below. В море катились валы.
Metaphor

And up and spoke the father, И вдруг голосок раздался:

Shrill was his voice to hear: – Слушай, шотландский король,
"I have a word in private, Поговорить с тобою
A word for the royal ear. С глазу на глаз позволь!
Idiom

"Life is dear to the aged, Старость боится смерти.

Pers.
And honour a little thing; Жизнь я изменой куплю…
Metaphor Cog. metaphor
I would gladly sell the secret," Выдам заветную тайну! –
Metaphor
Quoth the Pict to the King. Карлик сказал королю.
His voice was small as a sparrow's, Голос его воробьиный
Metaphor Metaphor
And shrill and wonderful clear Резко и четко звучал
<…> <…>

"For life is a little matter, Мальчику жизни не жалко,

Metaphor Cog. metaphor
And death is nought to the young; Гибель ему нипочем.
Metaphor
And I dare not sell my honour Мне продавать свою совесть
Metaphor Metaphor
Under the eye of my son. Совестно будет при нем.
Metaphor
<…> <…>

They took the son and bound him, Сильный шотландский воин
Neck and heels in a thong, Мальчика крепко связал
Idiom
And a lad took him and swung him, И бросил в открытое море
Dead metaphor
And flung him far and strong, С прибрежных отвесных скал.
And the sea swallowed his body, Волны над ним сомкнулись.
Pers. Metaphor

15
Like that of a child of ten; – Замер последний крик...
Pers.
And there on the cliff stood the father, И эхом ему ответил
Last of the dwarfish men. С обрыва отец-старик.

"<…> I doubt the sapling courage, – <…>Не верил я в стойкость юных,

That goes without the beard. Не бреющих бороды.
Metaphor
But now in vain is the torture, А мне костер не страшен.
Fire shall never avail: Пускай со мной умрёт
Pers.
Here dies in my bosom Моя святая тайна –
Pers. Metaphor
The secret of Heather Ale." Мой вересковый мед!
16 metaphors 5 metaphors
2 cognitive metaphors 5 cognitive metaphors
2 idioms 2 idioms
2 personifications 3 personifications
1 dead personification 1 dead personification

16
 L. Carroll. Hunting of the Snark. Л. Кэрролл. «Охота на Снарка»
Fit the Second. THE BELLMAN'S SPEECH Напев второй. РЕЧЬ БОЛТУНА
The Bellman himself they all Капитаном подобным гордиться не грех:
praised to the skies – Idiom
Idiom
<…> <…>

He had bought a large map Не простую он карту, морскую купил –

representing the sea,
Without the least vestige of land: Суши нет и следа? - не беда!
Metaphor Idiom

<…> <…>
"Other maps are such shapes, Знаем карт этих вид –
Metaphor сонмы сцилл и харибд,
with their islands and capes! Metaphor
То не карты – сплошной ералаш.
But we've got our brave Captain to thank" Metaphor
(So the crew would protest) "that he's Наш Болтун – фаворит! Он не зря говорит,
bought us the best – Metaphor
A perfect and absolute blank!" Что купил нам что надо – карт-бланш!"

This was charming, no doubt Красотища! Но вот судно вышло в поход,

but they shortly found out Dead metaphor
That the Captain they trusted so well Болтуна вдруг померк ореол,
Metaphor
Had only one notion for crossing the ocean, Хоть он важен и горд, но шептался народ,
And that was to tingle his bell. Что умел лишь звонить в колокол.

He was thoughtful and grave – Был он мал, да удал, и команды давал,

but the orders he gave
Were enough to bewilder a crew. От которых шалел экипаж:
When he cried "Steer to starboard, "Эй, ты, там! Вправо руль,
but keep her head larboard!" но налево штурвал!"
What on earth was the helmsman to do? Рулевой поминал всех мамаш!
Idiom Idiom

<…> <…>
But the principal failing occurred in the sailing, Основным недостатком морей, он считал,
And the Bellman, perplexed and distressed, (И его это впрямь потрясло),
Said he had hoped, at least, Было то, что едва лишь Восток задувал,
when the wind blew due East,
That the ship would not travel due West! То корабль на Запад несло!

But the danger was past – Всем напастям назло морякам повезло,
they had landed at last, Cog. pers.
With their boxes, portmanteaus, and bags: На земле и они и багаж.
Yet at first sight the crew Ряд крутых острых скал
were not pleased with the view, взгляд команды ласкал
Pers.
Which consisted of chasms and crags. И провал завершал антураж.

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The Bellman perceived Капитан взял на нюх,
that their spirits were low, что надломлен их дух,
Metaphor Cog. metaphor Cog. metaphor
And repeated in musical tone И поэтому тоном игривым
Some jokes he had kept for a season of woe – Прокричал громко вслух
Cog. metaphor Metaphor шуток несколько штук,
But the crew would do nothing but groan. Не встречаясь с их взором тоскливым.
Cog. pers.

<…> <…>
"Friends, Romans, and countrymen, "О римляне! Друзья! Земляки! Ко мне слух
lend me your ears!" Обрати... - (но довольно цитат:
Cog. metaphor Metaphor
(They were all of them fond of quotations:
So they drank to his health, Экипаж, трижды выпив, надолго потух,
and they gave him three cheers, Metaphor
While he served out additional rations). Троекратно проблеяв: "Виват!").
Metaphor Metaphor

<…> <…>
"Come, listen, my men, while I tell you again Так послушайте, люди!
Подношу, как на блюде,
Metaphor
The five unmistakable marks Пять надежных и верных примет.
By which you may know, wheresoever you go, Вы по ним без труда, и везде, и всегда
The warranted genuine Snarks. Нарисуете Снарка портрет.
Metaphor Metaphor

"Let us take them in order. Он, во-первых, на вкус не похож на арбуз –

The first is the taste,
Which is meagre and hollow, but crisp: Терпкий, крепкий, сухой и хрустит,
Like a coat that is rather too tight in the waist, Словно фрак от-кутюр из хрустящих купюр
With a flavour of Will-o-the-wisp. С ароматом кладбищенских плит.

"Its habit of getting up late you'll agree Во-вторых, любит спать

и так поздно вставать
That it carries too far, when I say (Согласитесь, что это не мудро),
Idiom
That it frequently breakfasts at five-o'clock tea, Что приходится завтракать вечером в пять,
And dines on the following day. А обедать – аж следующим утром.

"The third is its slowness in taking a jest. В третьих – шуток не любит.

Cog. metaphor Смешной анекдот
Should you happen to venture on one, Как услышит – становится хмур,
Metaphor
It will sigh like a thing И зловеще урчит, словно мартовский кот,
that is deeply distressed:
And it always looks grave at a pun. Пережевывая каламбур.
Metaphor

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"The fourth is its fondness А в-четвертых, он пляжных кабинок знаток,
for bathing-machines,
Which it constantly carries about, Оных вид так его веселит,
And believes that they add to the beauty Что, расставив их в круг,
of scenes – он щенячий восторг
Cog. metaphor Idiom
A sentiment open to doubt. Ощущает. Каков сибарит!
Cog. metaphor

"The fifth is ambition. It next will be right Наконец, в-пятых – спесь,

в ней пороков не счесть;
To describe each particular batch: Их разложим по форме носов,
Metaphor
Distinguishing those Разделяя на класс из Пернатых Зараз
that have feathers, and bite, Cog. metaphor

From those that have whiskers, and scratch. И – отряд из Колючих Усов.

"For, although common Snarks Снарк Обычный – как агнец,

do no manner of harm, он кроток и тих,
Yet, I feel it my duty to say, Но другая есть, знаю, напасть:
Some are Boojums –". The Bellman Можно Буджума встретить вполне
broke off in alarm, среди них..."
For the Baker had fainted away. Тут Огарок изволил упасть...
3 idioms 4 idioms
7 metaphors 11 metaphors
5 cognitive metaphors 3 cognitive metaphors
1 dead metaphor
1 personification
1 cognitive personification

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 А. Пушкин A. Pushkin.
«Что в имени тебе моём?» What means my name to you?
Что в имени тебе моем? What means my name to you?..
Оно умрет, как шум печальный 't will die, as does the melancholy rumour
Pers. Pers.
Волны, плеснувшей в берег дальный, Of distant waves, or, of a summer,
Как звук ночной в лесу глухом. The forest's hushed nocturnal sigh.
Pers.

Оно на памятном листке Found on a fading album page,

Оставит мёртвый след, подобный Dim will it seem and enigmatic,
Узору надписи надгробной Like words traced on a tomb, a relic
Metaphor
На непонятном языке. Of some long dead and vanished age.

Что в нем? Забытое давно What's in my name?.. Long since forgot,

В волненьях новых и мятежных, Erased by new, tempestuous passion,
Твоей душе не даст оно Of tenderness 't will leave you not
Воспоминаний чистых, нежных. The lingering and sweet impression.
Dead metaphor

Но в день печали, в тишине, But in an hour of agony,

Произнеси его, тоскуя; Pray, speak it, and recall my image,
Скажи: есть память обо мне, And say, "He still remembers me,
Есть в мире сердце, где живу я... His heart alone still pays me homage.”
Metaphor Dead metaphor
1 personification 2 personifications
2 metaphors 2 dead metaphors

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 М. Лермонтов M. Lermontov.
«Парус» A Sail
Белеет парус одинокой A sail shows white at sea alone
Pers. Pers.
В тумане моря голубом!.. In bright-blue brilliance of sea haze, –
Что ищет он в стране далекой? What does it look for far from home?
Pers. Pers. Pers.
Что кинул он в краю родном?.. Why did it leave its native place?
Pers. Pers. Pers. Pers.

Играют волны – ветер свищет The waves play and strong wind whistles,
Pers. Pers. Pers. Dead pers.
И мачта гнется и скрыпит... A mast creaks loudly and sways:
Увы! он счастия не ищет, Alas, the sail doesn't look for happiness
Pers. Pers. Pers. Pers.
И не от счастия бежит! And from it doesn't run away!
Pers. Pers.

Под ним струя светлей лазури, Round the sail streams are brightness,
Над ним луч солнца золотой... Metaphor
А он, мятежный, просит бури, Above it gold sun ray shines;
Pers. Pers. But it, a frantic, looks for typhoons,
Как будто в бурях есть покой! Pers. Pers.
As though a calm is amid ones!
11 personifications 11 personifications
1 dead personification
1 metaphor

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 Я. Смеляков Ya. Smelyakov.
«Милые красавицы России» Charming Russian Beauties
В буре электрического света In a torrent of electric lighting
Metaphor Metaphor
умирает юная Джульетта. young and desperate Juliet is departing.
Cog. metaphor
<…> <…>
В золотых и тёмно-синих блёстках In her sparkling dress and shining age
Metaphor
Золушка танцует на подмостках. Cinderella’s dancing on the stage.

<…> <…>
Не в садах Перро, а на Урале In the Urals, not for fabled drones,
Вы золою землю удобряли. you have worked your fingers to the bone.
Idiom

На носилках длинных под навесом On the stretchers draped in wounds and gore
Metaphor
умирали русские принцессы. Russian princesses were dying young at war.
Metaphor Metaphor

<…> <…>
Мы о вас напишем сочиненья, Trust us – our would-be compositions
полные любви и удивленья. Will be filled with love and recognition.
Cog. metaphor Cog. Metaphor

2 metaphors 4 metaphors
1 cognitive metaphor 2 cognitive metaphors
1 idiom

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 2) Poems I have written and translated myself:
In English:
“Once upon a time…” «Некогда сова…»
Once upon a time, Некогда сова –
There was an owl. Круглые глаза –

In the tropics she ate lime Как-то ела лайм, лимон –

And thought it was very sour. Ну какой же кислый он!

Then the owl tasted cherries – Вишни? – Совке слишком сладко!

And thought they were very sweet. Не по вкусу всё сове.

Since that time owls don’t eat berries – И с тех пор у всех совяток
They eat now only meat. Только мясо в голове!
Cog. Metaphor
no metaphors 1 cognitive metaphor

“For the song of the birds…” «В мире для песен птиц…»

For the song of the birds В мире для песен птиц
And the wisdom of the book И премудрости книг
Pers. Pers.
There are so many words! Есть так много слов,
Look around - have a look! Как на лугу цветов.

If you can see the sun, Можешь видеть солнце?

If you can see the moon, Можешь видеть луну?
You will understand soon – Если да, то скоро ты поймёшь,
You are happy as no one. Что легко ты счастье обретёшь.

The beauty of the world, Мира красота,

I can’t say a word Я не найду слова,
When I see all surrounding me. Если я вижу всё вокруг.

You will love the world, Будешь мир любить,

If you have seen and heard Коль можешь уловить
Many things that can on the planet be. Всё, что может быть на свете, мой друг.

There is much good Много хорошего так,

That’ll improve your mood Что не удастся никак
If you’ll think about something sad. Тебе, коль вздумается, загрустить.

But some things ’re the worst Но на планете всё

In all the universe Не так уж хорошо,
Because people can be very bad. Поскольку люди зло способны сотворить.
1 personification 1 personification

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 In Russian:
«О лиры глас!» “Oh, lyre’s song!”
О лиры глас! Oh, lyre’s song!
Как часто слух So often I listened
Мой чуткий поражаешь! Attentively to your voice!
И каждого поэта звук I saw you harked to every poet’s
Pers.
Ты радостно внимаешь… Sound. And so happy you were!
Pers. Pers. Pers.
О, лира, лира, будь моей, I ask you, lyre, please, be mine,
Шепни хоть строчку мне! And tell me, lyre, just one line!
Pers. Pers.
Звучи, о лира, веселей Be happy, lyre, sing, have fun
Pers. Pers. Pers. Pers.
В небесной вышине! Near the clouds and the sun!
4 personifications 6 personifications

Золотым огнём горят As a gold fire burn

Metaphor Metaphor
Листья октября. The October’s leaves.
Но печальным станет сад But the garden ’ll swiftly turn
Pers.
Днями ноября. Sad in November weeks.
Pers.
Дробно дождик застучал And the rain quickly taps
По златым тропинкам. On the garden footpaths.
Яро ветер захлестал And the rude wind overwhelmed
По нагим осинкам. Over the naked aspens.
Даже дуб не устоял Even the oak hasn’t stood, thus,
Pers. Pers.
Перед холодами. The cold time. And
И печально нам махал It so sadly wagged to us. Its
Pers. Pers. Pers. Pers.
Голыми ветвями. Branches were nude and bend.

Но пришёл декабрь – вдруг But December came – in a day

Dead metaphor Dead metaphor
Всё белым-бело. All became white, so,
Замело осину, дуб, The trees in an easy way
Замело село. All became covered with snow.
1 metaphor 1 metaphor
4 personifications 4 personifications
1 dead metaphor 1 dead metaphor

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